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Maeda A, Villela-Franyutti D, Lumbreras-Marquez MI, Murthy A, Fields KG, Justice S, Tsen LC. Labor Analgesia Initiation With Dural Puncture Epidural Versus Conventional Epidural Techniques: A Randomized Biased-Coin Sequential Allocation Trial to Determine the Effective Dose for 90% of Patients of Bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 2024; 138:1205-1214. [PMID: 37824436 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dural puncture epidural (DPE) technique has a faster onset, better sacral spread, and improved bilateral coverage when compared to the conventional epidural (EPL) technique. Whether these qualities translate into a lower bupivacaine dose to provide initial analgesia is unknown. We sought to determine the effective dose of bupivacaine to achieve initial (first 30 minutes) labor analgesia in 90% of patients (ED90) with the DPE and EPL techniques, using a biased-coin, sequential allocation method. METHODS A total of 100 women of mixed parity with term, singleton gestation at ≤5 cm dilation with no major comorbidities were randomized to receive a DPE or an EPL technique. An experienced anesthesiologist performed these techniques and administered an allocated dose of plain bupivacaine diluted with isotonic sterile 0.9% saline to a total volume of 20 mL via the EPL catheter. Bupivacaine doses for each subject were determined by the response of the previous subject, using a biased-coin sequential allocation method, with success defined by a numeric rating scale (NRS) < 3 at 30 minutes. Outcome assessments were performed by an investigator blinded to the technique and bupivacaine dose. Sensory and motor blockade and maternal or fetal side effects were recorded every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes. The ED90 of bupivacaine with each technique was estimated using centered isotonic regression. RESULTS A total of 95 women were included in the final analysis. The ED90 of bupivacaine was estimated at 29.30 mg (90% confidence interval [CI], 28.55-31.56) with a DPE technique and 45.25 mg (90% CI, 42.80-52.03) with an EPL technique. CONCLUSIONS Using a biased-coin, sequential allocation method, the DPE technique requires less bupivacaine to achieve effective initial analgesia (ED90) when compared to the EPL technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Maeda
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Diego Villela-Franyutti
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mario I Lumbreras-Marquez
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Universidad Panamericana School of Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anarghya Murthy
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kara G Fields
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Justice
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence C Tsen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Yin H, Tong X, Huang H. Dural puncture epidural versus conventional epidural analgesia for labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Anesth 2022; 36:413-427. [PMID: 35445869 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-022-03061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dural puncture epidural (DPE) technique is a modification of the conventional epidural (EP) technique in that the dura is intentionally punctured with a spinal needle but without any spinal injection. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the benefits and risks associated with the DPE technique for labor analgesia. Randomized trials comparing DPE analgesia with EP analgesia for labor pain relief were systematically searched in the database of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Web of Science, and China Biology Medicine till 1st August 2021. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with satisfactory pain relief following DPE or EP analgesia, which was defined as visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores ≤ 3/10 (or 30/100) measured 10 min and 20 min after initiation of labor analgesia. Totally ten trials with 1099 patients were included in this review. DPE technique increased the percentage of patients with VAS pain score ≤ 3/10 (or 30/100) both at 10 min (RR 1.43; 95% CI 1.17, 1.74; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%) and 20 min (RR 1.13; 95% CI 1.04, 1.22; p = 0.005; I2 = 0%) after labor analgesia. No adverse event was found with DPE analgesia. We conclude that compared with EP analgesia, DPE analgesia is beneficial for labor pain relief by shortening the time to achieve satisfactory pain control. Meanwhile, DPE analgesia is not associated with increased adverse maternal/fetal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, 20#, 3rd Segment, Ren Min Nan Lu, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, 20#, 3rd Segment, Ren Min Nan Lu, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, 20#, 3rd Segment, Ren Min Nan Lu, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Puthenveettil N, Rahman S, Jacob R, Ravindran G, Rajan S, Kumar L. Labor epidural analgesia: Comparison of intermittent boluses of ropivacaine with three different concentrations of fentanyl – A randomized controlled trial. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/joacc.joacc_100_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kaçmaz O, Gülhaş N, Erdoğan Kayhan G, Durmuş M. Effects of different epidural initiation volumes on postoperative analgesia in cesarean section. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1955-1962. [PMID: 32682357 PMCID: PMC7775685 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1905-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different epidural initiation volumes on postoperative pain scores, analgesic requirements, and side effects in pregnant women administered patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for postoperative pain after cesarean sections. Materials and methods Eighty-one pregnant women, aged 18–45 years, were included in this randomized, double-blind study. Combined spinal epidural anesthesia was administered for each cesarean section. The patients were divided into 3 groups and different volumes (20 mL, 10 mL, and 5 mL) of the study drug (0.0625% bupivacaine plus 2 μg/mL of fentanyl) were administered 90 min after the spinal block via epidural catheter. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at rest and during movement, first PCEA dose time, number of PCEA doses required per hour, total analgesic consumed, and side effects were recorded postoperatively. Results There were no statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of the VAS rest and VAS movement scores. The times to the first analgesic dose requirement were longer in Group 10 and Group 20 than in Group 5. The analgesic requirement during the first 2 h was lower in Group 20 than in the other groups. Conclusions The PCEA initiations with different volumes provided similar pain scores. However, the 20 mL volume resulted in a lower analgesic dose requirement during the early postoperative period, and it also delayed the requirement for analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Kaçmaz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Malatya Traning and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nurcin Gülhaş
