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Yu L, Chen Z, Zhou X, Teng F, Bai QR, Li L, Li Y, Liu Y, Zeng Q, Wang Y, Wang M, Xu Y, Tang X, Wang X. KARS Mutations Impair Brain Myelination by Inducing Oligodendrocyte Deficiency: One Potential Mechanism and Improvement by Melatonin. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12998. [PMID: 39087379 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
It is very crucial to investigate key molecules that are involved in myelination to gain an understanding of brain development and injury. We have reported for the first time that pathogenic variants p.R477H and p.P505S in KARS, which encodes lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS), cause leukoencephalopathy with progressive cognitive impairment in humans. The role and action mechanisms of KARS in brain myelination during development are unknown. Here, we first generated Kars knock-in mouse models through the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Kars knock-in mice displayed significant cognitive deficits. These mice also showed significantly reduced myelin density and content, as well as significantly decreased myelin thickness during development. In addition, Kars mutations significantly induced oligodendrocyte differentiation arrest and reduction in the brain white matter of mice. Mechanically, oligodendrocytes' significantly imbalanced expression of differentiation regulators and increased capase-3-mediated apoptosis were observed in the brain white matter of Kars knock-in mice. Furthermore, Kars mutations significantly reduced the aminoacylation and steady-state level of mitochondrial tRNALys and decreased the protein expression of subunits of oxidative phosphorylation complexes in the brain white matter. Kars knock-in mice showed decreased activity of complex IV and significantly reduced ATP production and increased reactive oxygen species in the brain white matter. Significantly increased percentages of abnormal mitochondria and mitochondrion area were observed in the oligodendrocytes of Kars knock-in mouse brain. Finally, melatonin (a mitochondrion protectant) significantly attenuated mitochondrion and oligodendrocyte deficiency in the brain white matter of KarsR504H/P532S mice. The mice treated with melatonin also showed significantly restored myelination and cognitive function. Our study first establishes Kars knock-in mammal models of leukoencephalopathy and cognitive impairment and indicates important roles of KARS in the regulation of mitochondria, oligodendrocyte differentiation and survival, and myelination during brain development and application prospects of melatonin in KARS (or even aaRS)-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ran Bai
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhong Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery & Neurocritical Care, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaling Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Domínguez-Ruiz M, Olarte M, Onecha E, García-Vaquero I, Gelvez N, López G, Villamar M, Morín M, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Morales-Angulo C, Polo R, Tamayo ML, del Castillo I. Novel Cases of Non-Syndromic Hearing Impairment Caused by Pathogenic Variants in Genes Encoding Mitochondrial Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:951. [PMID: 39062730 PMCID: PMC11276111 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of some mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (encoded by the KARS1, HARS2, LARS2 and NARS2 genes) results in a great variety of phenotypes ranging from non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) to very complex syndromes, with a predominance of neurological signs. The diversity of roles that are played by these moonlighting enzymes and the fact that most pathogenic variants are missense and affect different domains of these proteins in diverse compound heterozygous combinations make it difficult to establish genotype-phenotype correlations. We used a targeted gene-sequencing panel to investigate the presence of pathogenic variants in those four genes in cohorts of 175 Spanish and 18 Colombian familial cases with non-DFNB1 autosomal recessive NSHI. Disease-associated variants were found in five cases. Five mutations were novel as follows: c.766C>T in KARS1, c.475C>T, c.728A>C and c.1012G>A in HARS2, and c.795A>G in LARS2. We provide audiograms from patients at different ages to document the evolution of the hearing loss, which is mostly prelingual and progresses from moderate/severe to profound, the middle frequencies being more severely affected. No additional clinical sign was observed in any affected subject. Our results confirm the involvement of KARS1 in DFNB89 NSHI, for which until now there was limited evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Domínguez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Olarte
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Esther Onecha
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Irene García-Vaquero
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología, Escuela de Doctorado de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nancy Gelvez
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Greizy López
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Manuela Villamar
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías Morín
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Moreno-Pelayo
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Morales-Angulo
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, 39008 Santander, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Rubén Polo
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martha L. Tamayo
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Ignacio del Castillo
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Bejma TA, Beidler WS, VanSickle EA, Prokop JW, Brown WT, Scheurer-Monaghan A, Rossetti LZ. Expansion of the phenotypic spectrum of KARS1-related disorders to include arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and summary of experiences with lysine supplementation. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63811. [PMID: 38980148 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
