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Dalakas MC. Stiff Person Syndrome and GAD Antibody-Spectrum Disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2024; 30:1110-1135. [PMID: 39088290 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), originally associated with stiff person syndrome (SPS), define the GAD antibody-spectrum disorders that also include cerebellar ataxia, autoimmune epilepsy, limbic encephalitis, progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), and eye movement disorders, all of which are characterized by autoimmune neuronal excitability. This article elaborates on the diagnostic criteria for SPS and SPS spectrum disorders, highlights disease mimics and misdiagnoses, describes the electrophysiologic mechanisms and underlying autoimmunity of stiffness and spasms, and provides a step-by-step therapeutic scheme. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Very-high serum GAD antibody titers are diagnostic for GAD antibody-spectrum disorders and also predict the presence of GAD antibodies in the CSF, increased intrathecal synthesis, and reduced CSF γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. Low serum GAD antibody titers or the absence of antibodies generates diagnostic challenges that require careful distinction in patients with a variety of painful spasms and stiffness, including functional neurologic disorders. Antibodies against glycine receptors, first found in patients with PERM, are seen in 13% to 15% of patients with SPS, whereas amphiphysin and gephyrin antibodies, seen in 5% of patients with SPS spectrum disorders, predict a paraneoplastic association. GAD-IgG from different SPS spectrum disorders recognizes the same dominant GAD intracellular epitope and, although the pathogenicity is unclear, is an excellent diagnostic marker. The biological basis of muscle stiffness and spasms is related to autoimmune neuronal hyperexcitability caused by impaired reciprocal γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated (GABA-ergic) inhibition, which explains the therapeutic response to GABA-enhancing agents and immunotherapies. ESSENTIAL POINTS It is essential to distinguish SPS spectrum disorders from disease mimics to avoid both overdiagnoses and misdiagnoses, considering that SPS is treatable if managed correctly from the outset to prevent disease progression. A step-by-step, combination therapy of GABA-enhancing medications along with immunotherapies ensures prolonged clinical benefits.
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Clardy SL, Smith TL. Therapeutic Approach to Autoimmune Neurologic Disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2024; 30:1226-1258. [PMID: 39088294 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoimmune neurologic disorders encompass a broad category of diseases characterized by immune system attack of the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems. This article provides information on both acute and maintenance immunotherapy used to treat autoimmune neurologic disorders as well as a review of symptomatic management and special considerations when caring for patients with these diseases. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Over the past 20 years, more than 50 antibodies have been identified and associated with autoimmune neurologic disorders. Although advances in diagnostic testing have allowed for more rapid diagnosis, the therapeutic approach to these disorders has largely continued to rely on expert opinion, case series, and case reports. With US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of biologic agents to treat neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myasthenia gravis as well as ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune encephalitis, the landscape of immunotherapy options continues to expand. Consideration of the unique pathogenesis of individual autoimmune neurologic disorders as well as the mechanism of action of the diverse range of treatment options can help guide treatment decisions today while evidence from clinical trials informs new therapeutics in the future. ESSENTIAL POINTS Recognizing patients who have a clinical history and examination findings concerning for autoimmune neurologic disorders and conducting a thorough and directed imaging and laboratory evaluation aimed at ruling out mimics, identifying specific autoimmune syndromes, and screening for factors that may have an impact on immunotherapy choices early in the clinical course are essential to providing optimal care for these patients. Providers must consider immunotherapy, symptomatic treatment, and a multidisciplinary approach that addresses each patient's unique needs when treating patients with autoimmune neurologic disorders.
