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Kim YE, Cho H, Kim HJ, Na DL, Seo SW, Ki CS. PSEN1 variants in Korean patients with clinically suspicious early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3480. [PMID: 32103039 PMCID: PMC7044324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the PSEN1 gene are known to be the most common cause of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease but there are few data on the frequency and spectrum of PSEN1 variants in Korea. In this study, we investigated PSEN1 variants in a consecutive series of clinically suspicious early-onset familial AD (EOFAD) Korean patients and their clinical characteristics and imaging findings. From January 2007 to December 2013, EOFAD patients with very early onset AD (<50 yr), early onset AD (<60 yr) with two or more relatives with AD, and early onset AD (<60 yr) with one or more first-degree relatives with very early onset AD (<50 yr) were enrolled in this study. Sequence analysis of the PSEN1 gene was performed by Sanger sequencing. Neuroimaging data and conventional brain MRIs and FDG-PET and/or [11C] PiB-PET scans were analyzed in patients with PSEN1 variants. Among the 28 patients with EOFAD, six (21.4%, 6/28) patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the PSEN1 gene. Two pathogenic variants were p.Glu120Lys and p.Ser170Phe and four likely pathogenic variants were p.Thr119Ile, p.Tyr159Cys, p.Leu282Pro, and p.Ala285Ser. Two patients had variants of unknown significance, p.Tyr389His and p.Tyr389Ser. EOFAD patients with PSEN1 variants showed early AD onset, frequent visuospatial dysfunction, movement disorders, and rapid disease progression. Brain MRIs revealed diffuse cortical atrophy, including parietal lobe atrophy, and/or hippocampal atrophy. FDG-PET scans also revealed significant hypometabolism in the bilateral temporo-parietal regions. Our findings provide insight to better understand the genetic background of Korean EOFAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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Mengel D, Liu L, Yamamoto R, Zülow S, Deuschl C, Hermann DM, Zerr I, Selkoe DJ, Dodel R. A novel V272D presenilin mutation associated with logopenia, disorientation, and apraxia in an autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease family. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 85:154.e5-154.e7. [PMID: 31500908 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel mutation in the presenilin 1 gene was discovered in an Iraq-native patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, who presented with speech impairment and memory decline at age 46 years. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a frontotemporal atrophy. Sanger sequencing identified a heterozygous T to A transversion at position 815 (c.815T>A) in the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1), resulting in a novel missense mutation at codon 272 from valine to aspartate (V272D). We tested this PSEN1 mutation in vitro and found V272D resulted in an altered Aβ42/40 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mengel
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Essen, and Geriatric Centre Haus Berge, Contilia Group, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raina Yamamoto
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Eberhard & Partner, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Zülow
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Deuschl
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Dodel
- Chair of Geriatric Medicine, University Essen, and Geriatric Centre Haus Berge, Contilia Group, Essen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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3
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:27-52. [PMID: 31705489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and heterogeneous, severe neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia, characterized by cognitive disturbances, behavioral and psychotic symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, disorientation, behavioral changes, and death. Genetic background of Alzheimer's disease differs between early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, other cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rare cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseases are caused by high-penetrant mutations in genes coding for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and associated with many different genetic risk loci (>20), with the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele being a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Genetic and genomic studies offer insight into many additional genetic risk loci involved in the genetically complex nature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the contributions of individual loci to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that their exact contribution is still not clear. Therefore, the use of genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease, for monitoring development, time course, treatment response, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease, is still far away from the clinical application, because the contribution of genetic variations to the relative risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is limited. In the light of prediction and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, a novel approach could be found in the form of additive genetic risk scores, which combine additive effects of numerous susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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4
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Takahashi Y, Ohta Y, Sasaki R, Tadokoro K, Sato K, Shang J, Takemoto M, Hishikawa N, Yamashita T, Haraguchi T, Ikeuchi T, Abe K. A novel presenilin 1 mutation (Leu418Trp) associated with spasticity, parkinsonism, and white matter lesion in a dominant Alzheimer's family. J Neurol Sci 2018; 387:166-169. [PMID: 29571857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryo Sasaki
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kou Tadokoro
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jingwei Shang
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Haraguchi
- National Hospital Organization Minami-Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Departments of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan.
