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Morello M, Mastrogiovanni S, Falcione F, Rossi V, Bernardini S, Casciani S, Viola A, Reali M, Pieri M. Laboratory Diagnosis of Intrathecal Synthesis of Immunoglobulins: A Review about the Contribution of OCBs and K-index. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5170. [PMID: 38791208 PMCID: PMC11121313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of MS relies on a combination of imaging, clinical examinations, and biological analyses, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assessments. G-Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are considered a "gold standard" for MS diagnosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity. Recent advancements have involved the introduced of kappa free light chain (k-FLC) assay into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum (S), along with the albumin quotient, leading to the development of a novel biomarker known as the "K-index" or "k-FLC index". The use of the K-index has been recommended to decrease costs, increase laboratory efficiency, and to skip potential subjective operator-dependent risk that could happen during the identification of OCBs profiles. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of recent scientific articles, focusing on updated methods for MS diagnosis with an emphasis on the utility of the K-index. Numerous studies indicate that the K-index demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity, often comparable to or surpassing the diagnostic accuracy of OCBs evaluation. The integration of the measure of the K-index with OCBs assessment emerges as a more precise method for MS diagnosis. This combined approach not only enhances diagnostic accuracy, but also offers a more efficient and cost-effective alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morello
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Mastrogiovanni
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Falcione
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rossi
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Casciani
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Antonietta Viola
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Marilina Reali
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Clinical Biochemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Proteins, University Hospital (PTV), 00133 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (F.F.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.C.); (A.V.); (M.R.); (M.P.)
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Hinsinger G, Du Trieu De Terdonck L, Urbach S, Salvetat N, Rival M, Galoppin M, Ripoll C, Cezar R, Laurent-Chabalier S, Demattei C, Agherbi H, Castelnovo G, Lehmann S, Rigau V, Marin P, Thouvenot E. CD138 as a Specific CSF Biomarker of Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200230. [PMID: 38669615 PMCID: PMC11057439 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify novel biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and prognosis, addressing the critical need for specific and prognostically valuable markers in the field. METHODS We conducted an extensive proteomic investigation, combining analysis of (1) CSF proteome from symptomatic controls, fast and slow converters after clinically isolated syndromes, and patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n = 10 per group) using label-free quantitative proteomics and (2) oligodendrocyte secretome changes under proinflammatory or proapoptotic conditions using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture. Proteins exhibiting differential abundance in both proteomic analyses were combined with other putative MS biomarkers, yielding a comprehensive list of 87 proteins that underwent quantification through parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) in a novel cohort, comprising symptomatic controls, inflammatory neurologic disease controls, and patients with MS at various disease stages (n = 10 per group). The 11 proteins that passed this qualification step were subjected to a new PRM assay within an expanded cohort comprising 158 patients with either MS at different disease stages or other inflammatory or noninflammatory neurologic disease controls. RESULTS This study unveiled a promising biomarker signature for MS, including previously established candidates, such as chitinase 3-like protein 1, chitinase 3-like protein 2, chitotriosidase, immunoglobulin kappa chain region C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and CD27. In addition, we identified novel markers, namely cat eye syndrome critical region protein 1 (adenosine deaminase 2, a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis) and syndecan-1, a proteoglycan, also known as plasma cell surface marker CD138 and acting as chitinase 3-like protein 1 receptor implicated in inflammation and cancer signaling. CD138 exhibited good diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing MS from inflammatory neurologic disorders (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.85, CI 0.75-0.95). CD138 immunostaining was also observed in the brains of patients with MS and cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells but was absent in astrocytes. DISCUSSION These findings identify CD138 as a specific CSF biomarker for MS and suggest the selective activation of the chitinase 3-like protein 1/CD138 pathway within the oligodendrocyte lineage in MS. They offer promising prospects for improving MS diagnosis and prognosis by providing much-needed specificity and clinical utility. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that CD138 distinguishes multiple sclerosis from other inflammatory neurologic disorders with an AUC of 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.95).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Hinsinger
