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Aschner A, Keller A, Williams A, Whitney R, Cunningham K, Hamilton RM, Pollanen M, Donner E. Cardiac arrhythmia and epilepsy genetic variants in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1386730. [PMID: 38756210 PMCID: PMC11097959 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1386730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading epilepsy-related cause of death, affecting approximately 1 per 1,000 individuals with epilepsy per year. Genetic variants that affect autonomic function, such as genes associated with cardiac arrhythmias, may predispose people with epilepsy to greater risk of both sudden cardiac death and SUDEP. Advances in next generation sequencing allow for the exploration of gene variants as potential biomarkers. Methods Genetic testing for the presence of cardiac arrhythmia and epilepsy gene variants was performed via genetic panels in 39 cases of SUDEP identified via autopsy by the Ontario Forensic Pathology Service. Variants were summarized by in-silico evidence for pathogenicity from 4 algorithms (SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, Mutation Taster) and allele frequencies in the general population (GnomAD). A maximum credible population allele frequency of 0.00004 was calculated based on epilepsy prevalence and SUDEP incidence to assess whether a variant was compatible with a pathogenic interpretation. Results Median age at the time of death was 33.3 years (range: 2, 60). Fifty-nine percent (n=23) were male. Gene panels detected 62 unique variants in 45 genes: 19 on the arrhythmia panel and 26 on the epilepsy panel. At least one variant was identified in 28 (72%) of decedents. Missense mutations comprised 57 (92%) of the observed variants. At least three in silico models predicted 12 (46%) cardiac arrhythmia panel missense variants and 20 (65%) epilepsy panel missense variants were pathogenic. Population allele frequencies were <0.00004 for 11 (42%) of the cardiac variants and 10 (32%) of the epilepsy variants. Together, these metrics identified 13 SUDEP variants of interest. Discussion Nearly three-quarters of decedents in this SUDEP cohort carried variants in comprehensive epilepsy or cardiac arrhythmia gene panels, with more than a third having variants in both panels. The proportion of decedents with cardiac variants aligns with recent studies of the disproportionate cardiac burden the epilepsy community faces compared to the general population and suggests a possible cardiac contribution to epilepsy mortality. These results identified 13 priority targets for future functional studies of these genes potential role in sudden death and demonstrates the necessity for further exploration of potential genetic contributions to SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Aschner
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Keller
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn Whitney
- McMaster Children’s Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kris Cunningham
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Robert M. Hamilton
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Pollanen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Donner
- Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ricordeau F, Chouchou F, Pichot V, Roche F, Petitjean T, Gormand F, Bastuji H, Charbonnier E, Le Cam P, Stauffer E, Rheims S, Peter-Derex L. Impaired post-sleep apnea autonomic arousals in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 160:1-11. [PMID: 38367308 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sudden and unexpected deaths in epilepsy (SUDEP) pathophysiology may involve an interaction between respiratory dysfunction and sleep/wake state regulation. We investigated whether patients with epilepsy exhibit impaired sleep apnea-related arousals. METHODS Patients with drug-resistant (N = 20) or drug-sensitive (N = 20) epilepsy and obstructive sleep apnea, as well as patients with sleep apnea but without epilepsy (controls, N = 20) were included. We explored (1) the respiratory arousal threshold based on nadir oxygen saturation, apnea-hypopnea index, and fraction of hypopnea among respiratory events; (2) the cardiac autonomic response to apnea/hypopnea quantified as percentages of changes from the baseline in RR intervals (RRI), high (HF) and low (LF) frequency powers, and LF/HF. RESULTS The respiratory arousal threshold did not differ between groups. At arousal onset, RRI decreased (-9.42%) and LF power (179%) and LF/HF ratio (190%) increased. This was followed by an increase in HF power (118%), p < 0.05. The RRI decrease was lower in drug-resistant (-7.40%) than in drug-sensitive patients (-9.94%) and controls (-10.91%), p < 0.05. LF and HF power increases were higher in drug-resistant (188%/126%) than in drug-sensitive patients (172%/126%) and controls (177%/115%), p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac reactivity following sleep apnea is impaired in drug-resistant epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE This autonomic dysfunction might contribute to SUDEP pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Ricordeau
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florian Chouchou
- IRISSE Laboratory (EA4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Vincent Pichot
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Mines Saint-Etienne, France; Clinical Physiology and Exercise, Visas Center, Saint Etienne University Hospital, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- SAINBIOSE, INSERM U1059, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Mines Saint-Etienne, France; Clinical Physiology and Exercise, Visas Center, Saint Etienne University Hospital, France
| | - Thierry Petitjean
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Gormand
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Bastuji
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292 / INSERM U1028 and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Eléna Charbonnier
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Le Cam
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emeric Stauffer
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inter-university Laboratoryof Human MovementBiology (LIBM) EA7424, Team « Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell », Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Respiratory Functional Investigation & Physical Activity Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292 / INSERM U1028 and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Peter-Derex
- Centre for Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Diseases, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292 / INSERM U1028 and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France.
