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Tondo G, Mazzini L, Caminiti SP, Gallo C, Matheoud R, Comi C, Sacchetti GM, Perani D, De Marchi F. Coupling motor evoked potentials and brain [ 18F]FDG-PET in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: preliminary findings on disease severity. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106579. [PMID: 38936435 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is primarily clinical, supported by the electromyographic examination to reveal signs of lower motor neuron damage. Identifying reliable markers of upper motor neuron (UMN) involvement is challenging. On this regard, the role of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced motor-evoked potentials (TMS-MEPs), and its relationship with UMN burden, is still under investigation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of TMS-MEPs in delineating the neurophysiological UMN damage, and to determine the relationship between TMS-MEPs and [18F]FDG-PET measures of neural dysfunction. METHODS We retrospectively selected 13 ALS patients who underwent, during the diagnostic process, the TMS-MEPs and [18F]FDG-PET scans. Demographic and clinical data were collected. For the MEP evaluation, we considered normal MEP, absent MEP, or significantly increased central-motor-conduction-time. For [18F]FDG-PET, we conducted voxel-wise analyses, both at single-subject and group levels, exploring hypometabolism and hypermetabolism patterns in comparison with a large dataset of healthy controls (HC). RESULTS Based on TMS-MEPs, we identified 4/13 patients with normal MEP in all limbs (GROUP-NO), while 9/13 had an abnormal MEP in at least one limb (GROUP-AB). Despite the [18F]FDG-PET single-subject analysis revealed heterogenous expression of regional hypo- and hyper-metabolism patterns in the patients, the group-level analysis revealed a common hypometabolism, involving the precentral gyrus and the supplementary motor area, the paracentral lobule and the anterior cingulate cortex in the GROUP-AB. Moreover, exclusively for the GROUP-AB compared with HC, a relative hypermetabolism was observed in the right cerebellum, right inferior and middle temporal gyrus. The GROUP-NO showed no specific cluster of hypo- and hyper-metabolism compared to HC. CONCLUSION This study showed altered brain metabolism only in the ALS group with abnormal MEPs, suggesting an association between the two biomarkers in defining the UMN damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Centre, Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Gallo
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Matheoud
- Department of Medical Physics, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, and Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- ALS Centre, Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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Liu S, Luo X, Chong JSX, Jiaerken Y, Youn SH, Zhang M, Zhou JH. Brain structure, amyloid, and behavioral features for predicting clinical progression in subjective cognitive decline. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26765. [PMID: 38958401 PMCID: PMC11220833 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
As a potential preclinical stage of Alzheimer's dementia, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) reveals a higher risk of future cognitive decline and conversion to dementia. However, it has not been clear whether SCD status increases the clinical progression of older adults in the context of amyloid deposition, cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), and psychiatric symptoms. We identified 99 normal controls (NC), 15 SCD individuals who developed mild cognitive impairment in the next 2 years (P-SCD), and 54 SCD individuals who did not (S-SCD) from ADNI database with both baseline and 2-year follow-up data. Total white matter hyperintensity (WMH), WMH in deep (DWMH) and periventricular (PWMH) regions, and voxel-wise grey matter volumes were compared among groups. Furthermore, using structural equation modelling method, we constructed path models to explore SCD-related brain changes longitudinally and to determine whether baseline SCD status, age, and depressive symptoms affect participants' clinical outcomes. Both SCD groups showed higher baseline amyloid PET SUVR, baseline PWMH volumes, and larger increase of PWMH volumes over time than NC. In contrast, only P-SCD had higher baseline DWMH volumes and larger increase of DWMH volumes over time than NC. No longitudinal differences in grey matter volume and amyloid was observed among NC, S-SCD, and P-SCD. Our path models demonstrated that SCD status contributed to future WMH progression. Further, baseline SCD status increases the risk of future cognitive decline, mediated by PWMH; baseline depressive symptoms directly contribute to clinical outcomes. In conclusion, both S-SCD and P-SCD exhibited more severe CeVD than NC. The CeVD burden increase was more pronounced in P-SCD. In contrast with the direct association of depressive symptoms with dementia severity progression, the effects of SCD status on future cognitive decline may manifest via CeVD pathologies. Our work highlights the importance of multi-modal longitudinal designs in understanding the SCD trajectory heterogeneity, paving the way for stratification and early intervention in the preclinical stage. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Both S-SCD and P-SCD exhibited more severe CeVD at baseline and a larger increase of CeVD burden compared to NC, while the burden was more pronounced in P-SCD. Baseline SCD status increases the risk of future PWMH and DWMH volume accumulation, mediated by baseline PWMH and DWMH volumes, respectively. Baseline SCD status increases the risk of future cognitive decline, mediated by baseline PWMH, while baseline depression status directly contributes to clinical outcome.