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Lucile Du Trieu De Terdonck
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Nicolas Salvetat
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Manon Rival
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Manon Galoppin
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Chantal Ripoll
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Renaud Cezar
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Sabine Laurent-Chabalier
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Christophe Demattei
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Hanane Agherbi
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Giovanni Castelnovo
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Valérie Rigau
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
| | - Eric Thouvenot
- From the IGF (G.H., L.D.T.D.T., S.U., M.R., M.G., C.R., P.M., E.T.), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier; Sys2Diag (N.S.), UMR 9005 CNRS / ALCEDIAG, Montpellier; Department of Neurology (M.R., H.A., G.C., E.T.), Nîmes University Hospital; IRMB (R.C.), Université de Montpellier, INSERM; Department of Immunology (R.C.), Nîmes University Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (S.L.-C., C.D.), Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Université de Montpellier; Biochemistry Department (S.L.), Hôpital Saint-Eloi; and Department of Pathology (V.R.), Montpellier University Hospital, France
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Dekeyser C, De Kesel P, Cambron M, Vanopdenbosch L, Van Hijfte L, Vercammen M, Laureys G. Inter-assay diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid kappa free light chains for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385231. [PMID: 38745673 PMCID: PMC11091388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kappa free light chain (κFLC) measures gained increasing interest as diagnostic markers in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the lack of studies comparing assay-dependent diagnostic cutoff values hinders their use in clinical practice. Additionally, the optimal κFLC parameter for identifying MS remains a subject of ongoing debate. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare same-sample diagnostic accuracies of the κFLC index, κIgG index, CSF κFLC/IgG ratio, and isolated CSF κFLC (iCSF-κFLC) between two reference centers using different methods. Methods Paired serum and CSF samples were analyzed for κFLC and albumin concentrations by Freelite®-Optilite (Sint-Jan Bruges hospital) and N Latex®-BNII (Ghent University hospital). Diagnostic performance to differentiate MS from controls was assessed using ROC curve analysis. Results A total of 263 participants were included (MS, n = 80). Optimal diagnostic cutoff values for the κFLC index (Freelite®-Optilite: 7.7; N Latex®-BNII: 4.71), κIgG index (Freelite®-Optilite: 14.15, N Latex®-BNII: 12.19), and CSF κFLC/IgG ratio (Freelite®-Optilite: 2.27; N Latex®-BNII: 1.44) differed between the two methods. Sensitivities related to optimal cutoff values were 89.9% (Freelite®-Optilite) versus 94.6% (N Latex®-BNII) for the κFLC index, 91% (Freelite®-Optilite) versus 92.2% (N Latex®-BNII) for the κIgG index, and 81.3% (Freelite®-Optilite) versus 91.4% (N Latex®-BNII) for the CSF κFLC/IgG ratio. However, for iCSF-κFLC, optimal diagnostic cutoff values (0.36 mg/L) and related specificities (81.8%) were identical with a related diagnostic sensitivity of 89.9% for Freelite®-Optilite and 90.5% for N Latex®-BNII. The diagnostic performance of the κFLC index [area under the curve (AUC) Freelite®-Optilite: 0.924; N Latex®-BNII: 0.962] and κIgG index (AUC Freelite®-Optilite: 0.929; N Latex®-BNII: 0.961) was superior compared to CSF oligoclonal bands (AUC: 0.898, sensitivity: 83.8%, specificity: 95.9%). Conclusions The κFLC index and the κIgG index seem to be excellent markers for identifying MS, irrespective of the method used for κFLC quantification. Based on the AUC, they appear to be the measures of choice. For all measures, optimal cutoff values differed between methods except for iCSF-κFLC. iCSF-κFLC might therefore serve as a method-independent, more cost-efficient, initial screening measure for MS. These findings are particularly relevant for clinical practice given the potential future implementation of intrathecal κFLC synthesis in MS diagnostic criteria and for future multicentre studies pooling data on κFLC measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter De Kesel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Cambron
- Department of Neurology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Bruges, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Martine Vercammen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Algemeen Ziekenhuis (AZ) Sint-Jan Brugge, Bruges, Belgium
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Laureys