There are currently multiple disorders of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases described, including KARS1-related disorder resulting from dysfunctional lysyl-tRNA synthetases. In this report, we describe four novel KARS1 variants in three affected individuals, two of whom displayed arthrogryposis-like phenotypes, suggestive of phenotypic expansion. We also highlight subjective clinical improvement in one subject following lysine supplementation in conjunction with a protein-fortified diet, suggesting its potential as a novel treatment modality for KARS1-related disorders. This report offers additional insight into the etiology and management of KARS1-related disorders and expands our ability to provide guidance to affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Bejma
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A VanSickle
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeremy W Prokop
- Office of Research, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Wendy T Brown
- Department of Radiology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital and Corewell Health, Advanced Radiology Services, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Linda Z Rossetti
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Corewell Health, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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4
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Liu HK, Hao HL, You H, Feng F, Qi XH, Huang XY, Hou B, Tian CG, Wang H, Yang HM, Wang J, Wu R, Fang H, Zhou JN, Zhang JG, Zhang ZX. A Cysteinyl-tRNA Synthetase Mutation Causes Novel Autosomal-Dominant Inheritance of a Parkinsonism/Spinocerebellar-Ataxia Complex. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01231-0. [PMID: 38869703 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify possible pathogenic genes in a 90-member family with a rare combination of multiple neurodegenerative disease phenotypes, which has not been depicted by the known neurodegenerative disease. We performed physical and neurological examinations with International Rating Scales to assess signs of ataxia, Parkinsonism, and cognitive function, as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with seven sequences. We searched for co-segregations of abnormal repeat-expansion loci, pathogenic variants in known spinocerebellar ataxia-related genes, and novel rare mutations via whole-genome sequencing and linkage analysis. A rare co-segregating missense mutation in the CARS gene was validated by Sanger sequencing and the aminoacylation activity of mutant CARS was measured by spectrophotometric assay. This pedigree presented novel late-onset core characteristics including cerebellar ataxia, Parkinsonism, and pyramidal signs in all nine affected members. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar/pons atrophy, pontine-midline linear hyperintensity, decreased rCBF in the bilateral basal ganglia and cerebellar dentate nucleus, and hypo-intensities of the cerebellar dentate nuclei, basal ganglia, mesencephalic red nuclei, and substantia nigra, all of which suggested neurodegeneration. Whole-genome sequencing identified a novel pathogenic heterozygous mutation (E795V) in the CARS gene, meanwhile, exhibited none of the known repeat-expansions or point mutations in pathogenic genes. Remarkably, this CARS mutation causes a 20% decrease in aminoacylation activity to charge tRNACys with L-cysteine in protein synthesis compared with that of the wild type. All family members carrying a heterozygous mutation CARS (E795V) had the same clinical manifestations and neuropathological changes of Parkinsonism and spinocerebellar-ataxia. These findings identify novel pathogenesis of Parkinsonism-spinocerebellar ataxia and provide insights into its genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kui Liu
- BGI Genomics and BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, Clin Lab, BGI Genomics, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Hong-Lin Hao
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hui You
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Qi
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | | | - Bo Hou
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - Han Wang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | | | - Jian Wang
- BGI Genomics and BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker Research and Transformation for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Hefei, 230051, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Institute of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- BGI Genomics and BGI Research, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Genomics in Maternal and Child Health, Clin Lab, BGI Genomics, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
| | - Zhen-Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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5
