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Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S. Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:20. [PMID: 30800054 PMCID: PMC6375857 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is a fundamental excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), playing key roles in memory, neuronal development, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, excessive glutamate release has been implicated in neuronal cell death. There are both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), the latter of which can be divided into eight subtypes and three subgroups based on homology sequence and their effects on cell signaling. Indeed, mGluRs exert fine control over glutamate activity by stimulating several cell-signaling pathways via the activation of G protein-coupled (GPC) or G protein-independent cell signaling. The involvement of specific mGluRs in different forms of synaptic plasticity suggests that modulation of mGluRs may aid in the treatment of cognitive impairments related to several neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, which are associated with a high economic and social burden. Preclinical and clinical data have shown that, in the CNS, mGluRs are able to modulate presynaptic neurotransmission by fine-tuning neuronal firing and neurotransmitter release in a dynamic, activity-dependent manner. Current studies on drugs that target mGluRs have identified promising, innovative pharmacological tools for the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions, including chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Fazio F, Ulivieri M, Volpi C, Gargaro M, Fallarino F. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for the treatment of neuroinflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 38:16-23. [PMID: 29471184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation lies at the core of nearly all CNS disorders, including psychiatric disorders. Invading and local immune cells orchestrate the series of events that lead to either tissue repair or damage in response to neuroinflammation. Both lymphocytes and microglia express metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which respond to glutamate or other endogenous activators (e.g. some kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan metabolism) influencing immune phenotype and the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we offer an up-to-date on the role of individual mGlu receptor subtypes in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune response, highlighting the relevance of this information in the development of subtype-selective mGlu receptor ligands for treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Ulivieri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Polo Unico Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Piazzale Gambuli, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Innovative diagnostic tools for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 11:561-78. [PMID: 25443858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mousavi M, Jonsson P, Antti H, Adolfsson R, Nordin A, Bergdahl J, Eriksson K, Moritz T, Nilsson LG, Nyberg L. Serum metabolomic biomarkers of dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2014; 4:252-62. [PMID: 25177334 PMCID: PMC4132238 DOI: 10.1159/000364816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study compared serum metabolites of demented patients (Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia) and controls, and explored serum metabolite profiles of nondemented individuals 5 years preceding the diagnosis. Methods: Cognitively healthy participants were followed up for 5-20 years. Cognitive assessment, serum sampling, and diagnosis were completed every 5 years. Multivariate analyses were conducted on the metabolite profiles generated by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results: A significant group separation was found between demented patients and controls, and between incident cases and controls. Metabolites that contributed in both analyses were 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and uric acid. Conclusions: Serum metabolite profiles are altered in demented patients, and detectable up to 5 years preceding the diagnosis. Blood sampling can make an important contribution to the early prediction of conversion to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malahat Mousavi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Antti
- Department of Chemistry, Computational Life Science Cluster, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Nordin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Bergdahl
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kåre Eriksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Göran Nilsson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå, Stockholm, Sweden ; Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå, Stockholm, Sweden
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