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Le Hir A, Durand GA, Boucraut J, Garnier A, Mura M, Diamantis S, Carles M, Durand C, Schweitzer C, Audouard C, Decroix V, Boyez R, Van Dendriessche A, Leclancher A, Kaphan E, Barbat du Closel L, Verdon R, du Cheyron D, Vabret A, Vergnon D, Grard G, Charrel R, de Lamballerie X, Eldin C. Yellow fever vaccine-associated neurologic and viscerotropic disease: a 10-year case series of the French National Reference Center for Arboviruses with clinical and immunological insights. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taad160. [PMID: 38123499 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization against the Yellow fever virus (YFV) with the 17D live-attenuated vaccine is the most effective way to prevent the disease. However, unexpected severe adverse events can occur. They consist in a neurological impairment - neurological disease (YEL-AND), a YF-like illness - viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD) or anaphylaxis. In this article, we describe the epidemiology, clinical and biological features of YEL-AND and YEL-AVD cases reported to the French National Reference Center for Arboviruses (NRCA) in the past 10 years. METHODS We conducted a national, retrospective study using the database of the NRCA from June 2012 to June 2022. All patients whose biological samples were sent to the NRCA for detection of YFV by serology and/or RT-qPCR for a suspected vaccine-associated adverse event were included. We collected data by reading medical records and conducted complementary neuro-immunological analysis, followed by a search for autoimmunity against type-1-interferon when samples were available at the NRCA. RESULTS There were 10 cases of YEL-AND and 2 cases of YEL-AVD reported to the NRCA in the past 10 years, which represented an overall incidence of 0.6 for 100 000 doses. A total of 6/12 cases were previously healthy patients (50%, mean age 31 years), and 4/12 cases had cardiovascular co-morbidities (42%, mean age 56 years). The majority of YEL-AND had a favourable outcome at 6 months of follow up. One YEL-AVD patient passed. In secondary analyses, we evidenced a significant blood cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier dysfunction, without intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin and without argument for a neuron damage. We further detected a significant rate of anti-type-1alpha interferon antibodies in 3/10 tested patients (2 YEL-AND and 1 YEL-AVD). CONCLUSION YEL-AND and YEL-AVD are rare events that can underlie defect in the innate immunity of apparently healthy or mild co-morbid subjects. Outcome was generally favourable in the YEL-AND cases of our series, but still life-threatening or even fatal in the YEL-AVD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Le Hir
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Guillaume A Durand
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille 13005, France
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Marseille 13005, France
| | - José Boucraut
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS, UMR1106), Marseille 13005, France
| | - Annabelle Garnier
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge 91220, France
| | - Marie Mura
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, Brétigny-sur-Orge 91220, France
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire d'innovation: vaccins, Paris 75015, France
| | - Sylvain Diamantis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile de France, Melun 77000, France
- DYNAMIC Research Unit, Université Paris-Est-Creteil, Thiais 94320, France
| | - Michel Carles
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Nice 06200, France
| | - Claire Durand
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Nice 06200, France
| | - Cyril Schweitzer
- Service de Médecine Infantile, Hôpital d'enfants, CHRU de Nancy, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France
- DeVAH EA 3450, Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy 54500, France
| | - Claire Audouard
- Service de Médecine Infantile, Hôpital d'enfants, CHRU de Nancy, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France
| | - Véronique Decroix
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale, CH de Saint-Quentin, Saint-Quentin 02100, France
| | - Romain Boyez
- Service de neurologie, CH de Lunéville, Lunéville 54300, France
| | - Anne Van Dendriessche
- Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, Montivilliers 76290, France
| | | | - Elsa Kaphan
- Pôle de Médecine Oncologie, Service de médecine interne, CHU Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Luce Barbat du Closel
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Renaud Verdon
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU Côte-de-Nacre, Caen 14000, France
| | - Damien du Cheyron
- Service de médecine intensive et de réanimation, CHU de Caen, Caen 14000, France
| | - Astrid Vabret
- INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR1311, CHU Caen, Department of Virology, Univ de Caen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, Caen 14000, France
| | | | - Gilda Grard
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille 13005, France
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Marseille 13005, France
| | - Rémi Charrel
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille 13005, France
- Comité de Lutte contre les Infections Nosocomiales (CLIN), Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
