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Salunkhe J, Ugale R. Recent updates on immunotherapy in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2024; 1845:149205. [PMID: 39197568 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a progressive event leading to specific neuronal loss due to the accumulation of aberrant proteins. These pathologic forms of proteins further worsen and interfere with normal physiologic mechanisms, which can lead to abnormal proliferation of immune cells and subsequent inflammatory cascades and ultimately neuronal loss. Recently, immunotherapies targeting abnormal, pathologic forms of protein have shown a promising approach to modify the progression of neurodegeneration. Recent advances in immunotherapy have led to the development of novel antibodies against the proteinopathies which can eradicate aggregations of protein as evident from preclinical and clinical studies. Nonetheless, only a few of them have successfully received clinical approval, while others have been discontinued due to a lack of clinical efficacy endpoints. The current review discusses the status of investigational antibodies under clinical trials, their targets for therapeutic action, and evidence for failure or success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotiram Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Rajesh Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India.
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2
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Shafie A, Ashour AA, Anwar S, Anjum F, Hassan MI. Exploring molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:571-595. [PMID: 38764004 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a paradigm of a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene. This extensive review investigates the molecular complexities of HD by highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms initiated by the mutant huntingtin protein. Adverse outcomes of HD include mitochondrial dysfunction, compromised protein clearance, and disruption of intracellular signaling, consequently contributing to the gradual deterioration of neurons. Numerous therapeutic strategies, particularly precision medicine, are currently used for HD management. Antisense oligonucleotides, such as Tominersen, play a leading role in targeting and modulating the expression of mutant huntingtin. Despite the promise of these therapies, challenges persist, particularly in improving delivery systems and the necessity for long-term safety assessments. Considering the future landscape, the review delineates promising directions for HD research and treatment. Innovations such as Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated system therapies (CRISPR)-based genome editing and emerging neuroprotective approaches present unprecedented opportunities for intervention. Collaborative interdisciplinary endeavors and a more insightful understanding of HD pathogenesis are on the verge of reshaping the therapeutic landscape. As we navigate the intricate landscape of HD, this review serves as a guide for unraveling the intricacies of this disease and progressing toward transformative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Adnan Ashour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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3
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Greengard E, Williams R, Moriarity B, Liu X, Minard CG, Reid JM, Fisher T, Evans E, Pastore DR, Zauderer M, Voss S, Fox E, Weigel BJ. A phase 1/2 study of pepinemab in children, adolescents, or young adults with recurrent or refractory solid tumors: A children's oncology group consortium report (ADVL1614). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e30938. [PMID: 38520670 PMCID: PMC11187758 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pepinemab, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody, targets the SEMA4D (CD100) antigen to inhibit binding to its high-affinity receptors (plexin B1/PLXNB1, plexin B2/PLXNB2) and low-affinity receptor (CD72). SEMA4D blockade leads to increased cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, delayed tumor growth, and durable tumor rejection in murine tumor models. Pepinemab was well tolerated and improved T cell infiltration in clinical studies in adults with refractory tumors. SEMA4D was identified as a strong candidate proto-oncogene in a model of osteosarcoma. Based on these preclinical and clinical data, we conducted a phase 1/2 study to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity, of pepinemab in pediatric patients with recurrent/refractory solid tumors, and activity in osteosarcoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pepinemab was administered intravenously on Days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle at 20 mg/kg, the adult RP2D. Part A (phase 1) used a Rolling 6 design; Part B (phase 2) used a Simon 2-stage design in patients with osteosarcoma. Pharmacokinetics and target saturation were evaluated in peripheral blood. RESULTS Pepinemab (20 mg/kg) was well tolerated and no dose-limiting toxicities were observed during Part A. There were no objective responses. Two patients with osteosarcoma achieved disease control and prolonged stable disease. Pepinemab pharmacokinetics were similar to adults. CONCLUSIONS Pepinemab (20 mg/kg) is safe, well tolerated and resulted in adequate and sustained target saturation in pediatric patients. Encouraging disease control in two patients with osteosarcoma warrants further investigation with novel combination strategies to modulate the tumor microenvironment and antitumor immune response. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY This trial is registered as NCT03320330 at Clinicaltrials.gov. DISCLAIMER The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Young Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Maximum Tolerated Dose
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Osteosarcoma/drug therapy
- Osteosarcoma/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Greengard
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robin Williams
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brenda J Weigel
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
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4
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Chen T, Li S, Wang L. Semaphorins in tumor microenvironment: Biological mechanisms and therapeutic progress. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:112035. [PMID: 38603857 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Hallmark features of the tumor microenvironment include immune cells, stromal cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix (ECM), providing a conducive environment for the growth and survival of tumors. Recent advances in the understanding of cancer biology have highlighted the functional role of semaphorins (SEMAs). SEMAs are a large and diverse family of widely expressed secreted and membrane-binding proteins, which were initially implicated in axon guidance and neural development. However, it is now clear that they are widely expressed beyond the nervous system and participate in regulating immune responses and cancer progression. In fact, accumulating evidence disclosed that different SEMAs can either stimulate or restrict tumor progression, some of which act as important regulators of tumor angiogenesis. Conversely, limited information is known about the functional relevance of SEMA signals in TME. In this setting, we systematically elaborate the role SEMAs and their major receptors played in characterized components of TME. Furthermore, we provide a convergent view of current SEMAs pharmacological progress in clinical treatment and also put forward their potential application value and clinical prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Shazhou Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Lufang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China.
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5
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Matrone C, Ferretti G. Semaphorin 3A influences neuronal processes that are altered in patients with autism spectrum disorder: Potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105338. [PMID: 37524141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive disorder that most frequently manifests in early childhood and lasts for their entire lifespan. Several behavioural traits characterise the phenotype of patients with ASD, including difficulties in reciprocal social communication as well as compulsive/repetitive stereotyped verbal and non-verbal behaviours. Although multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the aetiology of ASD and many resources have been used to improve our understanding of ASD, several aspects remain largely unexplored. Class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3) are secreted proteins involved in the organisation of structural and functional connectivity in the brain that regulate synaptic and dendritic development. Alterations in brain connectivity and aberrant neuronal development have been described in some patients with ASD. Mutations and polymorphisms in SEMA3A and alterations in its receptors and signalling have been associated with some neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and epilepsy, which are comorbidities in ASD, but also with ASD itself. In addition, SEMA3A is a key regulator of the immune response and neuroinflammatory processes, which have been found to be dysregulated in mothers of children who develop ASD and in affected patients. In this review, we highlight neurodevelopmental-related processes in which SEMA3A is involved, which are altered in ASD, and provide a viewpoint emphasising the development of strategies targeting changes in the SEMA3A signal to identify patterns of anomalies distinctive of ASD or to predict the prognosis of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Matrone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Ferretti
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Packer D, Fresenko EE, Harrington EP. Remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis: finding the elusive grail of regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1207007. [PMID: 37448959 PMCID: PMC10338073 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1207007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Remyelination biology and the therapeutic potential of restoring myelin sheaths to prevent neurodegeneration and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) has made considerable gains over the past decade with many regeneration strategies undergoing tested in MS clinical trials. Animal models used to investigate oligodendroglial responses and regeneration of myelin vary considerably in the mechanism of demyelination, involvement of inflammatory cells, neurodegeneration and capacity for remyelination. The investigation of remyelination in the context of aging and an inflammatory environment are of considerable interest for the potential translation to progressive multiple sclerosis. Here we review how remyelination is assessed in mouse models of demyelination, differences and advantages of these models, therapeutic strategies that have emerged and current pro-remyelination clinical trials.