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5
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Sánchez-Valle R, Monté GC, Sala-Llonch R, Bosch B, Fortea J, Lladó A, Antonell A, Balasa M, Bargalló N, Molinuevo JL. White Matter Abnormalities Track Disease Progression in PSEN1 Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:827-35. [PMID: 26923015 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PSEN1 mutations are the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD), and show nearly full penetrance. There is presently increasing interest in the study of biomarkers that track disease progression in order to test therapeutic interventions in ADAD. We used white mater (WM) volumetric characteristics and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics to investigate correlations with the normalized time to expected symptoms onset (relative age ratio) and group differences in a cohort of 36 subjects from PSEN1 ADAD families: 22 mutation carriers, 10 symptomatic (SMC) and 12 asymptomatic (AMC), and 14 non-carriers (NC). Subjects underwent a 3T MRI. WM morphometric data and DTI metrics were analyzed. We found that PSEN1 MC showed significant negative correlation between fractional anisotropy (FA) and the relative age ratio in the genus and body of corpus callosum and corona radiate (p < 0.05 Family-wise error correction (FWE) at cluster level) and positive correlation with mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AxD), and radial diffusivity (RD) in the splenium of corpus callosum. SMC presented WM volume loss, reduced FA and increased MD, AxD, and RD in the anterior and posterior corona radiate, corpus callosum (p < 0.05 FWE) compared with NC. No significant differences were observed between AMC and NC in WM volume or DTI measures. These findings suggest that the integrity of the WM deteriorates linearly in PSEN1 ADAD from the early phases of the disease; thus DTI metrics might be useful to monitor the disease progression. However, the lack of significant alterations at the preclinical stages suggests that these indexes might not be good candidates for early markers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma C Monté
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Sala-Llonch
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Beatriz Bosch
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mircea Balasa
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Bargalló
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Bagyinszky E, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Mutations, associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, discovered in Asian countries. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1467-1488. [PMID: 27799753 PMCID: PMC5074729 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is a genetically complex disorder. In most Asian countries, the population and the number of AD patients are growing rapidly, and the genetics of AD has been extensively studied, except in Japan. However, recent studies have been started to investigate the genes and mutations associated with AD in Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Malaysia. This review describes all of the known mutations in three early-onset AD (EOAD) causative genes (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2) that were discovered in Asian countries. Most of the EOAD-associated mutations have been detected in PSEN1, and several novel PSEN1 mutations were recently identified in patients from various parts of the world, including Asia. Until 2014, no PSEN2 mutations were found in Asian patients; however, emerging studies from Korea and the People's Republic of China discovered probably pathogenic PSEN2 mutations. Since several novel mutations were discovered in these three genes, we also discuss the predictions on their pathogenic nature. This review briefly summarizes genome-wide association studies of late-onset AD and the genes that might be associated with AD in Asian countries. Standard sequencing is a widely used method, but it has limitations in terms of time, cost, and efficacy. Next-generation sequencing strategies could facilitate genetic analysis and association studies. Genetic testing is important for the accurate diagnosis and for understanding disease-associated pathways and might also improve disease therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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7
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Rostgaard N, Waldemar G, Nielsen JE, Simonsen AH. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Familial Forms of Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2016; 40:54-62. [PMID: 25998699 DOI: 10.1159/000381828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As dementia is a fast-growing health care problem, it is becoming an increasingly urgent need to provide an early diagnosis in order to offer patients the best medical treatment and care. Validated biomarkers which reflect the pathology and disease progression are essential for diagnosis and are important when developing new therapies. Today, the core protein biomarkers amyloid-β42, total tau and phosphorylated tau in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD), because these biomarkers have shown to reflect the underlying amyloid and tau pathology. However, the biomarkers have proved insufficient predictors of dementias with a different pathology, e.g. frontotemporal dementia (FTD); furthermore, the biomarkers are not useful for early AD diagnosis. Familial dementias with a known disease-causing mutation can be extremely valuable to study; yet the biomarker profiles in patients with familial dementias are not clear. This review summarizes CSF biomarker findings from studies on symptomatic and presymptomatic individuals carrying a mutation in one of the genes known to cause early-onset familial AD or FTD. In conclusion, the biomarker profile of inherited AD is quite similar between carriers of different mutations as well as similar to the profile found in sporadic AD, whereas familial FTD does not seem to have a clear biomarker profile. Hence, new biomarkers are needed for FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rostgaard