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Maarad N, Rahmani M, Birouk N, Taho A, Bnouhanna W, Benabdeljlil M, Aïdi S. Stiff Person Syndrome With Positive Anti-glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) Autoantibodies. Cureus 2024; 16:e67887. [PMID: 39193054 PMCID: PMC11347960 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle rigidity, frequent falls, and spasms, affecting primarily women. Recent advances have linked SPS to specific antibodies, such as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-65, but effective treatments remain elusive. We report the case of a 53-year-old female who developed chronic lower back pain, tingling paresthesias, and progressive rigidity in the lower limbs. Electromyographic examination revealed muscle spasms and co-contractions, along with severe rigidity and reactive spasms upon touch. Imaging studies showed a polymyomatous uterus and no hypermetabolic lesions. She was diagnosed with stiff person syndrome with positive anti-GAD65 autoantibodies. Patient was treated with methylprednisolone, oral corticosteroids, gabapentin, baclofen, alprazolam, immunoglobulins, and rituximab, leading to moderate improvement in her condition. This case report aims to highlight the association between SPS and anti-GAD65 autoantibodies, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Maarad
- Research Team in Neurology, Department of Neurology A and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Specialty Hospital, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MAR
| | - Mounia Rahmani
- Research Team in Neurology, Department of Neurology A and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Specialty Hospital, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MAR
| | - Nazha Birouk
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Specialty Hospital, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MAR
| | - Adlaide Taho
- Research Team in Neurology, Department of Neurology A and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Specialty Hospital, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MAR
| | - Wadii Bnouhanna
- Research Team in Neurology, Department of Neurology A and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Specialty Hospital, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MAR
| | - Maria Benabdeljlil
- Research Team in Neurology, Department of Neurology A and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Specialty Hospital, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MAR
| | - Saadia Aïdi
- Research Team in Neurology, Department of Neurology A and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Specialty Hospital, University Mohammed V, Rabat, MAR
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Faissner S, Motte J, Sgodzai M, Geis C, Haghikia A, Mougiakakos D, Borie D, Schroers R, Gold R. Successful use of anti-CD19 CAR T cells in severe treatment-refractory stiff-person syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403227121. [PMID: 38885382 PMCID: PMC11214089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403227121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatment with autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has emerged as a highly effective approach in neuroimmunological disorders such as myasthenia gravis. We report a case of successful anti-CD19 CAR T cell use in treatment-refractory stiff-person syndrome (SPS). To investigate clinical and immunological effects of anti-CD19 CAR T cell use in treatment-refractory SPS, a 69-y-old female with a 9-y history of treatment-refractory SPS with deteriorating episodes of stiffness received an infusion of autologous anti-CD19 CAR T cells (KYV-101) and was monitored clinically and immunologically for more than 6 mo. CAR T cell infusion resulted in reduced leg stiffness, drastic improvement in gait, walking speed increase over 100%, and daily walking distance improvement from less than 50 m to over 6 km within 3 mo. GABAergic medication (benzodiazepines) was reduced by 40%. KYV-101 CAR T cells were well tolerated with only low-grade cytokine release syndrome. This report of successful use of anti-CD19 CAR T cells in treatment-refractory SPS supports continued exploration of this approach in SPS and other B cell-related autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum44791, Germany
| | - Jeremias Motte
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum44791, Germany
| | - Melissa Sgodzai
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum44791, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena07747, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg39120, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Hematology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg39120, Germany
| | | | - Roland Schroers
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum44892, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum44791, Germany
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Marvulli R, Raele MV, Riccardi M, Farì G, Ranieri M, Megna M. The Effectiveness of Combining Botulinum Toxin Type A and Therapeutic Exercise in Treating Spasticity in a Patient with Complicated Stiff-Person Syndrome: A Case Report. Diseases 2024; 12:128. [PMID: 38920560 PMCID: PMC11202783 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Stiff-person syndrome is rare and disabling autoimmune condition that most frequently affects women, with no real predisposition by race. Diagnosis is often arduous, which is why patients concomitantly suffer from anxiety and depression. To date, drug therapy is based on the use of benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and baclofen. Refractory cases are treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, B lymphocyte depletion with rituximab, and even the implantation of intrathecal baclofen devices. Botulinum toxin injection is frequently used, even if it still has an unclear role in the literature. Our case report aims to demonstrate the efficacy of a combined treatment of botulinum toxin and therapeutic exercise in a 65-year-old patient with biceps brachii muscle hypertonia and diffuse spasms of the axial musculature, using rating scales such as the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), joint range of motion (ROM) measurement, and muscle dynamic stiffness mensuration, which is performed by using the MyotonPro®. All the assessments were conducted at the first evaluation (T0), soon after the combined treatment with botulin toxin and therapeutic exercise (T1), three months (T2), six months (T3), and eight months after the botulinum toxin injection (T4). The patient demonstrated benefits for more than 6 months with no side effects. The combined therapy of botulinum toxin and therapeutic exercise had an excellent result in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Marvulli
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, G. Cesare Place 11, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.R.); (M.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Raele
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, G. Cesare Place 11, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.R.); (M.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariagrazia Riccardi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, G. Cesare Place 11, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.R.); (M.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Giacomo Farì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Ranieri
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, G. Cesare Place 11, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.R.); (M.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Marisa Megna
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Aldo Moro University, G. Cesare Place 11, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.V.R.); (M.R.); (M.R.); (M.M.)
