26
|
Nosadini M, Eyre M, Giacomini T, Valeriani M, Della Corte M, Praticò AD, Annovazzi P, Cordani R, Cordelli DM, Crichiutti G, Di Rosa G, Dolcemascolo V, Fetta A, Freri E, Gallo P, Gastaldi M, Granata T, Grazian L, Iorio R, Lombardini M, Margoni M, Mariotto S, Matricardi S, Melani F, Nardocci N, Papetti L, Passarini A, Pisani F, Po' C, Puthenparampil M, Ragona F, Savasta S, Siliquini S, Toldo I, Tozzo A, Turco EC, Varone A, Vogrig A, Zuliani L, Bugin S, Rossato S, Orsini A, Cantalupo G, Mancardi MM, Ferilli MAN, Foiadelli T, Sartori S. Early Immunotherapy and Longer Corticosteroid Treatment Are Associated With Lower Risk of Relapsing Disease Course in Pediatric MOGAD. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 10:10/1/e200065. [PMID: 36446614 PMCID: PMC9709714 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We sought to identify early factors associated with relapse and outcome in paediatric-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD). METHODS In a multicenter retrospective cohort of pediatric MOGAD (≤18 years), onset features and treatment were compared in patients with monophasic vs relapsing disease (including cases with follow-up ≥12 months after onset or relapse at any time) and in patients with final Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0 vs ≥1 at last follow-up (including cases with follow-up >3 months after last event or EDSS0 at any time). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with relapsing disease course and EDSS ≥ 1 at final follow-up. RESULTS Seventy-five children were included (median onset age 7 years; median 30 months of follow-up). Presentation with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was more frequent in children aged 8 years or younger (66.7%, 28/42) than in older patients (30.3%, 10/33) (p = 0.002), whereas presentation with optic neuritis was more common in children older than 8 years (57.6%, 19/33) than in younger patients (21.4%, 9/42) (p = 0.001). 40.0% (26/65) of patients relapsed. Time to first relapse was longer in children aged 8 years or younger than in older patients (median 18 vs 4 months) (p = 0.013). Factors at first event independently associated with lower risk of relapsing disease course were immunotherapy <7 days from onset (6.7-fold reduced odds of relapsing course, OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.61, p = 0.009), corticosteroid treatment for ≥5 weeks (6.7-fold reduced odds of relapse, OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.80, p = 0.026), and abnormal optic nerves on onset MRI (12.5-fold reduced odds of relapse, OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.50, p = 0.007). 21.1% (15/71) had EDSS ≥ 1 at final follow-up. Patients with a relapsing course had a higher proportion of final EDSS ≥ 1 (37.5%, 9/24) than children with monophasic disease (12.8%, 5/39) (p = 0.022, univariate analysis). Each 1-point increment in worst EDSS at onset was independently associated with 6.7-fold increased odds of final EDSS ≥ 1 (OR 6.65, 95% CI 1.33-33.26, p = 0.021). DISCUSSION At first attack of pediatric MOGAD, early immunotherapy, longer duration of corticosteroid treatment, and abnormal optic nerves on MRI seem associated with lower risk of relapse, whereas higher disease severity is associated with greater risk of final disability (EDSS ≥ 1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Nosadini
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Michael Eyre
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Thea Giacomini
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marida Della Corte
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea D Praticò
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Annovazzi
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Ramona Cordani
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Crichiutti
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Dolcemascolo
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Fetta
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Freri
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Granata
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Grazian
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele Iorio
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Lombardini
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Margoni
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Mariotto
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Matricardi
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Melani
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Nardo Nardocci
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Papetti
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Passarini
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Po'
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Puthenparampil
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragona
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Siliquini
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Toldo
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tozzo
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Claudia Turco
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Varone
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Vogrig
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Zuliani
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Samuela Bugin
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Rossato
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Margherita Mancardi
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Ada Noris Ferilli
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- From the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N., I.T., Stefano Sartori), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N., L.Z., Stefano Sartori), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London, United Kingdom; Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry (Thea Giacomini, R.C., M.M.M.), Clinical and Surgical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Liguria, Italy; Neuroscience Department (M.V., L.P., M.A.N.F.), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (M.D.C., Antonio Varone), Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy; Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood (A.D.P.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Multiple Sclerosis Center (P.A.), ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (D.M.C., A.F.), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), SOrsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Division of Pediatrics (Giovanni Crichiutti, V.D.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry (G.D.R.), Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pediatric Neuroscience (E.F., T.G.., N.N., F.R., A.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; GALLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre (P.G., M.M., M.P.), Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy; Neuroimmunology Laboratory (M.G.), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit of Pediatrics (L.G., C.P.), ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy; Institute of Neurology (R.I.), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "AGemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories (M.L., F.M.), Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Neurology Unit (Sara Mariotto), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy; Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit (Sara Matricardi, Sabrina Siliquini), "GSalesi" Children's Hospital, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (A.P.), ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.P., E.C.T.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy; Pediatric Clinic (Salvatore Savasta, T.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Italy; Clinical Neurology (Alberto Vogrig), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy; Department of Neurology (L.Z.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; U.O.CPediatria (S.B., S.R.), Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy; Pediatric Neurology (A.O.), Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry (Gaetano Cantalupo), Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; and Department of Neuroscience (Stefano Sartori), University of Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|