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Melchiorri D, Merlo S, Micallef B, Borg JJ, Dráfi F. Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation: will new drugs in clinical trials pave the way to a multi-target therapy? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1196413. [PMID: 37332353 PMCID: PMC10272781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1196413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, no disease-modifying therapeutic option, able to prevent, cure or halt the progression of Alzheimer's disease [AD], is currently available. AD, a devastating neurodegenerative pathology leading to dementia and death, is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of altered hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Both have been widely studied and pharmacologically targeted for many years, without significant therapeutic results. In 2022, positive data on two monoclonal antibodies targeting Aβ, donanemab and lecanemab, followed by the 2023 FDA accelerated approval of lecanemab and the publication of the final results of the phase III Clarity AD study, have strengthened the hypothesis of a causal role of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the magnitude of the clinical effect elicited by the two drugs is limited, suggesting that additional pathological mechanisms may contribute to the disease. Cumulative studies have shown inflammation as one of the main contributors to the pathogenesis of AD, leading to the recognition of a specific role of neuroinflammation synergic with the Aβ and NFTs cascades. The present review provides an overview of the investigational drugs targeting neuroinflammation that are currently in clinical trials. Moreover, their mechanisms of action, their positioning in the pathological cascade of events that occur in the brain throughout AD disease and their potential benefit/limitation in the therapeutic strategy in AD are discussed and highlighted as well. In addition, the latest patent requests for inflammation-targeting therapeutics to be developed in AD will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melchiorri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - John-Joseph Borg
- Malta Medicines Authority, San Ġwann, Malta
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - František Dráfi
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Fevereiro-Martins M, Marques-Neves C, Guimarães H, Bicho M. Retinopathy of prematurity: A review of pathophysiology and signaling pathways. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:175-210. [PMID: 36427559 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the retina and a leading cause of visual impairment and childhood blindness worldwide. The disease is characterized by an early stage of retinal microvascular degeneration, followed by neovascularization that can lead to subsequent retinal detachment and permanent visual loss. Several factors play a key role during the different pathological stages of the disease. Oxidative and nitrosative stress and inflammatory processes are important contributors to the early stage of ROP. Nitric oxide synthase and arginase play important roles in ischemia/reperfusion-induced neurovascular degeneration. Destructive neovascularization is driven by mediators of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and metabolic factors (succinate). The extracellular matrix is involved in hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization. Vasorepulsive molecules (semaphorin 3A) intervene preventing the revascularization of the avascular zone. This review focuses on current concepts about signaling pathways and their mediators, involved in the pathogenesis of ROP, highlighting new potentially preventive and therapeutic modalities. A better understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ROP should allow the development of more effective and targeted therapeutic agents to reduce aberrant vasoproliferation and facilitate physiological retinal vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza Fevereiro-Martins
- Laboratório de Genética and Grupo Ecogenética e Saúde Humana, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação Científica Bento da Rocha Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital Cuf Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Marques-Neves
- Centro de Estudos das Ci.¼ncias da Visão, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Grupo Ecogenética e Saúde Humana, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Hercília Guimarães
- Departamento de Ginecologia-Obstetrícia e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Bicho
- Laboratório de Genética and Grupo Ecogenética e Saúde Humana, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação Científica Bento da Rocha Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal.
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9
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Feigin A, Evans EE, Fisher TL, Leonard JE, Smith ES, Reader A, Mishra V, Manber R, Walters KA, Kowarski L, Oakes D, Siemers E, Kieburtz KD, Zauderer M. Pepinemab antibody blockade of SEMA4D in early Huntington's disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Nat Med 2022; 28:2183-2193. [PMID: 35941373 PMCID: PMC9361919 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNAL is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study (no. NCT02481674) established to evaluate pepinemab, a semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D)-blocking antibody, for treatment of Huntington's disease (HD). The trial enrolled a total of 265 HD gene expansion carriers with either early manifest (EM, n = 179) or late prodromal (LP, n = 86) HD, randomized (1:1) to receive 18 monthly infusions of pepinemab (n = 91 EM, 41 LP) or placebo (n = 88 EM, 45 LP). Pepinemab was generally well tolerated, with a relatively low frequency of serious treatment-emergent adverse events of 5% with pepinemab compared to 9% with placebo, including both EM and LP participants. Coprimary efficacy outcome measures consisted of assessments within the EM cohort of (1) a two-item HD cognitive assessment family comprising one-touch stockings of Cambridge (OTS) and paced tapping (PTAP) and (2) clinical global impression of change (CGIC). The differences between pepinemab and placebo in mean change (95% confidence interval) from baseline at month 17 for OTS were -1.98 (-4.00, 0.05) (one-sided P = 0.028), and for PTAP 1.43 (-0.37, 3.23) (one-sided P = 0.06). Similarly, because a significant treatment effect was not observed for CGIC, the coprimary endpoint, the study did not meet its prespecified primary outcomes. Nevertheless, a number of other positive outcomes and post hoc subgroup analyses-including additional cognitive measures and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography imaging assessments-provide rationale and direction for the design of a phase 3 study and encourage the continued development of pepinemab in patients diagnosed with EM HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Feigin
- New York University Langone Health and The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Kowarski
- WCG Statistics Collaborative, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Oakes
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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10
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Nojima S. Class IV semaphorins in disease pathogenesis. Pathol Int 2022; 72:471-487. [PMID: 36066011 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of secreted and/or transmembrane proteins, originally identified as proteins that function in axon guidance during neuronal development. However, semaphorins play crucial roles in other physiological and pathological processes, including immune responses, angiogenesis, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and cancer progression. Class IV semaphorins may be present as transmembrane and soluble forms and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review discusses recent progress on the roles of class IV semaphorins determined by clinical and experimental pathology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nojima