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Kalotay E, Klugmann M, Housley GD, Fröhlich D. Recessive aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase disorders: lessons learned from in vivo disease models. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1182874. [PMID: 37274208 PMCID: PMC10234152 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1182874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a fundamental process that underpins almost every aspect of cellular functioning. Intriguingly, despite their common function, recessive mutations in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs), the family of enzymes that pair tRNA molecules with amino acids prior to translation on the ribosome, cause a diverse range of multi-system disorders that affect specific groups of tissues. Neurological development is impaired in most ARS-associated disorders. In addition to central nervous system defects, diseases caused by recessive mutations in cytosolic ARSs commonly affect the liver and lungs. Patients with biallelic mutations in mitochondrial ARSs often present with encephalopathies, with variable involvement of peripheral systems. Many of these disorders cause severe disability, and as understanding of their pathogenesis is currently limited, there are no effective treatments available. To address this, accurate in vivo models for most of the recessive ARS diseases are urgently needed. Here, we discuss approaches that have been taken to model recessive ARS diseases in vivo, highlighting some of the challenges that have arisen in this process, as well as key results obtained from these models. Further development and refinement of animal models is essential to facilitate a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying recessive ARS diseases, and ultimately to enable development and testing of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kalotay
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominik Fröhlich
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Kaplow IM, Lawler AJ, Schäffer DE, Srinivasan C, Sestili HH, Wirthlin ME, Phan BN, Prasad K, Brown AR, Zhang X, Foley K, Genereux DP, Karlsson EK, Lindblad-Toh K, Meyer WK, Pfenning AR, Andrews G, Armstrong JC, Bianchi M, Birren BW, Bredemeyer KR, Breit AM, Christmas MJ, Clawson H, Damas J, Di Palma F, Diekhans M, Dong MX, Eizirik E, Fan K, Fanter C, Foley NM, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Garcia CJ, Gatesy J, Gazal S, Genereux DP, Goodman L, Grimshaw J, Halsey MK, Harris AJ, Hickey G, Hiller M, Hindle AG, Hubley RM, Hughes GM, Johnson J, Juan D, Kaplow IM, Karlsson EK, Keough KC, Kirilenko B, Koepfli KP, Korstian JM, Kowalczyk A, Kozyrev SV, Lawler AJ, Lawless C, Lehmann T, Levesque DL, Lewin HA, Li X, Lind A, Lindblad-Toh K, Mackay-Smith A, Marinescu VD, Marques-Bonet T, Mason VC, Meadows JRS, Meyer WK, Moore JE, Moreira LR, Moreno-Santillan DD, Morrill KM, Muntané G, Murphy WJ, Navarro A, Nweeia M, Ortmann S, Osmanski A, Paten B, Paulat NS, Pfenning AR, Phan BN, Pollard KS, Pratt HE, Ray DA, Reilly SK, Rosen JR, Ruf I, Ryan L, Ryder OA, Sabeti PC, Schäffer DE, Serres A, Shapiro B, Smit AFA, Springer M, Srinivasan C, Steiner C, Storer JM, Sullivan KAM, Sullivan PF, Sundström E, Supple MA, Swofford R, Talbot JE, Teeling E, Turner-Maier J, Valenzuela A, Wagner F, Wallerman O, Wang C, Wang J, Weng Z, Wilder AP, Wirthlin ME, Xue JR, Zhang X. Relating enhancer genetic variation across mammals to complex phenotypes using machine learning. Science 2023; 380:eabm7993. [PMID: 37104615 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein-coding differences between species often fail to explain phenotypic diversity, suggesting the involvement of genomic elements that regulate gene expression such as enhancers. Identifying associations between enhancers and phenotypes is challenging because enhancer activity can be tissue-dependent and functionally conserved despite low sequence conservation. We developed the Tissue-Aware Conservation Inference Toolkit (TACIT) to associate candidate enhancers with species' phenotypes using predictions from machine learning models trained on specific tissues. Applying TACIT to associate motor cortex and parvalbumin-positive interneuron enhancers with neurological phenotypes revealed dozens of enhancer-phenotype associations, including brain size-associated enhancers that interact with genes implicated in microcephaly or macrocephaly. TACIT provides a foundation for identifying enhancers associated with the evolution of any convergently evolved phenotype in any large group of species with aligned genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Kaplow
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa J Lawler
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Schäffer
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chaitanya Srinivasan
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heather H Sestili
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Morgan E Wirthlin
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - BaDoi N Phan
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kavya Prasad
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashley R Brown
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Foley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Diane P Genereux
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wynn K Meyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Andreas R Pfenning
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Murofushi Y, Hayakawa I, Abe Y, Ohto T, Murayama K, Suzuki H, Takenouchi T, Kosaki K, Kubota M. Ketogenic Diet for KARS-Related Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Progressive Leukodystrophy. Neuropediatrics 2022; 53:65-68. [PMID: 34448181 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
KARS encodes lysyl-tRNA synthetase, which is essential for protein translation. KARS mutations sometimes cause impairment of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis, and sometimes lead to progressive leukodystrophies with mitochondrial signature and psychomotor regression, and follow a rapid regressive course to premature death. There has been no disease-modifying therapy beyond supportive treatment. We present a 5-year-old male patient with an asymmetrical leukodystrophy who showed overt evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevation of lactate on brain MR spectroscopy and low oxygen consumption rate in fibroblasts. We diagnosed this patient's condition as KARS-related leukodystrophy with cerebral calcification, congenital deafness, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction. We employed a ketogenic diet as well as multiple vitamin supplementation with the intention to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction. The patient showed alleviation of his psychomotor regression and even partial restoration of his abilities within 4 months. This is an early report of a potential disease-modifying therapy for KARS-related progressive leukodystrophy without appreciable adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Murofushi