- Laboratoire des Infections Virales Aigues et Tropicales, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille 13005, France
- National Reference Center for Arboviruses, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) and French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Marseille 13005, France
| | - Carole Eldin
- Comité de Lutte contre les Infections Nosocomiales (CLIN), Hôpital Nord, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
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Landes-Chateau C, Levraut M, Okuda DT, Themelin A, Cohen M, Kantarci OH, Siva A, Pelletier D, Mondot L, Lebrun-Frenay C. The diagnostic value of the central vein sign in radiologically isolated syndrome. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:662-672. [PMID: 38186317 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) represents the earliest detectable preclinical phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). Increasing evidence suggests that the central vein sign (CVS) enhances lesion specificity, allowing for greater MS diagnostic accuracy. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of the CVS in RIS. METHODS Patients were prospectively recruited in a single tertiary center for MS care. Participants with RIS were included and compared to a control group of sex and age-matched subjects. All participants underwent 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, including postcontrast susceptibility-based sequences, and the presence of CVS was analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed for different CVS lesion criteria, defined by proportions of lesions positive for CVS (CVS+) or by the absolute number of CVS+ lesions. RESULTS 180 participants (45 RIS, 45 MS, 90 non-MS) were included, representing 5285 white matter lesions. Among them, 4608 were eligible for the CVS assessment (970 in RIS, 1378 in MS, and 2260 in non-MS). According to independent ROC comparisons, the proportion of CVS+ lesions performed similarly in diagnosing RIS from non-MS than MS from non-MS (p = 0.837). When a 6-lesion CVS+ threshold was applied, RIS lesions could be diagnosed with an accuracy of 87%. MS could be diagnosed with a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 83%. Adding OCBs or Kappa index to CVS biomarker increased the specificity to 100% for RIS diagnosis. INTERPRETATION This study shows evidence that CVS is an effective imaging biomarker in differentiating RIS from non-MS, with similar performances to those in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levraut
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital l'Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - Darin T Okuda
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Albert Themelin
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | - Mikael Cohen
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressource et de Compétence Sclérose en Plaques (CRC-SEP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | | | - Aksel Siva
- Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Lydiane Mondot
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | - Christine Lebrun-Frenay
- Université Cote d'Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France
- Service de Neurologie, Centre de Ressource et de Compétence Sclérose en Plaques (CRC-SEP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
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Lattau SSJ, Borsch LM, Auf dem Brinke K, Klose C, Vinhoven L, Nietert M, Fitzner D. Plasma Lipidomic Profiling Using Mass Spectrometry for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Disease Activity Stratification (LipidMS). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2483. [PMID: 38473733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This investigation explores the potential of plasma lipidomic signatures for aiding in the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and evaluating the clinical course and disease activity of diseased patients. Plasma samples from 60 patients with MS (PwMS) were clinically stratified to either a relapsing-remitting (RRMS) or a chronic progressive MS course and 60 age-matched controls were analyzed using state-of-the-art direct infusion quantitative shotgun lipidomics. To account for potential confounders, data were filtered for age and BMI correlations. The statistical analysis employed supervised and unsupervised multivariate data analysis techniques, including a principal component analysis (PCA), a partial least squares discriminant analysis (oPLS-DA) and a random forest (RF). To determine whether the significant absolute differences in the lipid subspecies have a relevant effect on the overall composition of the respective lipid classes, we introduce a class composition visualization (CCV). We identified 670 lipids across 16 classes. PwMS showed a significant increase in diacylglycerols (DAG), with DAG 16:0;0_18:1;0 being proven to be the lipid with the highest predictive ability for MS as determined by RF. The alterations in the phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) were mainly linked to RRMS while the alterations in the ether-bound PEs (PE O-) were found in chronic progressive MS. The amount of CE species was reduced in the CPMS cohort whereas TAG species were reduced in the RRMS patients, both lipid classes being relevant in lipid storage. Combining the above mentioned data analyses, distinct lipidomic signatures were isolated and shown to be correlated with clinical phenotypes. Our study suggests that specific plasma lipid profiles are not merely associated with the diagnosis of MS but instead point toward distinct clinical features in the individual patient paving the way for personalized therapy and an enhanced understanding of MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa-Marie Borsch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Liza Vinhoven