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Evans EE, Mishra V, Mallow C, Gersz EM, Balch L, Howell A, Reilly C, Smith ES, Fisher TL, Zauderer M. Semaphorin 4D is upregulated in neurons of diseased brains and triggers astrocyte reactivity. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:200. [PMID: 35933420 PMCID: PMC9356477 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The close interaction and interdependence of astrocytes and neurons allows for the possibility that astrocyte dysfunction contributes to and amplifies neurodegenerative pathology. Molecular pathways that trigger reactive astrocytes may represent important targets to preserve normal homeostatic maintenance and modify disease progression. METHODS Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) expression in the context of disease-associated neuropathology was assessed in postmortem brain sections of patients with Huntington's (HD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as in mouse models of HD (zQ175) and AD (CVN; APPSwDI/NOS2-/-) by immunohistochemistry. Effects of SEMA4D antibody blockade were assessed in purified astrocyte cultures and in the CVN mouse AD model. CVN mice were treated weekly from 26 to 38 weeks of age; thereafter mice underwent cognitive assessment and brains were collected for histopathology. RESULTS We report here that SEMA4D is upregulated in neurons during progression of neurodegenerative diseases and is a trigger of reactive astrocytes. Evidence of reactive astrocytes in close proximity to neurons expressing SEMA4D is detected in brain sections of patients and mouse models of HD and AD. We further report that SEMA4D-blockade prevents characteristic loss of GABAergic synapses and restores spatial memory and learning in CVN mice, a disease model that appears to reproduce many features of AD-like pathology including neuroinflammation. In vitro mechanistic studies demonstrate that astrocytes express cognate receptors for SEMA4D and that ligand binding triggers morphological variations, and changes in expression of key membrane receptors and enzymes characteristic of reactive astrocytes. These changes include reductions in EAAT-2 glutamate transporter and glutamine synthetase, key enzymes in neurotransmitter recycling, as well as reduced GLUT-1 glucose and MCT-4 lactate transporters, that allow astrocytes to couple energy metabolism with synaptic activity. Antibody blockade of SEMA4D prevented these changes and reversed functional deficits in glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that SEMA4D blockade may ameliorate disease pathology by preserving normal astrocyte function and reducing the negative consequences of reactive astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Howell
- Vaccinex, Inc., Research, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maurice Zauderer
- Vaccinex, Inc., Research, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Center for Health and Technology (SMD), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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12
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Ferguson MW, Kennedy CJ, Palpagama TH, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Kwakowsky A. Current and Possible Future Therapeutic Options for Huntington's Disease. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221092517. [PMID: 35615642 PMCID: PMC9125092 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221092517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by an excessive number of CAG trinucleotide repeats within the huntingtin gene (HTT). HD patients can present with a variety of symptoms including chorea, behavioural and psychiatric abnormalities and cognitive decline. Each patient has a unique combination of symptoms, and although these can be managed using a range of medications and non-drug treatments there is currently no cure for the disease. Current therapies prescribed for HD can be categorized by the symptom they treat. These categories include chorea medication, antipsychotic medication, antidepressants, mood stabilizing medication as well as non-drug therapies. Fortunately, there are also many new HD therapeutics currently undergoing clinical trials that target the disease at its origin; lowering the levels of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). Currently, much attention is being directed to antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies, which bind to pre-RNA or mRNA and can alter protein expression via RNA degradation, blocking translation or splice modulation. Other potential therapies in clinical development include RNA interference (RNAi) therapies, RNA targeting small molecule therapies, stem cell therapies, antibody therapies, non-RNA targeting small molecule therapies and neuroinflammation targeted therapies. Potential therapies in pre-clinical development include Zinc-Finger Protein (ZFP) therapies, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) therapies and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system (Cas) therapies. This comprehensive review aims to discuss the efficacy of current HD treatments and explore the clinical trial progress of emerging potential HD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie W. Ferguson
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Connor J. Kennedy
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thulani H. Palpagama
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J. Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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13
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Devadiga SJ, Bharate SS. Recent developments in the management of Huntington's disease. Bioorg Chem 2022; 120:105642. [PMID: 35121553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare, incurable, inheritedneurodegenerative disorder manifested by chorea, hyperkinetic, and hypokinetic movements. The FDA has approved only two drugs, viz. tetrabenazine, and deutetrabenazine, to manage the chorea associated with HD. However, several other drugs are used as an off-label to manage chorea and other symptoms such as depression, anxiety, muscle tremors, and cognitive dysfunction associated with HD. So far, there is no disease-modifying treatment available. Drug repurposing has been a primary drive to search for new anti-HD drugs. Numerous molecular targets along with a wide range of small molecules and gene therapies are currently under clinical investigation. More than 200 clinical studies are underway for HD, 75% are interventional, and 25% are observational studies. The present review discusses the small molecule clinical pipeline and molecular targets for HD. Furthermore, the biomarkers, diagnostic tests, gene therapies, behavioral and observational studies for HD were also deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaika J Devadiga
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India.
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Abstract
The innate immune system plays key roles in controlling Alzheimer's disease (AD), while secreting cytokines to eliminate pathogens and regulating brain homeostasis. Recent research in the field of AD has shown that the innate immune-sensing ability of pattern recognition receptors on brain-resident macrophages, known as microglia, initiates neuroinflammation, Aβ accumulation, neuronal loss, and memory decline in patients with AD. Advancements in understanding the role of innate immunity in AD have laid a strong foundation to elucidate AD pathology and devise therapeutic strategies for AD in the future. In this review, we highlight the present understanding of innate immune responses, inflammasome activation, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion in AD. We also discuss how the AD pathology influences these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangJoon Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, 38515University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hyun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, 34966Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeob Ryu
- BIORCHESTRA Co. Ltd., 17, Techno 4-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,BIORCHESTRA Co. Ltd., 245 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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15
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The emerging roles of semaphorin4D/CD100 in immunological diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2875-2890. [PMID: 33258873 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the semaphorin family of proteins is composed of 21 members that are divided into five subfamilies, i.e. classes 3 to 7. Semaphorins play crucial roles in regulating multiple biological processes, such as neural remodeling, tissue regeneration, cancer progression, and, especially, in immunological regulation. Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D), also known as CD100, is an important member of the semaphorin family and was first characterized as a lymphocyte-specific marker. SEMA4D has diverse effects on immunologic processes, including immune cell proliferation, differentiation, activation, and migration, through binding to its specific membrane receptors CD72, PLXNB1, and PLXNB2. Furthermore, SEMA4D and its underlying signaling have been increasingly linked with several immunological diseases. This review focuses on the significant immunoregulatory role of SEMA4D and the associated underlying mechanisms, as well as the potential application of SEMA4D as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for the treatment of immunological diseases.