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Wei M, Bannout F, Dastjerdi M, Phan C, Batarseh S, Guo X, Baker N. Immunotherapy in a case of low titre GAD65 antibody-associated spectrum neurological disorders. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e260503. [PMID: 38871638 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2024-260503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a rare case of low titre GAD65 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis and status epilepticus in a young woman. She initially presented with left arm dystonic movements, contractures and status epilepticus. Due to the concern of autoimmune encephalitis and seizures, the patient received intravenous immunoglobulin empirically. After the detection of low serum GAD65 antibodies, the patient underwent immunomodulation therapy with significant improvement. This case demonstrated that in autoimmune encephalitis, it is important to monitor serum GAD65 antibodies levels and consider immunotherapy, despite mildly elevated serum levels. The patient's history of left arm dystonic movements without impaired awareness may have been due to limb dystonia, a presenting symptom of stiff person syndrome (SPS), despite SPS more commonly affecting axial muscles. This case further demonstrates that GAD65 antibody-related syndromes can manifest with different neurological phenotypes including co-occurrence of epilepsy with possible focal SPS despite low GAD65 antibodies titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wei
- Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Firas Bannout
- Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Dastjerdi
- Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Cattien Phan
- Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Sanad Batarseh
- Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Nancy Baker
- Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Celli SI, Nash R, Money KM, Garza M, Borko TL, Mizenko C, McMenamin C, Von Geldern G, Georges G, Piquet AL. Successful Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Glycine Receptor Antibody-Positive Stiff Person Syndrome: A Case Report. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200197. [PMID: 38170953 PMCID: PMC10766081 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To describe a case of glycine receptor (GlyR) antibody-positive stiff person syndrome (SPS) treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (aHSCT). METHODS This was a multicenter collaboration for the treatment of a single patient who underwent aHSCT as part of a clinical trial (NCT00716066). To objectively assess the response to transplantation, several clinical outcome measures were evaluated pretransplant and up to 18 months post-transplant, including modified Rankin Score (mRS), stiffness index, Hauser Ambulation Score (HAS), hypersensitivity index, timed 25-foot walk, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. RESULTS After transplant, the patient achieved sustained clinical improvement evidenced across various clinical scales, including mRS, stiffness index, HAS, and 25-foot walk time. DISCUSSION aHSCT represents a promising treatment option for SPS, including for GlyR-positive patients. In addition, this case represents the need to validate and standardize best clinical outcome measures for patients with SPS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE Class IV; this is a single observational study without controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I Celli
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Richard Nash
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kelli M Money
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Madeline Garza
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Tyler L Borko
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Christopher Mizenko
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Constance McMenamin
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Gloria Von Geldern
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - George Georges
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Amanda L Piquet
- From the Department of Neurology (S.I.C., K.M.M., M.G., T.L.B., C. Mizenko, C. McMenamin, A.L.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora Colorado Blood Cancer Institute (R.N.), Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO; Department of Neurology (G.V.G.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (G.G.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and Northwestern University (G.G.), Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Di Stefano V, Alonge P, Rini N, Militello M, Lupica A, Torrente A, Brighina F. Efgartigimod beyond myasthenia gravis: the role of FcRn-targeting therapies in stiff-person syndrome. J Neurol 2024; 271:254-262. [PMID: 37682316 PMCID: PMC10769952 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder characterized by high titers of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) causing impaired GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission. To date, there is not a defined therapy for such condition, but immunomodulating therapies, such as plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulins, and rituximab, have been widely used in clinical practice. However, the efficacy and tolerability of these treatments is not well established. Efgartigimod, a new neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) blocker, is