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Section 6911, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shea YF, Chu LW, Chan AOK, Ha J, Li Y, Song YQ. A systematic review of familial Alzheimer's disease: Differences in presentation of clinical features among three mutated genes and potential ethnic differences. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 115:67-75. [PMID: 26337232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are great diversities of clinical phenotypes among the various familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) families. We aimed to systematically review all the previously reported cases of FAD and to perform comparisons between Asian and white patients. In this regard, we collected individual-level data from 658 pedigrees. We found that patients with presenilin 1 (PSEN1) mutations had the earliest age of onset (AOO; 43.3 ± 8.6 years, p < 0.001) and were more commonly affected by seizures, spastic paraparesis, myoclonus, and cerebellar signs (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.002, respectively). Patients with PSEN2 mutations have a delayed AOO with longest disease duration and presented more frequently with disorientation (p = 0.03). Patients with amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutations presented more frequently with aggression (p = 0.02) and those with APP duplication presented more frequently with apraxia (p = 0.03). PSEN1 mutations before codon 200 had an earlier AOO than those having mutations after codon 200 (41.4 ± 8.0 years vs. 44.7 ± 8.7 years, p < 0.001). Because 42.9% of the mutations reported are novel, the mutation spectrum and clinical features in Asian FAD families could be different from that of whites. Asian patients with PSEN1 mutations presented more frequently with disorientation (p = 0.02) and personality change (p = 0.01) but less frequently with atypical clinical features. Asian patients with APP mutations presented less frequently with aphasia (p = 0.02). Thus, clinical features could be modified by underlying mutations, and Asian FAD patients may have different clinical features when compared with whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat-Fung Shea
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Leung-Wing Chu
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, Strategic Research Theme on Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Angel On-Kei Chan
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Joyce Ha
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Transport Phenomena, Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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9
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Larner AJ, Doran M. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J Neurol 2005; 253:139-58. [PMID: 16267640 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now 10 years since the first report of mutations in the presenilin genes that were deterministic for familial autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. The most common of these mutations occurs in the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1) located on chromosome 14. In the ensuing decade, more than 100 PSEN1 mutations have been described. The emphasis of these reports has largely been on the novelty of the mutations and their potential pathogenic consequences rather than detailed clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and neuropathological accounts of patients with the mutation. This article reviews the clinical phenotypes of reported PSEN1 mutations, emphasizing their heterogeneity, and suggesting that other factors, both genetic and epigenetic,must contribute to disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Larner
- Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery Fazakerley, Liverpool, UK.
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Jimenez-Escrig A, Rabano A, Guerrero C, Simon J, Barquero MS, Güell I, Ginestal RC, Montero T, Orensanz L. New V272A presenilin 1 mutation with very early onset subcortical dementia and parkinsonism. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11:663-9. [PMID: 15469450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present the clinical and pathological details of a kindred of four individuals with a novel missense mutation (V272A) of the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1) that experienced a subcortical dementia. The age of onset of symptoms ranged 26-36-year old, with an age at death of 36-46 years. Initial symptom was a marked mood disorder, with prominent parkinsonism in one case. The neuropsychological study, as well as the neuroimaging and PET in the proband were concordant with a subcortical dementia. The cerebral pathology showed in this patient, aside from the classical lesions of Alzheimer disease, Lewy bodies in cortex and substantia nigra, and widespread subcortical neuritic lesions. This clinical pattern and pathology expands the clinical spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease and compel to include mutations of PSEN1 gene in the genetic study of subcortical dementia.
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12
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Shoji M, Matsubara E, Murakami T, Manabe Y, Abe K, Kanai M, Ikeda M, Tomidokoro Y, Shizuka M, Watanabe M, Amari M, Ishiguro K, Kawarabayashi T, Harigaya Y, Okamoto K, Nishimura T, Nakamura Y, Takeda M, Urakami K, Adachi Y, Nakashima K, Arai H, Sasaki H, Kanemaru K, Yamanouchi H, Yoshida Y, Ichise K, Tanaka K, Hamamoto M, Yamamoto H, Matsubayashi T, Yoshida H, Toji H, Nakamura S, Hirai S. Cerebrospinal fluid tau in dementia disorders: a large scale multicenter study by a Japanese study group. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23:363-70. [PMID: 11959397 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large scale multicenter study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau levels was conducted to determine the cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity for clinical usage as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its use for early and differential diagnosis and the factors that increase CSF tau levels were also examined. CSF samples from a total of 1,031 subjects including 366 patients with AD, 168 patients with non-Alzheimer type dementia (NA), 316 patients with non-dementia neurological diseases (ND) and 181 normal controls (NC) were measured using ELISA for tau. The cut-off value of tau, 375 pg/ml, showed 59.1% sensitivity and 89.5% specificity for diagnosis of AD compared with the other groups. The tau levels were increased from the early to late stages of AD. Elevation of CSF tau in the non-tauopathy and tauopathy dementia groups, chronic and acute damage to the cerebrum, and meningeal disturbance were other factors that required attention for clinical practice. Measurement of CSF tau was useful as a biomarker for early and differential diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shoji
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience/Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan.