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by motor dysfunction, behavioral/psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Because of the lack of availability of curative or disease modifying treatments, much of clinical practice in HD care to date has focused on symptomatic treatment. Recent work has created optimism surrounding possible emerging disease modifying therapeutics. HD is a developing therapeutic field with diverse and promising emerging therapies. AREAS COVERED A PubMed literature review was completed to discover pertinent reviews and analyses. ClinicalTrials.gov was referenced to find updated information about ongoing and planned trials. Lastly, because of the rapidly evolving nature of HD treatments, drug manufacturer websites and press releases were reviewed to provide current information surrounding recently reported trial results. EXPERT OPINION Recent setbacks involving antisense oligonucleotide research should not diminish enthusiasm and hope for the many other novel therapies currently being pursued. We remain optimistic about the many promising emerging therapies for HD, and we expect that growing knowledge about the pathophysiology of the underlying disease and constant advances in biotechnology will lead to therapies that have a meaningful impact in the lives of patients, their families, and those who care for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wiggins
- NYU Langone's Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Andrew Feigin
- NYU Langone's Fresco Institute for Parkinson's & Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, United States of America
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17
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Unraveling Axon Guidance during Axotomy and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158344. [PMID: 34361110 PMCID: PMC8347220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development and regeneration axons extend a cytoskeletal-rich structure known as the growth cone, which detects and integrates signals to reach its final destination. The guidance cues “signals” bind their receptors, activating signaling cascades that result in the regulation of the growth cone cytoskeleton, defining growth cone advance, pausing, turning, or collapse. Even though much is known about guidance cues and their isolated mechanisms during nervous system development, there is still a gap in the understanding of the crosstalk between them, and about what happens after nervous system injuries. After neuronal injuries in mammals, only axons in the peripheral nervous system are able to regenerate, while the ones from the central nervous system fail to do so. Therefore, untangling the guidance cues mechanisms, as well as their behavior and characterization after axotomy and regeneration, are of special interest for understanding and treating neuronal injuries. In this review, we present findings on growth cone guidance and canonical guidance cues mechanisms, followed by a description and comparison of growth cone pathfinding mechanisms after axotomy, in regenerative and non-regenerative animal models.
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Shafique MR, Fisher TL, Evans EE, Leonard JE, Pastore DRE, Mallow CL, Smith E, Mishra V, Schröder A, Chin KM, Beck JT, Baumgart MA, Govindan R, Gabrail NY, Spira AI, Seetharamu N, Lou Y, Mansfield AS, Sanborn RE, Goldman JW, Zauderer M. A Phase Ib/II Study of Pepinemab in Combination with Avelumab in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3630-3640. [PMID: 33820783 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The CLASSICAL-Lung clinical trial tested the combination of pepinemab, an IgG4 humanized mAb targeting semaphorin 4D, with the PD-L1 inhibitor avelumab to assess the effects of coupling increased T-cell infiltration and reversal of immune suppression via pepinemab with sustained T-cell activation via checkpoint inhibition. PATIENTS AND METHODS This phase Ib/II, single-arm study was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pepinemab in combination with avelumab in 62 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including immunotherapy-naïve (ION) patients and patients whose tumors progressed following anti-PD-1/L1 monotherapy (IOF). The main objectives were to evaluate safety/tolerability, establish a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), obtain a preliminary evaluation of antitumor activity, and investigate candidate biomarker activity. RESULTS The combination was well tolerated with no major safety signals identified. Pepinemab, 10 mg/kg with avelumab, 10 mg/kg, every 2 weeks, was selected as the RP2D. Among 21 evaluable ION patients, 5 patients experienced partial responses (PR), 4 patients evidenced clinical benefit ≥1 year, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 81%. Notably, overall response rate with the combination therapy was higher than previously reported for single-agent avelumab in the PD-L1-negative/low population. Among 29 evaluable IOF patients, the combination resulted in a DCR of 59%, including 2 PR and 7 patients with durable clinical benefit of ≥23 weeks. Biomarker analysis of biopsies demonstrated increased CD8 T-cell density correlating with RECIST response criteria. CONCLUSIONS The combination of pepinemab with avelumab was well tolerated in NSCLC and showed signs of antitumor activity in immunotherapy-resistant and PD-L1-negative/low tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Shafique
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin M Chin
- EMD Serono Research & Development, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts; an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander I Spira
- Virginia Cancer Specialists and US Oncology Research, The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | - Yanyan Lou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Rachel E Sanborn
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
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19
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Sutiwisesak R, Burns TC, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE. Remyelination therapies for multiple sclerosis: optimizing translation from animal models into clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:857-876. [PMID: 34126015 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1942840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination, the main pathology in MS, contributes to clinical symptoms and long-term neurological deficits if left untreated. Remyelination, the natural repair of damaged myelin by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, occurs in MS, but eventually fails in most patients as they age. Encouraging timely remyelination can restore axon conduction and minimize deficits.Areas covered: We discuss and correlate human MS pathology with animal models, propose methods to deplete resident oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to determine whether mature oligodendrocytes support remyelination, and review remyelinating agents, mechanisms of action, and available clinical trial data.Expert opinion: The heterogeneity of human MS may limit successful translation of many candidate remyelinating agents; some patients lack the biological targets necessary to leverage current approaches. Development of therapeutics for remyelination has concentrated almost exclusively on mobilization of innate OPCs. However, mature oligodendrocytes appear an important contributor to remyelination in humans. Limiting the contribution of OPC mediated repair in models of MS would allow the evaluation of remyelination-promoting agents on mature oligodendrocytes. Among remyelinating reagents reviewed, only rHIgM22 targets both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapope Sutiwisesak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terry C Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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20
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Piehl F. Current and emerging disease-modulatory therapies and treatment targets for multiple sclerosis. J Intern Med 2021; 289:771-791. [PMID: 33258193 PMCID: PMC8246813 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), continues to transform. In recent years, a number of novel and increasingly effective disease-modulatory therapies (DMTs) have been approved, including oral fumarates and selective sphingosine 1-phosphate modulators, as well as cell-depleting therapies such as cladribine, anti-CD20 and anti-CD52 monoclonals. Amongst DMTs in clinical development, inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase represent an entirely new emerging drug class in MS, with three different drugs entering phase III trials. However, important remaining fields of improvement comprise tracking of long-term benefit-risk with existing DMTs and exploration of novel treatment targets relating to brain inherent disease processes underlying the progressive neurodegenerative aspect of MS, which accumulating evidence suggests start already early in the disease process. The aim here is to review current therapeutic options in relation to an improved understanding of the immunopathogenesis of MS, also highlighting examples where controlled trials have not generated the desired results. An additional aim is to review emerging therapies undergoing clinical development, including agents that interfere with disease processes believed to be important for neurodegeneration or aiming to enhance reparative responses. Notably, early trials now have shown initial evidence of enhanced remyelination both with small molecule compounds and biologicals. Finally, accumulating evidence from clinical trials and post-marketing real-world patient populations, which underscore the importance of early high effective therapy whilst maintaining acceptable tolerability, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Piehl
- From theDepartment of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- The Karolinska University Hospital and Academic Specialist CentreStockholm Health ServicesStockholmSweden
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21