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Grants
- U01 AG024904 NIA NIH HHS
- W81XWH-12-2-0012 DoD Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (Department of Defense)
- A20G8b0102 Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) 2020 Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering (AME) Programmatic Fund (Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore)
- NMRC/OFLCG19May-0035 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/CIRG/1485/2018 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/CSA-SI/0007/2016 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/MOH-00707-01 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/CG/435M009/2017-NUH/NUHS National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- CIRG21nov-0007 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- HLCA23Feb-0004 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Research Core Funding (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
- 82271936 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022ZQ057 Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine - Youth Talent Fund Project
- MOE-T2EP40120-0007 Ministry of Education, Singapore
- T2EP2-0223-0025 Ministry of Education, Singapore
- MOE-T2EP20220-0001 Ministry of Education, Singapore
- Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (National Institutes of Health)
- DoD Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (Department of Defense)
- National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Ministry of Education, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Liu
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Joanna Su Xian Chong
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yeerfan Jiaerken
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Shim Hee Youn
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Juan Helen Zhou
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringIntegrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Tondo G, De Marchi F, Bonardi F, Menegon F, Verrini G, Aprile D, Anselmi M, Mazzini L, Comi C. Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: Pitfalls and Challenges of Anti-Amyloid Therapies and Beyond. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3098. [PMID: 38892809 PMCID: PMC11172489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes a significant challenge to global healthcare systems, with limited effective treatments available. This review examines the landscape of novel therapeutic strategies for AD, focusing on the shortcomings of traditional therapies against amyloid-beta (Aβ) and exploring emerging alternatives. Despite decades of research emphasizing the role of Aβ accumulation in AD pathogenesis, clinical trials targeting Aβ have obtained disappointing results, highlighting the complexity of AD pathophysiology and the need for investigating other therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we first discuss the challenges associated with anti-Aβ therapies, including limited efficacy and potential adverse effects, underscoring the necessity of exploring alternative mechanisms and targets. Thereafter, we review promising non-Aβ-based strategies, such as tau-targeted therapies, neuroinflammation modulation, and gene and stem cell therapy. These approaches offer new avenues for AD treatment by addressing additional pathological hallmarks and downstream effects beyond Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesca Bonardi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Federico Menegon
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Gaia Verrini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Davide Aprile
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Matteo Anselmi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.T.); (F.B.); (F.M.); (G.V.); (D.A.); (M.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Corso Abbiate 21, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Vanderlinden G, Carron C, Vandenberghe R, Vandenbulcke M, Van Laere K. In vivo PET of synaptic density as potential diagnostic marker for cognitive disorders: prospective comparison with current imaging markers for neuronal dysfunction and relation to symptomatology - study protocol. BMC Med Imaging 2024; 24:41. [PMID: 38347458 PMCID: PMC10860316 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-024-01224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-FDG brain PET is clinically used for differential diagnosis in cognitive dysfunction of unclear etiology and for exclusion of a neurodegenerative cause in patients with cognitive impairment in late-life psychiatric disorders. 18F-FDG PET measures regional glucose metabolism, which represents a combination of neuronal/synaptic activity but also astrocytic activity and neuroinflammation. Recently, imaging of synaptic vesicle protein 2 A (SV2A) has become available and was shown to be a proxy of synaptic density. This prospective study will investigate the use of 18F-SynVesT-1 for imaging SV2A and its discriminative power for differential diagnosis in cognitive disorders in a head-to-head comparison to 18F-FDG PET. In addition, simultaneous PET/MR allows an evaluation of contributing factors and the additional value of advanced MRI imaging to FDG/SV2A PET imaging will be investigated. In this work, the study design and protocol are depicted. METHODS In this prospective, multimodal imaging study, 110 patients with uncertain diagnosis of cognitive impairment who are referred for 18F-FDG PET brain imaging in their diagnostic work-up in a tertiary memory clinic will be recruited. In addition, 40 healthy volunteers (HV) between 18 and 85 years (M/F) will be included. All study participants will undergo simultaneous 18F-SynVesT-1 PET/MR and an extensive neuropsychological evaluation. Amyloid status will be measured by PET using 18FNAV4694, in HV above 50 years of age. Structural T1-weighted and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR images, triple-tagging arterial spin labeling (ASL) and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) will be obtained. The study has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05384353) and is approved by the local Research Ethics Committee. DISCUSSION The main endpoint of the study will be the comparison of the diagnostic accuracy between 18F-SynVesT-1 and 18F-FDG PET in cognitive disorders with uncertain etiology and in exclusion of a neurodegenerative cause in patients with cognitive impairment in late-life psychiatric disorders. The strength of the relationship between cognition and imaging data will be assessed, as well as the potential incremental diagnostic value of including MR volumetry, ASL perfusion and rs-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet Vanderlinden