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itaru Hayakawa
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Abe
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Midori-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Kubota
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Lin SJ, Vona B, Barbalho PG, Kaiyrzhanov R, Maroofian R, Petree C, Severino M, Stanley V, Varshney P, Bahena P, Alzahrani F, Alhashem A, Pagnamenta AT, Aubertin G, Estrada-Veras JI, Hernández HAD, Mazaheri N, Oza A, Thies J, Renaud DL, Dugad S, McEvoy J, Sultan T, Pais LS, Tabarki B, Villalobos-Ramirez D, Rad A, Galehdari H, Ashrafzadeh F, Sahebzamani A, Saeidi K, Torti E, Elloumi HZ, Mora S, Palculict TB, Yang H, Wren JD, Ben Fowler, Joshi M, Behra M, Burgess SM, Nath SK, Hanna MG, Kenna M, Merritt JL, Houlden H, Karimiani EG, Zaki MS, Haaf T, Alkuraya FS, Gleeson JG, Varshney GK. Biallelic variants in KARS1 are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and hearing loss recapitulated by the knockout zebrafish. Genet Med 2021; 23:1933-1943. [PMID: 34172899 PMCID: PMC8956360 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathogenic variants in Lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (KARS1) have increasingly been recognized as a cause of early-onset complex neurological phenotypes. To advance the timely diagnosis of KARS1-related disorders, we sought to delineate its phenotype and generate a disease model to understand its function in vivo. METHODS Through international collaboration, we identified 22 affected individuals from 16 unrelated families harboring biallelic likely pathogenic or pathogenic in KARS1 variants. Sequencing approaches ranged from disease-specific panels to genome sequencing. We generated loss-of-function alleles in zebrafish. RESULTS We identify ten new and four known biallelic missense variants in KARS1 presenting with a moderate-to-severe developmental delay, progressive neurological and neurosensory abnormalities, and variable white matter involvement. We describe novel KARS1-associated signs such as autism, hyperactive behavior, pontine hypoplasia, and cerebellar atrophy with prevalent vermian involvement. Loss of kars1 leads to upregulation of p53, tissue-specific apoptosis, and downregulation of neurodevelopmental related genes, recapitulating key tissue-specific disease phenotypes of patients. Inhibition of p53 rescued several defects of kars1-/- knockouts. CONCLUSION Our work delineates the clinical spectrum associated with KARS1 defects and provides a novel animal model for KARS1-related human diseases revealing p53 signaling components as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jia Lin
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Barbara Vona
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patricia G Barbalho
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cassidy Petree
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pratishtha Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Paulina Bahena
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fatema Alzahrani
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alhashem
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gudrun Aubertin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Island Health, Victoria General Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Juvianee I Estrada-Veras
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Pediatric Subspecialty Genetics Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Murtha Cancer Center / Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Héctor Adrián Díaz Hernández
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Neda Mazaheri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnostics Laboratory, East Mihan Ave., Kianpars, Iran
| | - Andrea Oza
- Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, and Dept. of Otolaryngology, Harvard medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jenny Thies
- Department of Biochemical Genetics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah L Renaud
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sanmati Dugad
- Bioinformatics Centre, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Jennifer McEvoy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lynn S Pais
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brahim Tabarki
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aboulfazl Rad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Sahebzamani
- Pediatric and Genetic Counselling Center, Kerman Welfare Organization, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Erin Torti
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Houda Z Elloumi
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sara Mora
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Hui Yang
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Parkway Gaithersburg, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ben Fowler
- Imaging core facility, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Manali Joshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Martine Behra
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational & Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Swapan K Nath
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael G Hanna
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret Kenna
- Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Boston Children's Hospital, and Dept. of Otolaryngology, Harvard medical School, Boston, USA
| | - J Lawrence Merritt
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace London, London, UK.,Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azdad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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9