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Carulli D, de Winter F, Verhaagen J. Semaphorins in Adult Nervous System Plasticity and Disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:672891. [PMID: 34045951 PMCID: PMC8148045 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.672891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins, originally discovered as guidance cues for developing axons, are involved in many processes that shape the nervous system during development, from neuronal proliferation and migration to neuritogenesis and synapse formation. Interestingly, the expression of many Semaphorins persists after development. For instance, Semaphorin 3A is a component of perineuronal nets, the extracellular matrix structures enwrapping certain types of neurons in the adult CNS, which contribute to the closure of the critical period for plasticity. Semaphorin 3G and 4C play a crucial role in the control of adult hippocampal connectivity and memory processes, and Semaphorin 5A and 7A regulate adult neurogenesis. This evidence points to a role of Semaphorins in the regulation of adult neuronal plasticity. In this review, we address the distribution of Semaphorins in the adult nervous system and we discuss their function in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carulli
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fred de Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Rajendran R, Böttiger G, Stadelmann C, Karnati S, Berghoff M. FGF/FGFR Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis and in Its Disease Models. Cells 2021; 10:884. [PMID: 33924474 PMCID: PMC8068804 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting more than two million people worldwide. In MS, oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths are destroyed by autoimmune-mediated inflammation, while remyelination is impaired. Recent investigations of post-mortem tissue suggest that Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling may regulate inflammation and myelination in MS. FGF2 expression seems to correlate positively with macrophages/microglia and negatively with myelination; FGF1 was suggested to promote remyelination. In myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), systemic deletion of FGF2 suggested that FGF2 may promote remyelination. Specific deletion of FGF receptors (FGFRs) in oligodendrocytes in this EAE model resulted in a decrease of lymphocyte and macrophage/microglia infiltration as well as myelin and axon degeneration. These effects were mediated by ERK/Akt phosphorylation, a brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and downregulation of inhibitors of remyelination. In the first part of this review, the most important pharmacotherapeutic principles for MS will be illustrated, and then we will review recent advances made on FGF signaling in MS. Thus, we will suggest application of FGFR inhibitors, which are currently used in Phase II and III cancer trials, as a therapeutic option to reduce inflammation and induce remyelination in EAE and eventually MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/deficiency
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Sheath/drug effects
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Myelin Sheath/pathology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/immunology
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/immunology
- Remyelination/drug effects
- Remyelination/genetics
- Remyelination/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Rajendran
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Gregor Böttiger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Berghoff
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany; (R.R.); (G.B.)
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23
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Gazouli I, Kyriazoglou A, Kotsantis I, Anastasiou M, Pantazopoulos A, Prevezanou M, Chatzidakis I, Kavourakis G, Economopoulou P, Kontogeorgakos V, Papagelopoulos P, Psyrri A. Systematic Review of Recurrent Osteosarcoma Systemic Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1757. [PMID: 33917001 PMCID: PMC8067690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary bone cancer, mainly affecting those of young ages. Although surgery combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy has significantly increased the chances of cure, recurrent and refractory disease still impose a tough therapeutic challenge. We performed a systematic literature review of the available clinical evidence, regarding treatment of recurrent and/or refractory osteosarcoma over the last two decades. Among the 72 eligible studies, there were 56 prospective clinical trials, primarily multicentric, single arm, phase I or II and non-randomized. Evaluated treatment strategies included cytotoxic chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitors and other targeted agents, as well as immunotherapy and combinatorial approaches. Unfortunately, most treatments have failed to induce objective responses, albeit some of them may sustain disease control. No driver mutations have been recognized, to serve as effective treatment targets, and predictive biomarkers of potential treatment effectiveness are lacking. Hopefully, ongoing and future clinical and preclinical research will unlock the underlying biologic mechanisms of recurrent and refractory osteosarcoma, expanding the therapeutic choices available to pre-treated osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Gazouli
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Anastasios Kyriazoglou
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Ioannis Kotsantis
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Anastasiou
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasios Pantazopoulos
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Prevezanou
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Ioannis Chatzidakis
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Georgios Kavourakis
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Panagiota Economopoulou
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Vasileios Kontogeorgakos
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (V.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Panayiotis Papagelopoulos
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (V.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Amanda Psyrri
- Second Propaedeutic Department of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece; (I.K.); (M.A.); (A.P.); (M.P.); (I.C.); (G.K.); (P.E.); (A.P.)
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24
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The role of immune semaphorins in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: Potential therapeutic targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107556. [PMID: 33756227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems possess a highly intricate network of synaptic connections, shared messenger molecules, and exquisite communication ways, allowing intercellular signal transduction. The semaphorins (Semas) were initially identified as axonal guidance molecules in the development of the nervous system but later were found to be implicated also in regulating the immune system, known in this case as the "immune Semas" or "immunoregulatory Semas". Increasingly, these molecules are involved in multiple aspects of both physiological and pathological immune responses and were recently indicated to take part in various immunological disorders, encompassing allergy, cancer, and autoimmunity. Semas transduce signals by connecting to their cognate receptors, namely, plexins and neuropilins. Some of them, like Sema-3F, have been found to function as the inducer of the remyelination process whereas some others, like Sema-3A and Sema-4D, act to inhibit this process, either directly or indirectly. Besides, Sema-4A is crucial to the differentiation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells that are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. This review aims to reveal the role of immune Semas in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, focusing on the therapeutic usages of these molecules to treat this neurodegenerative disease.
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25
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Pantazou V, Roux T, Oliveira Moreira V, Lubetzki C, Desmazières A. Interaction between Neurons and the Oligodendroglial Lineage in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Preclinical Models. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:231. [PMID: 33799653 PMCID: PMC7999210 DOI: 10.3390/life11030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex central nervous system inflammatory disease leading to demyelination and associated functional deficits. Though endogenous remyelination exists, it is only partial and, with time, patients can enter a progressive phase of the disease, with neurodegeneration as a hallmark. Though major therapeutic advances have been made, with immunotherapies reducing relapse rate during the inflammatory phase of MS, there is presently no therapy available which significantly impacts disease progression. Remyelination has been shown to favor neuroprotection, and it is thus of major importance to better understand remyelination mechanisms in order to promote them and hence preserve neurons. A crucial point is how this process is regulated through the neuronal crosstalk with the oligodendroglial lineage. In this review, we present the current knowledge on neuron interaction with the oligodendroglial lineage, in physiological context as well as in MS and its experimental models. We further discuss the therapeutic possibilities resulting from this research field, which might allow to support remyelination and neuroprotection and thus limit MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pantazou
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 46 Rue du Bugnon, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Roux
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Oliveira Moreira
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Neurology Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne Desmazières
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; (V.P.); (T.R.); (V.O.M.); (C.L.)