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Neuhaus E, Bitzer F, Held NR, Bauer T, Gaubatz J, von Wrede R, Baumgartner T, Rácz A, Becker V, Surges R, Rüber T. Volumetric gray matter findings in autonomic network regions of people with focal epilepsy. J Neuroimaging 2024; 34:55-60. [PMID: 37840190 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies of people with focal epilepsies revealed gray matter (GM) alterations in brain regions involved in cardiorespiratory regulation, which have been linked to the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). It remains unclear whether the type and localization of epileptogenic lesions influence the occurrence of such alterations. METHODS To test the hypothesis that VBM alterations of autonomic network regions are independent of epileptogenic lesions and that they reveal structural underpinnings of SUDEP risk, VBM was performed in 100 people with focal epilepsies without an epileptogenic lesion identifiable on MRI (mean age ± standard deviation = 35 ± 11 years, 56 female). The group was further stratified in high (sample size n = 29) and low risk of SUDEP (n = 71). GM volumes were compared between these two subgroups and to 100 matched controls. RESULTS People with epilepsy displayed higher GM volume in both amygdalae and parahippocampal gyri and lower GM volume in the cerebellum and occipital (p<.05, familywise error corrected). There were no significant volumetric differences between high and low SUDEP risk subgroups. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that autonomic networks are structurally altered in people with focal epilepsy and they question VBM as a suitable method to show structural correlates of the SUDEP risk score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Neuhaus
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Bitzer
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina R Held
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gaubatz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Randi von Wrede
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Atilla Rácz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vitali Becker
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Singh V, Ryan JM, Auerbach DS. It is premature for a unified hypothesis of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A great amount of research is still needed to understand the multisystem cascade. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2006-2010. [PMID: 37129136 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Justin M Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - David S Auerbach
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Kassinopoulos M, Rolandi N, Alphan L, Harper RM, Oliveira J, Scott C, Kozák LR, Guye M, Lemieux L, Diehl B. Brain Connectivity Correlates of Breathing and Cardiac Irregularities in SUDEP: A Resting-State fMRI Study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.19.541412. [PMID: 37293113 PMCID: PMC10245782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of premature mortality among people with epilepsy. Evidence from witnessed and monitored SUDEP cases indicate seizure-induced cardiovascular and respiratory failures; yet, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. SUDEP occurs often during the night and early morning hours, suggesting that sleep or circadian rhythm-induced changes in physiology contribute to the fatal event. Resting-state fMRI studies have found altered functional connectivity between brain structures involved in cardiorespiratory regulation in later SUDEP cases and in individuals at high-risk of SUDEP. However, those connectivity findings have not been related to changes in cardiovascular or respiratory patterns. Here, we compared fMRI patterns of brain connectivity associated with regular and irregular cardiorespiratory rhythms in SUDEP cases with those of living epilepsy patients of varying SUDEP risk, and healthy controls. We analysed resting-state fMRI data from 98 patients with epilepsy (9 who subsequently succumbed to SUDEP, 43 categorized as low SUDEP risk (no tonic-clonic seizures (TCS) in the year preceding the fMRI scan), and 46 as high SUDEP risk (>3 TCS in the year preceding the scan)) and 25 healthy controls. The global signal amplitude (GSA), defined as the moving standard deviation of the fMRI global signal, was used to identify periods with regular ('low state') and irregular ('high state') cardiorespiratory rhythms. Correlation maps were derived from seeds in twelve regions with a key role in autonomic or respiratory regulation, for the low and high states. Following principal component analysis, component weights were compared between the groups. We found widespread alterations in connectivity of precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex in epilepsy compared to controls, in the low state (regular cardiorespiratory activity). In the low state, and to a lesser degree in the high state, reduced anterior insula connectivity (mainly with anterior and posterior cingulate cortex) in epilepsy appeared, relative to healthy controls. For SUDEP cases, the insula connectivity differences were inversely related to the interval between the fMRI scan and death. The findings suggest that anterior insula connectivity measures may provide a biomarker of SUDEP risk. The neural correlates of autonomic brain structures associated with different cardiorespiratory rhythms may shed light on the mechanisms underlying terminal apnea observed in SUDEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Kassinopoulos