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Nietert
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Hegen H, Berek K, Cavalla P, Christiansen M, Emeršič A, Di Filippo M, Gaetani L, Hassler M, Leurs C, Milosavljevic D, van Pesch V, Petersen T, Presslauer S, Rosenstein I, Rot U, Schnabl C, Teunissen C, Vecchio D, Vercellino M, Deisenhammer F. Diagnostic value of kappa free light chain index in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis - a multicentre study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1327947. [PMID: 38169789 PMCID: PMC10758426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Kappa free light chains (κ-FLC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are an emerging biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To investigate whether κ-FLC index has similar diagnostic value in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) compared to oligoclonal bands (OCB). Methods Patients with PPMS were recruited through 11 MS centres across 7 countries. κ-FLC were measured by immunonephelometry/-turbidimetry. OCB were determined by isoelectric focusing and immunofixation. Results A total of 174 patients (mean age of 52±11 years, 51% males) were included. κ-FLC index using a cut-off of 6.1 was positive in 161 (93%) and OCB in 153 (88%) patients. Conclusion κ-FLC index shows similar diagnostic sensitivity than OCB in PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hegen
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Berek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paola Cavalla
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Neurologia I U, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mikael Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Regional Hospital in Horsens, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Andreja Emeršič
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cyra Leurs
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thor Petersen
- Sygehus Sønderjylland, Department of Regional Health Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Hadersleben, Denmark
| | | | - Igal Rosenstein
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Uroš Rot
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Charlotte Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Domizia Vecchio
- Neurology Unit Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Vercellino
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Neurologia I U, Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Levraut M, Gavoille A, Landes-Chateau C, Cohen M, Bresch S, Seitz-Polski B, Mondot L, Lebrun-Frenay C. Kappa Free Light Chain Index Predicts Disease Course in Clinically and Radiologically Isolated Syndromes. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200156. [PMID: 37640543 PMCID: PMC10462056 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the kappa free light chain index (K-index) can predict the occurrence of new T2-weighted MRI lesions (T2L) and clinical events in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). METHODS All consecutive patients presenting for the diagnostic workup, including CSF analysis, of clinical and/or MRI suspicion of multiple sclerosis (MS) since May 1, 2018, were evaluated. All patients diagnosed with CIS and RIS with at least 1-year follow-up were included. Clinical events and new T2L were collected during follow-up. The K-index performances in predicting new T2L and a clinical event were evaluated using time-dependent ROC analyses. The time to clinical event or new T2L was estimated using survival analysis according to the binarized K-index using an independent cutoff of 8.9, and the ability of each variable to predict outcomes was compared using the Harrell c-index. RESULTS One hundred and eighty two patients (146 CIS and 36 RIS, median age 39 [30; 48] y-o, 70% females) were included with a median follow-up of 21 [13, 33] months. One hundred five (58%) patients (85 CIS and 20 RIS) experienced new T2L, and 28 (15%; 21 CIS and 7 RIS) experienced a clinical event. The K-index could predict new T2L over time in CIS (area under the curve [AUC] ranging from 0.86 to 0.96) and in RIS (AUC ranging from 0.84 to 0.54) but also a clinical event in CIS (AUC ranging from 0.75 to 0.87). Compared with oligoclonal bands (OCBs), the K-index had a better sensitivity and a slight lower specificity in predicting new T2L and clinical events in both populations. In the predictive model, the K-index was the variable that best predict new T2L in both CIS and RIS but also clinical events in CIS (c-index ranging from 0.70 to 0.77), better than the other variables, including OCB. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence that the K-index predicts new T2L in CIS and RIS but also clinical attack in patients with CIS. We suggest adding the K-index in the further MS diagnosis criteria revisions as a dissemination-in-time biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levraut
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France.