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Pan L, Feigin A. Huntington's Disease: New Frontiers in Therapeutics. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:10. [PMID: 33586075 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes and discusses new potential disease-modifying therapies for Huntington's disease that are currently in human clinical trials as well as promising new therapies in preclinical development. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple potential disease-modifying therapeutics for HD are in active development, including direct DNA/gene therapies, RNA modulation, and therapies targeted at aberrant downstream pathways. The etiology of Huntington's disease (HD) is well-known as an abnormally expanded trinucleotide repeat within the huntingtin gene. However, the pathogenesis downstream of the mutant huntingtin gene is complex, involving multiple toxic pathways, including abnormal protein fragmentation and neuroinflammation. The current treatment of HD focuses largely on symptomatic management. This article discusses new, potential disease-modifying therapies that are currently in human clinical trials and preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, NYU Langone Health, 222 East 41st Street - 13th Floor, New York, USA.
| | - Andrew Feigin
- Department of Neurology, The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, NYU Langone Health, 222 East 41st Street - 13th Floor, New York, USA
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27
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Vissers MFJM, Heuberger JAAC, Groeneveld GJ. Targeting for Success: Demonstrating Proof-of-Concept with Mechanistic Early Phase Clinical Pharmacology Studies for Disease-Modification in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1615. [PMID: 33562713 PMCID: PMC7915613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical failure rate for disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) that slow or stop disease progression has been nearly 100% for the major neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), with many compounds failing in expensive and time-consuming phase 2 and 3 trials for lack of efficacy. Here, we critically review the use of pharmacological and mechanistic biomarkers in early phase clinical trials of DMTs in NDDs, and propose a roadmap for providing early proof-of-concept to increase R&D productivity in this field of high unmet medical need. A literature search was performed on published early phase clinical trials aimed at the evaluation of NDD DMT compounds using MESH terms in PubMed. Publications were selected that reported an early phase clinical trial with NDD DMT compounds between 2010 and November 2020. Attention was given to the reported use of pharmacodynamic (mechanistic and physiological response) biomarkers. A total of 121 early phase clinical trials were identified, of which 89 trials (74%) incorporated one or multiple pharmacodynamic biomarkers. However, only 65 trials (54%) used mechanistic (target occupancy or activation) biomarkers to demonstrate target engagement in humans. The most important categories of early phase mechanistic and response biomarkers are discussed and a roadmap for incorporation of a robust biomarker strategy for early phase NDD DMT clinical trials is proposed. As our understanding of NDDs is improving, there is a rise in potentially disease-modifying treatments being brought to the clinic. Further increasing the rational use of mechanistic biomarkers in early phase trials for these (targeted) therapies can increase R&D productivity with a quick win/fast fail approach in an area that has seen a nearly 100% failure rate to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits F. J. M. Vissers
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.A.A.C.H.); (G.J.G.)
- Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jules A. A. C. Heuberger
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.A.A.C.H.); (G.J.G.)
| | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.A.A.C.H.); (G.J.G.)
- Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mastrantonio R, You H, Tamagnone L. Semaphorins as emerging clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:3262-3277. [PMID: 33537086 PMCID: PMC7847692 DOI: 10.7150/thno.54023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large family of developmental regulatory signals, characterized by aberrant expression in human cancers. These molecules crucially control cell-cell communication, cell migration, invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, inflammatory and anti-cancer immune responses. Semaphorins comprise secreted and cell surface-exposed molecules and their receptors are mainly found in the Plexin and Neuropilin families, which are further implicated in a signaling network controlling the tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence indicates that semaphorins may be considered as novel clinical biomarkers for cancer, especially for the prediction of patient survival and responsiveness to therapy. Moreover, preclinical experimental studies have demonstrated that targeting semaphorin signaling can interfere with tumor growth and/or metastatic dissemination, suggesting their relevance as novel therapeutic targets in cancer; this has also prompted the development of semaphorin-interfering molecules for application in the clinic. Here we will survey, in diverse human cancers, the current knowledge about the relevance of semaphorin family members, and conceptualize potential lines of future research development in this field.
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Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators and Oligodendroglial Cells: Beyond Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207537. [PMID: 33066042 PMCID: PMC7588977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, and synaptic impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The available therapies aim to reduce the severity of the pathology during the early inflammatory stages, but they are not effective in the chronic stage of the disease. In this phase, failure in endogenous remyelination is associated with the impairment of oligodendrocytes progenitor cells (OPCs) to migrate and differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Therefore, stimulating differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes has become one of the main goals of new therapeutic approaches for MS. Different disease-modifying therapies targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) have been approved or are being developed to treat MS. Besides their immunomodulatory effects, growing evidence suggests that targeting S1PRs modulates mechanisms beyond immunomodulation, such as remyelination. In this context, this review focuses on the current understanding of S1PR modulators and their direct effect on OPCs and oligodendrocytes.
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30
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Gingele S, Stangel M. Emerging myelin repair agents in preclinical and early clinical development for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:583-594. [PMID: 32348161 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1762567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Remyelination is a highly effective regenerative process that can restore axon function, prevent axonal loss, and reverse clinical deficits after demyelination. Hence, the promotion of remyelination is a logical goal in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in which remyelination is often insufficient. However, despite great progress regarding the development of immunomodulatory therapies for MS and an abundance of promising evidence from preclinical experiments so far, no therapy has convincingly demonstrated clinically significant remyelination properties. Therefore, enhancing myelin repair is an urgent and unmet need in MS. AREAS COVERED We searched clinicaltrials.gov and pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and focused on therapeutic agents in development from the preclinical stage to clinical phase II. We selected agents for which data are available from in vitro experiments and at least one toxic demyelination animal model that reached at least phase I in clinical development in MS patients. EXPERT OPINION The evidence to promote remyelination is very promising for several agents, some of which possess anti-muscarinergic properties. Since remyelination is a complex process that involves various coordinated steps, a combination of different therapeutic approaches addressing different aspects of this regenerative mechanism may be reasonable. Furthermore, suitable surrogate markers of remyelination are necessary for proof-of-concept clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gingele
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
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31
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Villoslada P, Steinman L. New targets and therapeutics for neuroprotection, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:443-459. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1757647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villoslada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences & Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California, CA, USA
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32