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolo Rolandi
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laren Alphan
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald M. Harper
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joana Oliveira
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Scott
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lajos R. Kozák
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maxime Guye
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
| | - Louis Lemieux
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Diehl
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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George AG, Farrell JS, Colangeli R, Wall AK, Gom RC, Kesler MT, Rodriguez de la Hoz C, Villa BR, Perera T, Rho JM, Kurrasch D, Teskey GC. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is prevented by blocking postictal hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109513. [PMID: 36948357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is at times a fatal disease. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of epilepsy-related mortality in people with intractable epilepsy and is defined by exclusion; non-accidental, non-toxicologic, and non-anatomic causes of death. While SUDEP often follows a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, the mechanisms that ultimately lead to terminal apnea and then asystole remain elusive and there is a lack of preventative treatments. Based on the observation that discrete seizures lead to local and postictal vasoconstriction, resulting in hypoperfusion, hypoxia and behavioural disturbances in the forebrain we reasoned those similar mechanisms may play a role in SUDEP when seizures invade the brainstem. Here we tested this neurovascular-based hypothesis of SUDEP in awake non-anesthetized mice by pharmacologically preventing seizure-induced vasoconstriction, with cyclooxygenase-2 or L-type calcium channel antagonists. In both acute and chronic mouse models of seizure-induced premature mortality, ibuprofen and nicardipine extended life while systemic drug levels remained high enough to be effective. We also examined the potential role of spreading depolarization in the acute model of seizure-induced premature mortality. These data provide a proof-of-principle for the neurovascular hypothesis of SUDEP rather than spreading depolarization and the use of currently available drugs to prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antis G George
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jordan S Farrell
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Roberto Colangeli
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alexandra K Wall
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Renaud C Gom
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitchell T Kesler
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Bianca R Villa
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tefani Perera
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Kurrasch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Central control of cardiac activity as assessed by intra-cerebral recordings and stimulations. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102849. [PMID: 36867969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most important integrative control centers for the autonomic nervous system are located in the brainstem and the hypothalamus. However, growing recent neuroimaging evidence support that a set of cortical regions, named the central autonomic network (CAN), is involved in autonomic control and seems to play a major role in continuous autonomic cardiac adjustments to high-level emotional, cognitive or sensorimotor cortical activities. Intracranial explorations during stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) offer a unique opportunity to address the question of the brain regions involved in heart-brain interaction, by studying: (i) direct cardiac effects produced by the electrical stimulation of specific brain areas; (ii) epileptic seizures inducing cardiac modifications; (iii) cortical regions involved in cardiac interoception and source of cardiac evoked potentials. In this review, we detail the available data assessing cardiac central autonomic regulation using SEEG, address the strengths and also the limitations of this technique in this context, and discuss perspectives. The main cortical regions that emerge from SEEG studies as being involved in cardiac autonomic control are the insula and regions belonging to the limbic system: the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the anterior and mid-cingulate. Although many questions remain, SEEG studies have already demonstrated afferent and efferent interactions between the CAN and the heart. Future studies in SEEG should integrate these afferent and efferent dimensions as well as their interaction with other cortical networks to better understand the functional heart-brain interaction.