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13
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Campion D, Dumanchin C, Hannequin D, Dubois B, Belliard S, Puel M, Thomas-Anterion C, Michon A, Martin C, Charbonnier F, Raux G, Camuzat A, Penet C, Mesnage V, Martinez M, Clerget-Darpoux F, Brice A, Frebourg T. Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and mutation spectrum. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:664-70. [PMID: 10441572 PMCID: PMC1377972 DOI: 10.1086/302553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) and of autosomal dominant forms of EOAD (ADEOAD), we performed a population-based study in the city of Rouen (426,710 residents). EOAD was defined as onset of disease at age <61 years, and ADEOAD was defined as the occurrence of at least three EOAD cases in three generations. Using these stringent criteria, we calculated that the EOAD and ADEOAD prevalences per 100,000 persons at risk were 41.2 and 5.3, respectively. We then performed a mutational analysis of the genes for amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) in 34 families with ADEOAD ascertained in France. In 19 (56%) of these families, we identified 16 distinct PSEN1 missense mutations, including 4 (Thr147Ile, Trp165Cys, Leu173Trp, and Ser390Ile) not reported elsewhere. APP mutations, including a novel mutation located at codon 715, were identified in 5 (15%) of the families. In the 10 remaining ADEOAD families and in 9 additional autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease families that did not fulfill the strict criteria for ADEOAD, no PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP mutation was identified. These results show that (1) PSEN1 and APP mutations account for 71% of ADEOAD families and (2) nonpenetrance at age <61 years is probably infrequent for PSEN1 or APP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campion
- INSERM EPI 9906, Faculté de Médecine, 76183 Rouen, France
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Kanai M, Matsubara E, Isoe K, Urakami K, Nakashima K, Arai H, Sasaki H, Abe K, Iwatsubo T, Kosaka T, Watanabe M, Tomidokoro Y, Shizuka M, Mizushima K, Nakamura T, Igeta Y, Ikeda Y, Amari M, Kawarabayashi T, Ishiguro K, Harigaya Y, Wakabayashi K, Okamoto K, Hirai S, Shoji M. Longitudinal study of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau, A beta1-40, and A beta1-42(43) in Alzheimer's disease: a study in Japan. Ann Neurol 1998; 44:17-26. [PMID: 9667589 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410440108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the alterations of tau, amyloid beta protein (A beta) 1-40 and A beta1-42(43) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that accompany normal aging and the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), CSF samples of 93 AD patients, 32 longitudinal subjects among these 93 AD patients, 33 patients with non-AD dementia, 56 with other neurological diseases, and 54 normal control subjects from three independent institutes were analyzed by sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Although the tau levels increased with aging, a significant elevation of tau and a correlation between the tau levels and the clinical progression were observed in the AD patients. A significant decrease of the A beta1-42(43) levels and a significant increase of the ratio of A beta1-40 to A beta1-42(43) were observed in the AD patients. The longitudinal AD study showed continuous low A beta1-42(43) levels and an increase of the ratio of A beta1-40 to A beta1-42(43) before the onset of AD. These findings suggest that CSF tau may increase with the clinical progression of dementia and that the alteration of the CSF level of A beta1-42(43) and the ratio of A beta1-40 to A beta1-42(43) may start at early stages in AD. The assays of CSF tau, A beta1-40, and A beta1-42(43) provided efficient diagnostic sensitivity (71%) and specificity (83%) by using the production of tau levels and the ratio of A beta1-40 to A beta1-42(43), and an improvement in sensitivity (to 91%) was obtained in the longitudinal evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanai
- Department of Neurology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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