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Tsuda T, Nishide M, Maeda Y, Hayama Y, Koyama S, Nojima S, Takamatsu H, Okuzaki D, Morita T, Nakatani T, Kato Y, Nakanishi Y, Futami Y, Suga Y, Naito Y, Konaka H, Satoh S, Naito M, Izumi M, Obata S, Nakatani A, Shikina T, Takeda K, Hayama M, Inohara H, Kumanogoh A. Pathological and therapeutic implications of eosinophil-derived semaphorin 4D in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:843-854.e4. [PMID: 32035658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is a subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis. Clinical markers for ECRS disease activity and treatment strategies have not been sufficiently established. Although semaphorins are originally identified as neuronal guidance factors, it is becoming clear that they play key roles in immune regulation and inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the pathological functions and therapeutic potential of semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) in ECRS. METHODS Serum soluble SEMA4D levels in patients with paranasal sinus diseases were measured by ELISA. The expression of SEMA4D in blood cells and nasal polyp tissues was assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Generation of soluble SEMA4D was evaluated in matrix metalloproteinase-treated eosinophils. Endothelial cells were stimulated with recombinant SEMA4D, followed by eosinophil transendothelial migration assays. Allergic chronic rhinosinusitis was induced in mice using Aspergillus protease with ovalbumin. The efficacy of treatment with anti-SEMA4D antibody was evaluated histologically and by nasal lavage fluid analysis. RESULTS Serum soluble SEMA4D levels were elevated in patients with ECRS and positively correlated with disease severity. Tissue-infiltrated eosinophils in nasal polyps from patients with ECRS stained strongly with anti-SEMA4D antibody. Cell surface expression of SEMA4D on eosinophils from patients with ECRS was reduced, which was due to matrix metalloproteinase-9-mediated cleavage of membrane SEMA4D. Soluble SEMA4D induced eosinophil transendothelial migration. Treatment with anti-SEMA4D antibody ameliorated eosinophilic infiltration in sinus tissues and nasal lavage fluid in the ECRS animal model. CONCLUSIONS Eosinophil-derived SEMA4D aggravates ECRS. Levels of serum SEMA4D reflect disease severity, and anti-SEMA4D antibody has therapeutic potential as a treatment for ECRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsuda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishide
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yohei Maeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Hayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kinki Central Hospital, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nojima
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Morita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakatani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Nakanishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Futami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Naito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hachiro Konaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Satoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maiko Naito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayuko Izumi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Obata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakatani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Shikina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Ikeda Municipal Hospital, Ikeda City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Hayama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Suita City, Osaka, Japan; Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
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Wu JH, Li YN, Chen AQ, Hong CD, Zhang CL, Wang HL, Zhou YF, Li PC, Wang Y, Mao L, Xia YP, He QW, Jin HJ, Yue ZY, Hu B. Inhibition of Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling alleviates vascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e10154. [PMID: 31943789 PMCID: PMC7005627 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201810154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and leads to blindness. Anti‐VEGF is a primary treatment for DR. Its therapeutic effect is limited in non‐ or poor responders despite frequent injections. By performing a comprehensive analysis of the semaphorins family, we identified the increased expression of Sema4D during oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR) and streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced retinopathy. The levels of soluble Sema4D (sSema4D) were significantly increased in the aqueous fluid of DR patients and correlated negatively with the success of anti‐VEGF therapy during clinical follow‐up. We found that Sema4D/PlexinB1 induced endothelial cell dysfunction via mDIA1, which was mediated through Src‐dependent VE‐cadherin dysfunction. Furthermore, genetic disruption of Sema4D/PlexinB1 or intravitreal injection of anti‐Sema4D antibody reduced pericyte loss and vascular leakage in STZ model as well as alleviated neovascularization in OIR model. Moreover, anti‐Sema4D had a therapeutic advantage over anti‐VEGF on pericyte dysfunction. Anti‐Sema4D and anti‐VEGF also conferred a synergistic therapeutic effect in two DR models. Thus, this study indicates an alternative therapeutic strategy with anti‐Sema4D to complement or improve the current treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can-Dong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital, Central South University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yue
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
In the third edition of the Huntington’s Disease Clinical Trials Corner we list all currently registered and ongoing clinical trials, expand on the SIGNAL trial (NCT02481674), and cover the recently finished CREST-E trial (NCT00712426).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe B Rodrigues
- Huntington's Disease Centre, University College London, UK.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Edward J Wild
- Huntington's Disease Centre, University College London, UK
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35
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Yang S, Wang L, Pan W, Bayer W, Thoens C, Heim K, Dittmer U, Timm J, Wang Q, Yu Q, Luo J, Liu Y, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Zhang X, Chen H, Wang H, Feng X, Yang X, Lu Y, Lu M, Yang D, Liu J. MMP2/MMP9-mediated CD100 shedding is crucial for inducing intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses and HBV clearance. J Hepatol 2019; 71:685-698. [PMID: 31173811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD100 is constitutively expressed on T cells and can be cleaved from the cell surface by matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) to become soluble CD100 (sCD100). Both membrane-bound CD100 (mCD100) and sCD100 have important immune regulatory functions that promote immune cell activation and responses. This study investigated the expression and role of mCD100 and sCD100 in regulating antiviral immune responses during HBV infection. METHODS mCD100 expression on T cells, sCD100 levels in the serum, and MMP expression in the liver and serum were analysed in patients with chronic HBV (CHB) and in HBV-replicating mice. The ability of sCD100 to mediate antigen-presenting cell maturation, HBV-specific T cell activation, and HBV clearance were analysed in HBV-replicating mice and patients with CHB. RESULTS Patients with CHB had higher mCD100 expression on T cells and lower serum sCD100 levels compared with healthy controls. Therapeutic sCD100 treatment resulted in the activation of DCs and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, enhanced HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses, and accelerated HBV clearance, whereas blockade of its receptor CD72 attenuated the intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell response. Together with MMP9, MMP2 mediated mCD100 shedding from the T cell surface. Patients with CHB had significantly lower serum MMP2 levels, which positively correlated with serum sCD100 levels, compared with healthy controls. Inhibition of MMP2/9 activity resulted in an attenuated anti-HBV T cell response and delayed HBV clearance in mice. CONCLUSIONS MMP2/9-mediated sCD100 release has an important role in regulating intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses, thus mediating subsequent viral clearance during HBV infection. LAY SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. The clearance of HBV relies largely on an effective T cell immune response, which usually becomes dysregulated in chronic HBV infection. Our study provides a new mechanism to elucidate HBV persistence and a new target for developing immunotherapy strategies in patients chronically infected with HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangqing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Christine Thoens
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heim
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Joerg Timm
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinzhuo Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Hepatology Unit and Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510551, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 510632, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yinping Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Tedesco M, Gallieni M, Pellegata F, Cozzolino M, Alberici F. Update on ANCA-associated vasculitis: from biomarkers to therapy. J Nephrol 2019; 32:871-882. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lee WS, Lee WH, Bae YC, Suk K. Axon Guidance Molecules Guiding Neuroinflammation. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:311-319. [PMID: 31308791 PMCID: PMC6614065 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance molecules (AGMs), such as Netrins, Semaphorins, and Ephrins, have long been known to regulate axonal growth in the developing nervous system. Interestingly, the chemotactic properties of AGMs are also important in the postnatal period, such as in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. In particular, AGMs play pivotal roles in inflammation of the nervous system, by either stimulating or inhibiting inflammatory responses, depending on specific ligand-receptor combinations. Understanding such regulatory functions of AGMs in neuroinflammation may allow finding new molecular targets to treat neurodegenerative diseases, in which neuroinflammation underlies aetiology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Suk Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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Gil V, Del Río JA. Functions of Plexins/Neuropilins and Their Ligands during Hippocampal Development and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2019; 8:E206. [PMID: 30823454 PMCID: PMC6468495 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that molecules, receptors, and signaling mechanisms involved in vascular development also play crucial roles during the development of the nervous system. Among others, specific semaphorins and their receptors (neuropilins and plexins) have, in recent years, attracted the attention of researchers due to their pleiotropy of functions. Their functions, mainly associated with control of the cellular cytoskeleton, include control of cell migration, cell morphology, and synapse remodeling. Here, we will focus on their roles in the hippocampal formation that plays a crucial role in memory and learning as it is a prime target during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gil