| | - Antoine Gavoille
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Cassandre Landes-Chateau
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Mikael Cohen
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Saskia Bresch
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Barbara Seitz-Polski
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Lydiane Mondot
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Christine Lebrun-Frenay
- From the URRIS (M.L., C.L.-C., M.C., L.M., C.L.-F.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Service de Médecine Interne (M.L.), Hôpital l'Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Service de Biostatistique-Bioinformatique (A.G.), Hospices Civils de Lyon; Service de Neurologie (A.G.), Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de La Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron; Service de Neurologie (M.C., S.B., C.L.-F.), Centre de Ressource et Compétence - Sclérose En Plaques, Hôpital Pasteur 2; ImmunoPredict (B.S.-P.), Unité Mixte de Recherche Clinique Côte d'Azur (UMR2CA); Laboratoire d'Immunologie (B.S.-P.), Hôpital l'Archet 1; and Service de Radiologie (L.M.), Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
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9
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Monreal E, Fernández-Velasco JI, García-Soidán A, Sainz de la Maza S, Espiño M, Villarrubia N, Rodríguez-Jorge F, Chico-García JL, Sainz-Amo R, Masjuan J, Costa-Frossard L, Villar LM. Establishing the best combination of the kappa free light chain index and oligoclonal bands for an accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1288169. [PMID: 37954589 PMCID: PMC10634415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The immunoglobulin kappa free light chain (KFLC) index has been proposed as a potentially suitable alternative to oligoclonal IgG bands (OCGB) for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS), offering automation and reduced processing time. However, there is no consensus on the preferred approach or how to combine both techniques. Methods This prospective cohort study aimed to determine the best utilization of OCGB and KFLC index in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) followed for at least two years. OCGB and KFLC were assessed using isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting and turbidimetry, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing MS were calculated for each method. Results The study included 371 patients, with 260 (70.1 %) being women, and a median age of 34.9 (27.8 - 43.9) years. Using a cut-off value of 6.1, the KFLC index demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 86.3% and 93.9%, respectively. The sensitivity of OCGB (95.3%) was higher (p < 0.001 vs. KFLC index) and the specificity (100%) was comparable to that of the KFLC index (p = 0.5). The concordance between the methods was not uniform across all patients, with 97.8% agreement in patients with KFLC index ≥ 6.1 and 56.0 % in patients with KFLC index < 6.1. In patients with a KFLC index < 6.1, OCGB still identified 75.0 % of MS patients due to its higher sensitivity. An algorithm using the KFLC index as a screening tool and OCGB as an alternative for patients with a negative KFLC index result achieved an accuracy of 96.3 %. Discussion Combining the KFLC index and OCGB can provide an easily reproducible and accurate method for diagnosing MS, with OCGB primarily reserved for patients with a KFLC index < 6.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Monreal
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Fernández-Velasco
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana García-Soidán
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Sainz de la Maza
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Espiño
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Villarrubia
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Jorge
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luís Chico-García
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sainz-Amo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Masjuan
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucienne Costa-Frossard
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
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Rosenstein I, Axelsson M, Novakova L, Malmeström C, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Lycke J. Intrathecal kappa free light chain synthesis is associated with worse prognosis in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2023; 270:4800-4811. [PMID: 37314506 PMCID: PMC10511607 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While kappa free light chain (KFLC) index has become a useful diagnostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS), its prognostic properties are less explored. B cells play a crucial role in MS pathogenesis, but the impact from increased intrathecal production of immunoglobulins and KFLC remains to be determined. Recently, it has become evident that insidious worsening is not confined to progressive MS but is also common in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), a feature known as progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA). METHODS We retrospectively identified 131 patients with clinically isolated syndrome or early RRMS who had determined KFLC index as part of their diagnostic workup. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the Swedish MS registry. Associations of baseline KFLC index with evidence of disease activity (EDA) and PIRA were investigated in multivariable cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS KFLC index was significantly higher in PIRA (median 148.5, interquartile range [IQR] 106.9-253.5) compared with non-PIRA (78.26, IQR 28.93-186.5, p = 0.009). In a multivariable cox regression model adjusted for confounders, KFLC index emerged as an independent risk factor for PIRA (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.005, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.002-1.008, p = 0.002). Dichotomized by the cut-off value KFLC index > 100, patients with KFLC index > 100 had an almost fourfold increase in the risk for developing PIRA. KFLC index was also predictive of evidence of disease activity during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that high KFLC index at baseline is predictive of PIRA, EDA-3, and overall worse prognosis in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Rosenstein