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Figuccia S, Degiorgi A, Ceccatelli Berti C, Baruffini E, Dallabona C, Goffrini P. Mitochondrial Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase and Disease: The Yeast Contribution for Functional Analysis of Novel Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094524. [PMID: 33926074 PMCID: PMC8123711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, mitochondrial protein synthesis is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as some subunits of the respiratory chain complexes are encoded by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations affecting the mitochondrial translation apparatus have been identified as a major cause of mitochondrial diseases. These mutations include either heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations in genes encoding for the mitochondrial rRNA (mtrRNA) and tRNAs (mttRNAs) or mutations in nuclear genes encoding ribosomal proteins, initiation, elongation and termination factors, tRNA-modifying enzymes, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mtARSs). Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the attachment of specific amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. Differently from most mttRNAs, which are encoded by mitochondrial genome, mtARSs are encoded by nuclear genes and then imported into the mitochondria after translation in the cytosol. Due to the extensive use of next-generation sequencing (NGS), an increasing number of mtARSs variants associated with large clinical heterogeneity have been identified in recent years. Being most of these variants private or sporadic, it is crucial to assess their causative role in the disease by functional analysis in model systems. This review will focus on the contributions of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the functional validation of mutations found in mtARSs genes associated with human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Dallabona
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (P.G.); Tel.: +39-0521-905600 (C.D.); +39-0521-905107 (P.G.)
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (P.G.); Tel.: +39-0521-905600 (C.D.); +39-0521-905107 (P.G.)
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10
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Vargas A, Rojas J, Aivasovsky I, Vergara S, Castellanos M, Prieto C, Celis L. Progressive Early-Onset Leukodystrophy Related to Biallelic Variants in the KARS Gene: The First Case Described in Latin America. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121437. [PMID: 33260297 PMCID: PMC7759888 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The KARS gene encodes the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS), which activates and joins the lysin with its corresponding transfer RNA (tRNA) through the ATP-dependent aminoacylation of the amino acid. KARS gene mutations have been linked to diverse neurologic phenotypes, such as neurosensorial hearing loss, leukodystrophy, microcephaly, developmental delay or regression, peripheral neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, the impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and hyperlactatemia, among others. This article presents the case of a Colombian pediatric patient with two pathological missense variants in a compound heterozygous state in the KARS gene and, in addition to the case report, the paper reviews the literature for other cases of KARS1-associated leukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vargas
- Clínica Universidad de La Sabana, Km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía 250001, Colombia
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (I.A.); Tel.: +1-647-238-4827 (A.V.); +57-304-342-1616 (I.A.)
| | - Jorge Rojas
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7a N° 40 B-36, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Ivan Aivasovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía 250001, Colombia; (S.V.); (M.C.); (C.P.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (I.A.); Tel.: +1-647-238-4827 (A.V.); +57-304-342-1616 (I.A.)
| | - Sergio Vergara
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía 250001, Colombia; (S.V.); (M.C.); (C.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Marianna Castellanos
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía 250001, Colombia; (S.V.); (M.C.); (C.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Carolina Prieto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía 250001, Colombia; (S.V.); (M.C.); (C.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Luis Celis
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Sabana, Km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía 250001, Colombia; (S.V.); (M.C.); (C.P.); (L.C.)
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11
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Kuo ME, Antonellis A. Ubiquitously Expressed Proteins and Restricted Phenotypes: Exploring Cell-Specific Sensitivities to Impaired tRNA Charging. Trends Genet 2019; 36:105-117. [PMID: 31839378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARS) are ubiquitously expressed, essential enzymes that charge tRNA with cognate amino acids. Variants in genes encoding ARS enzymes lead to myriad human inherited diseases. First, missense alleles cause dominant peripheral neuropathy. Second, missense, nonsense, and frameshift alleles cause recessive multisystem disorders that differentially affect tissues depending on which ARS is mutated. A preponderance of evidence has shown that both phenotypic classes are associated with loss-of-function alleles, suggesting that tRNA charging plays a central role in disease pathogenesis. However, it is currently unclear how perturbation in the function of these ubiquitously expressed enzymes leads to tissue-specific or tissue-predominant phenotypes. Here, we review our current understanding of ARS-associated disease phenotypes and discuss potential explanations for the observed tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Kuo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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