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Hui DHF, Tam KJ, Jiao IZF, Ong CJ. Semaphorin 3C as a Therapeutic Target in Prostate and Other Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E774. [PMID: 30759745 PMCID: PMC6386986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The semaphorins represent a large family of signaling molecules with crucial roles in neuronal and cardiac development. While normal semaphorin function pertains largely to development, their involvement in malignancy is becoming increasingly evident. One member, Semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C), has been shown to drive a number of oncogenic programs, correlate inversely with cancer prognosis, and promote the progression of multiple different cancer types. This report surveys the body of knowledge surrounding SEMA3C as a therapeutic target in cancer. In particular, we summarize SEMA3C's role as an autocrine andromedin in prostate cancer growth and survival and provide an overview of other cancer types that SEMA3C has been implicated in including pancreas, brain, breast, and stomach. We also propose molecular strategies that could potentially be deployed against SEMA3C as anticancer agents such as biologics, small molecules, monoclonal antibodies and antisense oligonucleotides. Finally, we discuss important considerations for the inhibition of SEMA3C as a cancer therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H F Hui
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Kevin J Tam
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Ivy Z F Jiao
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Ong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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Garcia S. Role of Semaphorins in Immunopathologies and Rheumatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020374. [PMID: 30654587 PMCID: PMC6359241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases are disorders characterized by joint inflammation, in which other organs are also affected. There are more than two hundred rheumatic diseases, the most studied so far are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. The semaphorin family is a large group of proteins initially described as axon guidance molecules involved in nervous system development. Studies have demonstrated that semaphorins play a role in other processes such as the regulation of immunity, angiogenesis, bone remodeling, apoptosis, and cell migration and invasion. Moreover, semaphorins have been related to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, asthma, Alzheimer, myocarditis, atherosclerosis, fibrotic diseases, osteopetrosis, and cancer. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge regarding the role of semaphorins in rheumatic diseases, and discuss their potential applications as therapeutic targets to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Garcia
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Improvement of pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic antibodies by antibody engineering. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 34:25-41. [PMID: 30472066 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an important therapeutic option for several diseases. Since several mAbs have shown promising efficacy in clinic, the competition to develop mAbs has become severe. In efforts to gain a competitive advantage over other mAbs and provide significant benefits to patients, innovations in antibody engineering have aimed at improving the pharmacokinetic properties of mAbs. Because engineering can provide therapeutics that are more convenient, safer, and more efficacious for patients in several disease areas, it is an attractive approach to provide significant benefits to patients. Further advances in engineering mAbs to modulate their pharmacokinetics were driven by the increase of total soluble target antigen concentration that is often observed after injecting a mAb, which then requires a high dosage to antagonize. To decrease the required dosage, several antibody engineering techniques have been invented that reduce the total concentration of soluble target antigen. Here, we review the various ways that antibody engineering can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of mAbs.
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Luque MCA, Galuppo MK, Capelli-Peixoto J, Stolf BS. CD100 Effects in Macrophages and Its Roles in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:136. [PMID: 30324109 PMCID: PMC6173139 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD100 or Sema4D is a protein from the semaphorin family with important roles in the vascular, nervous and immune systems. It may be found as a membrane bound dimer or as a soluble molecule originated by proteolytic cleavage. Produced by the majority of hematopoietic cells including B and T lymphocytes, natural killer and myeloid cells, as well as endothelial cells, CD100 exerts its actions by binding to different receptors depending on the cell type and on the organism. Cell-to-cell adhesion, angiogenesis, phagocytosis, T cell priming, and antibody production are examples of the many functions of this molecule. Of note, high CD100 serum levels has been found in inflammatory as well as in infectious diseases, but the roles of the protein in the pathogenesis of these diseases has still to be clarified. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells present in almost all tissues, which may change their functions in response to microenvironmental conditions. They are key players in the innate and adaptive immune responses and have decisive roles in sterile conditions but also in several diseases such as atherosclerosis, autoimmunity, tumorigenesis, and antitumor responses, among others. Although it is known that macrophages express CD100 and its receptors, few studies have focused on the role of this semaphorin in this cell type or in macrophage-associated diseases. The aim of this review is to critically revise the available data about CD100 and atherosclerosis, with special emphasis on its roles in macrophages and monocytes. We will also describe the few available data on treatments with anti-CD100 antibodies in different diseases. We hope that this review stimulates future studies on the effects of such an important molecule in a cell type with decisive roles in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C A Luque
- Heart Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The 25 years since the identification of the gene responsible for Huntington disease (HD) have stood witness to profound discoveries about the nature of the disease and its pathogenesis. Despite this progress, however, the development of disease-modifying therapies has thus far been slow. Preclinical validation of the therapeutic potential of disrupted pathways in HD has led to the advancement of pharmacological agents, both novel and repurposed, for clinical evaluation. The most promising therapeutic approaches include huntingtin (HTT) lowering and modification as well as modulation of neuroinflammation and synaptic transmission. With clinical trials for many of these approaches imminent or currently ongoing, the coming years are promising not only for HD but also for more prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, in which many of these pathways have been similarly implicated.
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Kieburtz K, Reilmann R, Olanow CW. Huntington's disease: Current and future therapeutic prospects. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1033-1041. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Lontos K, Adamik J, Tsagianni A, Galson DL, Chirgwin JM, Suvannasankha A. The Role of Semaphorin 4D in Bone Remodeling and Cancer Metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:322. [PMID: 29971044 PMCID: PMC6018527 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D; CD100) is a transmembrane homodimer 150-kDa glycoprotein member of the Semaphorin family. Semaphorins were first identified as chemorepellants that guide neural axon growth. Sema4D also possesses immune regulatory activity. Recent data suggest other Sema4D functions: inactivation of platelets, stimulation of angiogenesis, and regulation of bone formation. Sema4D is a coupling factor expressed on osteoclasts that inhibits osteoblast differentiation. Blocking Sema4D may, therefore, be anabolic for bone. Sema4D and its receptor Plexin-B1 are commonly dysregulated in cancers, suggesting roles in cancer progression, invasion, tumor angiogenesis, and skeletal metastasis. This review focuses on Sema4D in bone and cancer biology and the molecular pathways involved, particularly Sema4D-Plexin-B1 signaling crosstalk between cancer cells and the bone marrow microenvironment-pertinent areas since a humanized Sema4D-neutralizing antibody is now in early phase clinical trials in cancers and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Lontos
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Juraj Adamik
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anastasia Tsagianni
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Deborah L. Galson
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John M. Chirgwin
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Attaya Suvannasankha
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Attaya Suvannasankha,
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Nishide M, Kumanogoh A. The role of semaphorins in immune responses and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 14:19-31. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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