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 7, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Markus Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 7, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lenka Novakova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 7, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clas Malmeström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 7, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hong Kong Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Lycke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 7, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Deschamps R, Shor N, Papeix C, Boudot de la Motte M, Bensa C, Marignier R, Lecler A, Vignal-Clermont C, Ghillani P, Gazzano M, Maillart E, Sterlin D. Relevance of kappa free light chains index in patients with aquaporin-4 or myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein antibodies. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:2865-2869. [PMID: 37243935 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kappa free light chains index (κ-index) is increasing in importance as a fast, easy, cost-effective, and quantitative biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS), which can replace cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-restricted oligoclonal bands (OCB) detection. In previous studies, controls often included mixed patients with several inflammatory central nervous system disorders. The aim of the present study was to assess the κ-index in patients with serum aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG or myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG. METHODS We analyzed CSF/serum samples of patients with AQP4-IgG or MOG-Ig and evaluated distinct κ-index cut-offs. We described clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of patients with the highest κ-index values. RESULTS In 11 patients with AQP4-IgG, median κ-index was 16.8 (range 0.2; 63) and 6/11 (54.5%) had κ-index >12. Among 42 patients with MOG-IgG, 2 had low positive MOG-IgG titers, were ultimately diagnosed with MS, and had a markedly increased κ-index (54.1 and 102.5 respectively). For the remaining 40 MOG-IgG-positive patients the median κ-index was 0.3 (range 0.1; 15.5). Some 6/40 (15%) and 1/40 (2.5%) patients had a κ-index >6 and >12, respectively. None fulfilled MRI dissemination in space and dissemination in time (DIS/DIT) criteria and the final diagnosis was MOG-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD) for these 40 patients. Four of the 40 (10%) MOG-IgG-positive patients had OCB. CONCLUSION While a marked increase in κ-index could discriminate MS from MOGAD, a low κ-index threshold could lead to confusion between MS and MOGAD or AQP4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Deschamps
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Shor
- Department of Neuroradiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Papeix
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | | | - Caroline Bensa
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Inflammatoires Rares du Cerveau et de la Moelle, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Neurology, Sclérose en Plaques, Pathologies de la Myéline et Neuro-inflammation, Lyon, France
| | - Augustin Lecler
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | | | - Pascale Ghillani
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Gazzano
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Maillart
- Department of Neurology, Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires rares du cerveau et de la moelle (MIRCEM). Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sterlin
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
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12
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Heim X, Hubert AM, Raouak I, Nzepa AC, Mege JL, Delmont E, Attarian S, Koric L, Pelletier J, Brodovitch A, Boucraut J. Validation of ELISA assays for the calculation of FLC indices for the diagnosis of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1623-1629. [PMID: 37015059 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Define the cutoff thresholds of the Kappa (K) and Lambda (L) free light chains (FLC) indices for the detection of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis (IIS) using the new K and L FLC ELISA from SEBIA. The reference technique, which is not readily standardized between laboratories, is based on the demonstration of oligoclonal banding (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is absent in serum. For the past 6 years, we have also routinely calculated the K FLC index using The Binding Site (TBS) reagents on an Optilite instrument, an approach increasingly used as an alternative and/or a complement to electrophoretic analysis. METHODS We analyzed 391 serum/CSF pairs divided into three groups. The first group were cases without OCB and with normal albumin CSF/serum ratio (n=174). The second group were cases with specific OCB (n=73). The last group included patients with increased albumin CSF/sera ratio without OCB (n=142). RESULTS Analysis of the first group determined that the cutoffs for detection of IIS are respectively 2.55 and 1.02 for the K FLC and L FLC indices. Of the 73 cases with IIS, only 2 had a K FLC index below this threshold (sensitivity of 97.26%), while 16 out of 73 cases (78.08%) and 13 out of 72 cases (81.94%) had an IgG and L FLC index below the cutoffs, respectively. Additionally, we illustrate equivalent performances for prediction of the presence of OCB between SEBIA and TBS methods. CONCLUSIONS Sebia K FLC and L FLC assays are adequate alternative methods for the diagnosis of IIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Heim
- Immunology Laboratory, CHU Timone AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Issam Raouak
- Immunology Laboratory, CHU Timone AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Emilien Delmont
- Referral Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Referral Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Lejla Koric
- Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology, CHU Timone, AP-HM and UMR 7249, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, AMU, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Pelletier
- Department of Neurology, CHU Timone, APHM, Marseille, and CRMBM/UMR CNRS 7339, AMU, Marseille, France
| | | | - José Boucraut
- Immunology Laboratory, CHU Timone AP-HM, Marseille, France
- AMU, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS, UMR1106), Marseille, France
