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Moldovan OL, Rusu A, Tanase C, Vari CE. Glutamate - A multifaceted molecule: Endogenous neurotransmitter, controversial food additive, design compound for anti-cancer drugs. A critical appraisal. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112290. [PMID: 34023459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used flavour enhancers in the food industry is monosodium glutamate (MSG). MSG consumption has been on an upward trend, worrying in terms of potential toxic effects. This review is focused on the long-term toxicity of MSG and the experimental evidence that supports it. The article's primary purpose was to survey recently published data regarding the consumption of MSG within safe limits. The administered doses in animal models are very varied and have given rise to controversy. Also, the paper comprises pathways to lower MSG toxicity and highlight other underexploited biological effects, as anti-cancer potential. The administration of MSG, combined with various compounds, has been shown benefit against toxic effects. Several recent studies have identified a possible mechanism that recommends MSG and some derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. New anti-cancer compounds based on the glutamic acid structure must be studied and further exploited. International regulations require harmonization of safe doses of MSG based on current scientific studies. Replacing MSG with other umami flavour enhancers may be a safer alternative for human health in the future. The biological consequences of MSG consumption or therapeutical administration have not been fully deciphered yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia-Laura Moldovan
- Medicine and Pharmacy Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Aura Rusu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Pharmaceutical Botany Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
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Paolino D, Mancuso A, Cristiano MC, Froiio F, Lammari N, Celia C, Fresta M. Nanonutraceuticals: The New Frontier of Supplementary Food. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:792. [PMID: 33808823 PMCID: PMC8003744 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, the combination between nanotechnology and nutraceutics has gained the attention of several research groups. Nutraceuticals are considered as active compounds, abundant in natural products, showing beneficial effects on human health. Unfortunately, the uses, and consequently the health benefits, of many nutraceutical products are limited by their unsuitable chemico-physical features. For example, many nutraceuticals are characterized by low water solubility, low stability and high susceptibility to light and oxygen, poor absorption and potential chemical modifications after their administration. Based on the potential efficacy of nutraceuticals and on their limiting features, nanotechnology could be considered a revolutionary innovation in empowering the beneficial properties of nutraceuticals on human health, thus enhancing their efficacy in several diseases. For this reason, nanotechnology could represent a new frontier in supplementary food. In this review, the most recent nanotechnological approaches are discussed, focusing on their ability to improve the bioavailability of the most common nutraceuticals, providing an overview regarding both the advantages and the possible limitations of the use of several nanodelivery systems. In fact, although the efficacy of smart nanocarriers in improving health benefits deriving from nutraceuticals has been widely demonstrated, the conflicting opinions on the mechanism of action of some nanosystems still reduce their applicability in the therapeutic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.P.); (M.C.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Antonia Mancuso
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Maria Chiara Cristiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.P.); (M.C.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Froiio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (D.P.); (M.C.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Narimane Lammari
- Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University Constantine 3, Salah Boubnider, 25000 Constantine, Algeria;
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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Mendoza-Santiago A, Becerra E, Garay E, Bah M, Berumen-Segura L, Escobar-Cabrera J, Hernández-Pérez A, García-Alcocer G. Glutamic Acid Increased Methotrexate Polyglutamation and Cytotoxicity in a CCRF-SB Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55120758. [PMID: 31779260 PMCID: PMC6956105 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55120758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer in childhood. The majority of patients respond to treatment, but those with resistant phenotypes suffer relapse or death. The antifolate methotrexate (MTX) is the most commonly used drug against ALL due to its efficacy. Once inside leukemic cells, MTX is metabolized into methotrexate polyglutamates (MTX-PG) by action of the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), leading to a longer action compared to that of MTX alone. Materials and Methods: In this work, we demonstrated that the combination treatment of methotrexate and 5 and 10 mM glutamic acid could enhance methotrexate cytotoxicity in CCRF-SB (B-ALL) cells. In addition, MTX plus 20 mM glutamic acid was able to improve the synthesis of MTX-PG5. Results: All treatments induced an increase in FPGS expression compared to that of the control group. Furthermore, we detected different cellular expression patterns of FPGS in the different treatments. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we demonstrated that levels of methotrexate polyglutamates (MTX-PGs) could be a key determinant of methotrexate-induced cytotoxicity in CCRF-SB acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Mendoza-Santiago
- Unidad de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Querétaro, Mexico; (A.M.-S.); (E.B.); (L.B.-S.); (J.E.-C.)
| | - Edgardo Becerra
- Unidad de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Querétaro, Mexico; (A.M.-S.); (E.B.); (L.B.-S.); (J.E.-C.)
| | - Edith Garay
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76010 Querétaro, Mexico; (E.G.); (A.H.-P.)
| | - Moustapha Bah
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico;
| | - Laura Berumen-Segura
- Unidad de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Querétaro, Mexico; (A.M.-S.); (E.B.); (L.B.-S.); (J.E.-C.)
| | - Jesica Escobar-Cabrera
- Unidad de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Querétaro, Mexico; (A.M.-S.); (E.B.); (L.B.-S.); (J.E.-C.)