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Charles Carron
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- Research Group Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Old-Age Psychiatry, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Caminiti SP, De Francesco S, Tondo G, Galli A, Redolfi A, Perani D. FDG-PET markers of heterogeneity and different risk of progression in amnestic MCI. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:159-172. [PMID: 37505996 PMCID: PMC10962797 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is emerging as a heterogeneous condition. METHODS We looked at a cohort of N = 207 aMCI subjects, with baseline fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), T1 magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), apolipoprotein E (APOE), and neuropsychological assessment. An algorithm based on FDG-PET hypometabolism classified each subject into subtypes, then compared biomarker measures and clinical progression. RESULTS Three subtypes emerged: hippocampal sparing-cortical hypometabolism, associated with younger age and the highest level of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-CSF pathology; hippocampal/cortical hypometabolism, associated with a high percentage of APOE ε3/ε4 or ε4/ε4 carriers; medial-temporal hypometabolism, characterized by older age, the lowest AD-CSF pathology, the most severe hippocampal atrophy, and a benign course. Within the whole cohort, the severity of temporo-parietal hypometabolism, correlated with AD-CSF pathology and marked the rate of progression of cognitive decline. DISCUSSION FDG-PET can distinguish clinically comparable aMCI at single-subject level with different risk of progression to AD dementia or stability. The obtained results can be useful for the optimization of pharmacological trials and automated-classification models. HIGHLIGHTS Algorithm based on FDG-PET hypometabolism demonstrates distinct subtypes across aMCI; Three different subtypes show heterogeneous biological profiles and risk of progression; The cortical hypometabolism is associated with AD pathology and cognitive decline; MTL hypometabolism is associated with the lowest conversion rate and CSF-AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Paola Caminiti
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Silvia De Francesco
- Laboratory of NeuroinformaticsIRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Giacomo Tondo
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Alice Galli
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
| | - Alberto Redolfi
- Laboratory of NeuroinformaticsIRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio FatebenefratelliBresciaItaly
| | - Daniela Perani
- Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
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Bao X, Li W, Liu Y, Li X, Yue L, Xiao S. Impairment of delayed recall as a predictor of amnestic mild cognitive impairment development in normal older adults: a 7-year of longitudinal cohort study in Shanghai. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:892. [PMID: 38031039 PMCID: PMC10685709 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is considered a prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the neuropsychological characteristic at pre-MCI stage. This study aimed to investigate which neuropsychological tests could significantly predict aMCI from a seven-year longitudinal cohort study. METHODS The present study included 123 individuals with baseline cognitive normal (NC) diagnosis and a 7-year follow-up visit. All the subjects were from the China Longitudinal Aging Study (CLAS) study. Participants were divided into two groups, non-converter and converter based on whether progression to aMCI at follow-up. All participants underwent standardized comprehensive neuropsychological tests, including the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), auditory verbal learning test (AVLT), the digital span test, the verbal fluency test, the visual recognition test, the WAIS picture completion task, and WAIS block design. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the predictive power of baseline cognitive performance for the transformation of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to test the most sensitive test for distinguishing different groups. RESULTS Between the non-converter group and converter group, there were significant differences in the baseline scores of AVLT-delayed recall (AVLT-DR) (8.70 ± 3.61 vs. 6.81 ± 2.96, p = 0.001) and WAIS block design (29.86 ± 7.07 vs. 26.53 ± 8.29, p = 0.041). After controlling for gender, age, and education level, converter group showed lower baseline AVLT-DR than non-converter group, while no significant difference was found in WAIS block design. Furthermore, converter group had lower AVLT-DR score after controlling for somatic disease. The area under the curve of regression equation model was 0.738 (95%CI:0.635-0.840), with a sensitivity 83.9%, specificity of 63.6%. CONCLUSIONS Our results proved the value of delayed recall of AVLT in predicting conversion to aMCI. Early and careful checking of the cognitive function among older people should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Bao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Huangpu District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Yue
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shifu Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Tondo G, De Marchi F. From Biomarkers to Precision Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Where Are We? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154515. [PMID: 35956130 PMCID: PMC9369634 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomarkers era grew in the last two decades when several technical and methodological advances have improved the research in neurodegenerative diseases [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- ALS Centre, Neurology Unit, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0321-3732137
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