a human IgG1 antibody Fc fragment engineered with increased affinity for FcRn binding, leading to a reduction in IgGs levels, including pathogenic IgG autoantibody showing promising results in neurological autoimmune disorders and has been approved for the treatment of AChR-seropositive generalized myasthenia gravis (MG). In this study, we report and describe the first data on treatment with efgartigimod in three patients affected by both AChR-seropositive generalized MG and anti-GAD-seropositive SPS. Patients were followed since the start of efgartigimod and for the whole treatment period (12 weeks). MG symptoms were assessed with the "MG activity of daily living score" and the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis score, while SPS ones were assessed with the "SPS activity of daily living score"; muscle strength was assessed with the Medical Research Council Sum score; the overall disability from MG and SPS was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale. All patients showed an improvement in symptoms of both SPS and MG after 2 cycles of treatment. Our data suggest that efgartigimod may be considered as a candidate drug for SPS and other autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 143 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paolo Alonge
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 143 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicasio Rini
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 143 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Militello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 143 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Lupica
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 143 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Torrente
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 143 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 143 90127, Palermo, Italy
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Meira AT, de Moraes MPM, Ferreira MG, Franklin GL, Rezende Filho FM, Teive HAG, Barsottini OGP, Pedroso JL. Immune-mediated ataxias: Guide to clinicians. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 117:105861. [PMID: 37748994 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias were initially described as a clinical entity in the 1980s, and since then, an expanding body of evidence has contributed to our understanding of this topic. These ataxias encompass various etiologies, including postinfectious cerebellar ataxia, gluten ataxia, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome and primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. The increased permeability of the brain-blood barrier could potentially explain the vulnerability of the cerebellum to autoimmune processes. In this manuscript, our objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the most prevalent diseases within this group, emphasizing clinical indicators, pathogenesis, and current treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Meira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | - Matheus G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L Franklin
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Hélio A G Teive
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Neurologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Neurologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Pitliya A. A Rare Case Report of Neurological Condition: Moersch-Woltman Syndrome with Positive Anti-GAD Antibodies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL STUDENTS 2023; 11:233-236. [PMID: 37854036 PMCID: PMC10583790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Moersch-Woltman Syndrome (MWS), also known as Stiff person syndrome (SPS), is a rare, progressive condition of the central nervous system. Symptoms can include severe immobility, rigidity, and painful muscle spasms in the trunk and limbs. Muscle spasms can occur in MWS patients because they are more sensitive to noise, rapid movements, and mental disturbance. The condition affects women twice as frequently as it does males. It is a rare disease, affecting only 1-2 people per million. The case report aims to highlight the importance of the diagnostic challenges associated with MWS and the significance of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. The case A 57-year-old female patient presents with history of migraine headaches, anxiety, and depression. The patient experienced widespread and distressing muscle spasms affecting the shoulders, upper and lower back, and limited range of motion in the neck. Physical examination revealed dense diffuse muscle stiffness throughout the body. Further investigations were ordered, including a comprehensive range of laboratory tests and imaging tests. A positive test for GAD antibodies confirmed the diagnosis of MWS. Treatment included administration of Clonazepam and Baclofen. A follow-up appointment, three weeks later, indicated a noticeable 15-20% reduction in spasticity. Conclusion This case highlights the crucial role of anti-GAD antibodies in confirming the diagnosis of SPS. Healthcare professionals should consider testing for these antibodies in patients presenting with the described symptoms. A multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, physical therapists, psychiatrists, and orthopedic surgeons is essential to provide comprehensive care and optimizing outcomes for individuals with MWS.