| | - Abigail Hernández-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, 76010 Querétaro, Mexico; (E.G.); (A.H.-P.)
| | - Guadalupe García-Alcocer
- Unidad de Investigación Genética, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, 76010 Querétaro, Mexico; (A.M.-S.); (E.B.); (L.B.-S.); (J.E.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +524-421921200-5571; Fax: +524-421921302
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Gruzdev DA, Musiyak VV, Levit GL, Krasnov VP, Charushin VN. Purine derivatives with antituberculosis activity. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes the data published over the last 10 – 15 years concerning the key groups of purine derivatives with antituberculosis activity. The structures of purines containing heteroatoms (S, O, N), fragments of heterocycles, amino acids and peptides, in the 6-position, as well as of purine nucleosides are presented. The possible targets for the action of such compounds and structure – activity relationship are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the most active compounds, which are of considerable interest as a basis for the development of efficient antituberculosis drugs.
The bibliography includes 99 references.
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Abstract
The objective of the article is to highlight various roles of glutamic acid like endogenic anticancer agent, conjugates to anticancer agents, and derivatives of glutamic acid as possible anticancer agents. Besides these emphases are given especially for two endogenous derivatives of glutamic acid such as glutamine and glutamate. Glutamine is a derivative of glutamic acid and is formed in the body from glutamic acid and ammonia in an energy requiring reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthase. It also possesses anticancer activity. So the transportation and metabolism of glutamine are also discussed for better understanding the role of glutamic acid. Glutamates are the carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid. Here the roles of various enzymes required for the metabolism of glutamates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, IIMT College of Medical Sciences, Meerut 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ali I, Wani WA, Saleem K, Hsieh MF. Anticancer metallodrugs of glutamic acid sulphonamides: in silico, DNA binding, hemolysis and anticancer studies. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to an increased demand for effective anticancer drugs, a series of disodium sulphonamides ofl-glutamic acid (L1–L3) was synthesized. Sulphonamides were complexed with copper(ii), nickel(ii) and ruthenium(iii) ions, separately and respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)
- New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Waseem A. Wani
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)
- New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Kishwar Saleem
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)
- New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Ming-Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Chung Li, Taiwan
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7
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Glutamic acid and its derivatives: candidates for rational design of anticancer drugs. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:961-78. [PMID: 23682571 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the history of human civilizations, cancer has been a major health problem. Its treatment has been interesting but challenging to scientists. Glutamic acid and its derivative glutamine are known to play interesting roles in cancer genesis, hence, it was realized that structurally variant glutamic acid derivatives may be designed and developed and, might be having antagonistic effects on cancer. The present article describes the state-of-art of glutamic acid and its derivatives as anticancer agents. Attempts have been made to explore the effectivity of drug-delivery systems based on glutamic acid for the delivery of anticancer drugs. Moreover, efforts have also been made to discuss the mechanism of action of glutamic acid derivatives as anticancer agents, clinical applications of glutamic acid derivatives, as well as recent developments and future perspectives of glutamic acid drug development have also been discussed.
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Chen Z, Lu Y, Qi J, Wu W. Enhanced dissolution, stability and physicochemical characterization of ATRA/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex pellets prepared by fluid-bed coating technique. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:130-6. [PMID: 22304703 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.653818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to prepare stable all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) inclusion complex pellets with industrial feasible technology, the fluid-bed coating technique, using PVP K30 simultaneously as binder and reprecipitation retarder. The coating process was fluent with high coating efficiency. In vitro dissolution of the inclusion complex pellets in 5% w/v Cremopher EL solution was dramatically enhanced with no reprecipitation observed, and significantly improved stability against humidity (92.5% and 75% RH) and illumination (4500 lx ± 500 lx) was achieved by HPCD inclusion. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry confirmed the absence of crystallinity of ATRA. Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry revealed interaction between ATRA and HPCD adding evidence on inclusion of ATRA moieties into HPCD cavities. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectrometry indicated possible inclusion of ATRA through the polyene chain, which was the main reason for the enhanced photostability. It is concluded that the fluid-bed coating technique has the potential use in the industrial preparation of ATRA/HPCD inclusion complex pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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McQueen P, Ghaffar S, Guo Y, Rubin EM, Zi X, Hoang BH. The Wnt signaling pathway: implications for therapy in osteosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:1223-32. [PMID: 21916576 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy, with a high propensity for local invasion, early metastasis and relapse. While the molecular mechanisms behind osteosarcoma development and metastasis have not yet been fully elucidated, research has highlighted an important role for Wnt signaling. Several Wnt ligands, receptors and coreceptors are highly expressed in osteosarcoma cell lines, while Wnt inhibitors are downregulated. As a result, research has begun to identify mechanisms with which to inhibit Wnt signaling. The use of Wnt pathway inhibitors and the targeting of c-Met, a Wnt regulated proto-oncogene, may be two possible mechanisms for treatment of osteosarcoma. In addition, as the Wnt signaling pathway is a regulator of stem cells, reagents that function as Wnt inhibitors are currently under investigation as inhibitors of cancer stem cell proliferation. Research involving the Wnt signaling pathway and cancer stem cells holds promise for novel treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McQueen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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