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Higgins V, Beriault D, Mostafa A, Estey M, Agbor T, Ismail O, Parker ML. Variation in Processes and Reporting of Cerebrospinal Fluid Oligoclonal Banding and Associated Tests and Calculated Indices across Canadian Clinical Laboratories. Clin Biochem 2023; 116:105-112. [PMID: 37100108 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed based on clinical and laboratory findings, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal banding (OCB) analysis. The lack of updated CSF OCB laboratory guidelines in Canada has likely led to variation in processes and reporting across clinical laboratories. As a first step to developing harmonized laboratory recommendations, we examined current CSF OCB processes, reporting, and interpretation across all Canadian clinical laboratories currently performing this test. DESIGN AND METHODS A survey of 39 questions was sent to clinical chemists at all 13 Canadian clinical laboratories performing CSF OCB analysis. The survey included questions regarding quality control processes, reporting practices for CSF gel electrophoresis pattern interpretation, and associated tests and calculated indices. RESULTS The survey response rate was 100%. Most (10/13) laboratories use ≥2 CSF-specific bands (2017 McDonald Criteria) as their CSF OCB positivity cut-off and only 2/13 report the number of bands with every report. Most (8/13 and 9/13) laboratories report an inflammatory response pattern and monoclonal gammopathy pattern, respectively. However, the process for reporting and/or confirming a monoclonal gammopathy varies widely. Variation was observed for reference intervals, units, and the panel of reported associated tests and calculated indices. The maximum acceptable time interval between paired CSF and serum collections varied from 24 hours to no limit. CONCLUSIONS Profound variation exists in processes, reporting, and interpretation of CSF OCB and associated tests and indices across Canadian clinical laboratories. Harmonization of CSF OCB analysis is required to ensure continuity and quality of patient care. Our detailed assessment of current practice variation highlights the need for clinical stakeholder engagement and further data analysis to support optimal interpretation and reporting practices, which will aid in developing harmonized laboratory recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Higgins
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - D Beriault
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Mostafa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M Estey
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - T Agbor
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - O Ismail
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M L Parker
- DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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14
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Zhang F, Gao X, Liu J, Zhang C. Biomarkers in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111719. [PMID: 37090723 PMCID: PMC10113662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) represent individual heterogeneity with different disease entities. Although clinical and imaging features make it possible to characterize larger patient cohorts, they may not provide sufficient evidence to detect disease activity and response to disease modifying drugs. Biomarkers are becoming a powerful tool due to their objectivity and easy access. Biomarkers may indicate various aspects of biological processes in healthy and/or pathological states, or as a response to drug therapy. According to the clinical features described, biomarkers are usually classified into predictive, diagnostic, monitoring and safety biomarkers. Some nerve injury markers, humoral markers, cytokines and immune cells in serum or cerebrospinal fluid have potential roles in disease severity and prognosis in autoimmune diseases occurring in the CNS, which provides a promising approach for clinicians to early intervention and prevention of future disability. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the potential biomarkers indicated in autoimmune disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghe Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Centers of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Zhang,
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15
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Rosenstein I, Axelsson M, Novakova L, Rasch S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Lycke J. High levels of kappa free light chain synthesis predict cognitive decline in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106028. [PMID: 36742305 PMCID: PMC9896185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evolving evidence suggests that measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) kappa free light chain (KFLC) synthesis has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for multiple sclerosis (MS), but its prognostic ability is less investigated. The usefulness of KFLC in predicting cognitive impairment (CI) is still unknown. Methods In a monocentric longitudinal retrospecitve cohort study, KFLC-index ([CSF KFLC/serum KFLC]/[CSF albumin/serum albumin]) measured by latex-enhanced immunonephelometry was prospectively determined as part of the diagnostic workup in patients with early relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS, n=77). The ability of KFLC-index to predict information processing speed (IPS) worsening as assessed with the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) was investigated in univariable and multivariable models. Results In patients with KFLC-index>100 (n=31), 11 subjects (35.5%) showed reduced SDMT scores by ≥8 points at follow-up (mean follow-up time 7.3 ± 2.6 years), compared with their baseline scores (p=0.01). Baseline KFLC-index>100 was strongly associated with a higher hazard of SDMT score reduction at follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio 10.5, 95% confidence interval 2.2-50.8, p=0.003; median time to SDMT reduction 7 years). Conclusion Intrathecal KFLC synthesis has become an attractive diagnostic tool for MS. We show for the first time that in a real-world setting of early RRMS, KFLC-index predicted cognitive decline. Whether this predictive ability of KFLC-index also concerns other cognitive domains than IPS, warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igal Rosenstein
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,*Correspondence: Igal Rosenstein,
| | - Markus Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lenka Novakova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Rasch
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden,United Kingdom (UK) Dementia Research Institute at University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom,Hong Kong Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong SAR, China,Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jan Lycke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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