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Papadopoulos VE, Papadimas GK, Androudi S, Anagnostouli M, Evangelopoulos ME. Stiff-Leg Syndrome Associated with Autoimmune Retinopathy and Its Treatment with IVIg-A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1361. [PMID: 37891730 PMCID: PMC10605544 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been predominantly associated with stiff-person syndrome (SPS), which is often accompanied by organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as late-onset type 1 diabetes. Autoimmune retinal pathology in SPS has recently been suggested to coexist in patients suffering from this disease; however, evidence reporting potential treatment options for the neurological and visual symptoms these patients experience remains scarce. We provide a review of the relevant literature, presenting a rare case of a middle-aged woman with autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) followed by stiff-leg syndrome who responded to intravenous immune globulin treatment (IVIg). Our report adds to previously reported data supporting the efficacy of IVIg in SPS spectrum disorders while also proposing the potential effect of IVIg in treating SPS spectrum patients with coexisting AIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis E Papadopoulos
- First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - George K Papadimas
- First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Androudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Anagnostouli
- First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
- First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Vlad B, Wang Y, Newsome SD, Balint B. Stiff Person Spectrum Disorders-An Update and Outlook on Clinical, Pathophysiological and Treatment Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2500. [PMID: 37760941 PMCID: PMC10525659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stiff person spectrum disorders (SPSD) are paradigm autoimmune movement disorders characterized by stiffness, spasms and hyperekplexia. Though rare, SPSD represent a not-to-miss diagnosis because of the associated disease burden and treatment implications. After decades as an enigmatic orphan disease, major advances in our understanding of the evolving spectrum of diseases have been made along with the identification of multiple associated autoantibodies. However, the most important recent developments relate to the recognition of a wider affection, beyond the classic core motor symptoms, and to further insights into immunomodulatory and symptomatic therapies. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the clinical and paraclinical spectrum, current pathophysiological understanding, as well as current and possibly future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vlad
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Scott D. Newsome
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hu X, Buhl CS, Sjogaard MB, Schousboe K, Mizrak HI, Kufaishi H, Hansen CS, Yderstræde KB, Jensen TS, Nyengaard JR, Karlsson P. Structural Changes of Cutaneous Immune Cells in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Relationship With Diabetic Polyneuropathy. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200144. [PMID: 37527931 PMCID: PMC10393274 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a complication of diabetes characterized by pain or lack of peripheral sensation, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Recent evidence showed increased cutaneous macrophage infiltration in patients with type 2 diabetes and painful DPN, and this study aimed to understand whether the same applies to type 1 diabetes. METHODS The study included 104 participants: 26 healthy controls and 78 participants with type 1 diabetes (participants without DPN [n = 24], participants with painless DPN [n = 29], and participants with painful DPN [n = 25]). Two immune cells, dermal IBA1+ macrophages and epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs, CD207+), were visualized and quantified using immunohistological labeling and stereological counting methods on skin biopsies from the participants. The IBA1+ macrophage infiltration, LC number density, LC soma cross-sectional area, and LC processes were measured in this study. RESULTS Significant difference in IBA1+ macrophage expression was seen between the groups (p = 0.003), with lower expression of IBA1 in participants with DPN. No differences in LC morphologies (LC number density, soma cross-sectional area, and process level) were found between the groups (all p > 0.05). In addition, IBA1+ macrophages, but not LCs, correlated with intraepidermal nerve fiber density, Michigan neuropathy symptom inventory, (questionnaire and total score), severity of neuropathy as assessed by the Toronto clinical neuropathy score, and vibration detection threshold in the whole study cohort. DISCUSSION This study showed expressional differences of cutaneous IBA1+ macrophages but not LC in participants with type 1 diabetes-induced DPN compared with those in controls. The study suggests that a reduction in macrophages may play a role in the development and progression of autoimmune-induced diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Christian S Buhl
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Marie B Sjogaard
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Karoline Schousboe
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Hatice I Mizrak
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Huda Kufaishi
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Christian S Hansen
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Knud B Yderstræde
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Troels S Jensen
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark
| | - Pall Karlsson
- From the Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Aarhus University (X.H., M.B.S., J.R.N., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (H.I.M., H.K., C.S.H.); Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (C.B., P.K.); Steno Diabetes Center Odense (K.S., K.B.Y.); Aarhus University Hospital (T.S.J., J.R.N.), Denmark.
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