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Zhao H, Long L, Xiao B. Advances in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 146:716-722. [DOI: 10.1111/ane.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Zhao
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha China
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province Central South University Changsha China
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Kløvgaard M, Sabers A, Ryvlin P. Update on Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy. Neurol Clin 2022; 40:741-754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Heart rate variability in patients with refractory epilepsy: The influence of generalized convulsive seizures. Epilepsy Res 2021; 178:106796. [PMID: 34763267 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with epilepsy, mainly drug-resistant, have reduced heart rate variability (HRV), linked to an increased risk of sudden death in various other diseases. In this context, it could play a role in SUDEP. Generalized convulsive seizures (GCS) are one of the most consensual risk factors for SUDEP. Our objective was to assess the influence of GCS in HRV parameters in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS We prospectively evaluated 121 patients with refractory epilepsy admitted to our Epilepsy Monitoring Unit. All patients underwent a 48-hour Holter recording. Only patients with GCS were included (n = 23), and we selected the first as the index seizure. We evaluated HRV (AVNN, SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, LF, HF, and LF/HF) in 5-min epochs (diurnal and nocturnal baselines; preictal - 5 min before the seizure; ictal; postictal - 5 min after the seizure; and late postictal - >5 h after the seizure). These data were also compared with normative values from a healthy population (controlling for age and gender). RESULTS We included 23 patients, with a median age of 36 (min-max, 16-55) years and 65% were female. Thirty percent had cardiovascular risk factors, but no previously known cardiac disease. HRV parameters AVNN, RMSSD, pNN50, and HF were significantly lower in the diurnal than in the nocturnal baseline, whereas the opposite occurred with LF/HF and HR. Diurnal baseline parameters were inferior to the normative population values (which includes only diurnal values). We found significant differences in HRV parameters between the analyzed periods, especially during the postictal period. All parameters but LF/HF suffered a reduction in that period. LF/HF increased in that period but did not reach statistical significance. Visually, there was a tendency for a global reduction in our patients' HRV parameters, namely AVNN, RMSSD, and pNN50, in each period, comparing with those from a normative healthy population. No significant differences were found in HRV between diurnal and nocturnal seizures, between temporal lobe and extra-temporal-lobe seizures, between seizures with and without postictal generalized EEG suppression, or between seizures of patients with and without cardiovascular risk factors. SIGNIFICANCE/CONCLUSION Our work reinforces the evidence of autonomic cardiac dysfunction in patients with refractory epilepsy, at baseline and mainly in the postictal phase of a GCS. Those changes may have a role in some SUDEP cases. By identifying patients with worse autonomic cardiac function, HRV could fill the gap of a lacking SUDEP risk biomarker.
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Holiday heart syndrome: do not drink during this holiday! and other updates on recent autonomic research. Clin Auton Res 2021; 31:473-475. [PMID: 34244877 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Costagliola G, Orsini A, Coll M, Brugada R, Parisi P, Striano P. The brain-heart interaction in epilepsy: implications for diagnosis, therapy, and SUDEP prevention. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1557-1568. [PMID: 34047488 PMCID: PMC8283165 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the central nervous system and autonomic system on cardiac activity is being intensively studied, as it contributes to the high rate of cardiologic comorbidities observed in people with epilepsy. Indeed, neuroanatomic connections between the brain and the heart provide links that allow cardiac arrhythmias to occur in response to brain activation, have been shown to produce arrhythmia both experimentally and clinically. Moreover, seizures may induce a variety of transient cardiac effects, which include changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, arrhythmias, asystole, and other ECG abnormalities, and can trigger the development of Takotsubo syndrome. People with epilepsy are at a higher risk of death than the general population, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most important direct epilepsy-related cause of death. Although the cause of SUDEP is still unknown, cardiac abnormalities during and between seizures could play a significant role in its pathogenesis, as highlighted by studies on animal models of SUDEP and registration of SUDEP events. Recently, genetic mutations in genes co-expressed in the heart and brain, which may result in epilepsy and cardiac comorbidity/increased risk for SUDEP, have been described. Recognition and a better understanding of brain-heart interactions, together with new advances in sequencing techniques, may provide new insights into future novel therapies and help in the prevention of cardiac dysfunction and sudden death in epileptic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Costagliola
- Pediatric Clinic, Santa Chiara's University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Clinic, Santa Chiara's University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Coll
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.,Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiology Service, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Chair of Pediatrics, NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Scorza FA, de Almeida ACG, Scorza CA, Finsterer J. Sudden death in a patient with epilepsy and arterial hypertension: time for re-assessment. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e3023. [PMID: 34133664 PMCID: PMC8158671 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio A. Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociencia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Centro de Neurociencias e Saude da Mulher “Professor Geraldo Rodrigues de Lima”, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Antonio Carlos G. de Almeida
- Centro de Neurociencias e Saude da Mulher “Professor Geraldo Rodrigues de Lima”, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Experimental e Computacional, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de Sao Joao del-Rei (UFSJ), Sao Joao del-Rei, MG, BR
| | - Carla A. Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociencia, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Centro de Neurociencias e Saude da Mulher “Professor Geraldo Rodrigues de Lima”, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Messerli Institute, Vienna, Austria
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