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Gülay Erdoğan Kayhan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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Deng Y, Li H, Dai Y, Yang H, Morse AN, Liang H, Lin Y. Are there differences in pain intensity between two consecutive vaginal childbirths? A retrospective cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 105:103549. [PMID: 32199151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain assessment is crucial for in-labour pain management. Even though women's self-rated pain intensity is the standard for pain relief or analgesic administration, multiparas appear to receive worse in-labour pain management than primiparas do. The discrepancy in pain perception between primiparas and multiparas remains unclear. Healthcare providers tend to think that multiparas endure the pain and report less pain because they have experienced childbirth. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively analyse the intensity of in-labour pain during first and second vaginal childbirth within the same group of women and explore whether parity may be an influential factor in labour pain intensity. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Labour and delivery in a large academic specialized hospital in Guangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS Women were included if they had two consecutive vaginal childbirths with singleton cephalic presentations and cervical dilation ≤ 3 cm for the first childbirth and ≤ 2 cm for the second childbirth. The final study sample consisted of 417 women. METHODS All childbirth case records between January 2015 and August 2018 were scanned using a structured electronic medical system. Maternal and neonatal demographics as well as obstetric and neonatal outcomes were extracted. The in-labour pain for each childbirth was compared between first and second births. Paired t-tests, McNemar's chi-square tests and mixed-effects modelling were applied to compare the differences in labour pain intensity between the two vaginal childbirths and explore the factors that influenced maximum labour pain scores during the second childbirth. RESULTS Four hundred seventeen women were included, with an average birth interval of 1.7 years. The average maximum labour pain score during the latent phase was 6 (5,6) for the first childbirth and 5 (4,6) for the second childbirth (paired t =-6.13, P <0.001). Pain scores decreased in 28.1% (117/417) of women and increased in 13.7% (57/417) of women from the first to the second childbirth. More than half of the women in our study experienced the same maximum labour pain score during the first and second labour. Mixed-effects modelling revealed that parity, education and pregnancy complications were independently associated with maximum labour pain scores. CONCLUSIONS From a clinical point of view, in-labour pain is not clinically different for women when comparing their first and second labours. Health care professionals may underestimate in-labour pain in primiparas when comparing them with nulliparas. More studies are warranted to explore options for achieving better pain management for women with more childbirths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Deng
- Dlivery and Labor Room, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.9 Jinsui Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Huixian Li
- Statistician, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pediatric operation room, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abraham N Morse
- Department of Urogynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huiying Liang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Nursing Administrative Office, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center Guangzhou, Guangzhou Medical University, No.9 Jinsui Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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Zhang Y, Qin QR, Hui LT. Motor blocks and operative deliveries with ropivacaine and fentanyl for labor epidural analgesia: A meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44:2156-2165. [PMID: 30084116 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- 2nd Inpatient Department; Binzhou People's Hospital; Binzhou China
| | - Qing-Rong Qin
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Polytechnic College; Binzhou China
| | - Liang-Tu Hui
- 2nd Inpatient Department; Binzhou People's Hospital; Binzhou China
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Jordan S, Murphy FA, Boucher C, de Lloyd LJ, Morgan G, Roberts AS, Leslie D, Edwards DJ. High dose versus low dose opioid epidural regimens for pain relief in labour. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Jordan
- Department of Nursing, College of Human & Health Sciences; Swansea University; Swansea UK
| | - Fiona A Murphy
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery; Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick; Limerick Ireland
| | | | - Lucy J de Lloyd
- Department of Anaesthetics; Cardiff and Vale UHB, Heath Hospital; Cardiff UK
| | | | - Anna S Roberts
- Department of Anaesthetics; Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board; Swansea UK
| | - David Leslie
- Department of Anaesthesia; Cardiff and Vale University Health Board; Cardiff UK
| | - Darren J Edwards
- Department of Public Health and Social Sciences; Swansea University; Swansea UK
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Karhade SS, Sardesai SP. 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl in the management of labor analgesia: A case study of 30 parturients. Anesth Essays Res 2015; 9:83-7. [PMID: 25886426 PMCID: PMC4383103 DOI: 10.4103/0259-1162.151238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidural infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine is recommended by the manufacturers for labor analgesia. AIMS The aim of this study is to evaluate the analgesic efficacy, degree of motor blockade, obstetric outcome in the form of incidence of normal vaginal, assisted vaginal and lower segment cesarean section. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Pilot study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this pilot study, 30 nulliparous parturients in active labor had epidural analgesia established using 0.2% ropivacaine with 25 mcg fentanyl for initiation when cervical dilatation was 3-4 cm and then analgesia was maintained with 0.2% ropivacaine at 10 ml/h till the delivery of baby. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS It was done by Wilcoxon sign rank test and paired t-test as applicable. RESULTS There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between prebolus, postbolus and postinfusion with respect to visual analog score. There was a significant difference (P > 0.05) between prebolus, postbolus, and postinfusion with respect to Bromage motor score, (Wilcoxon sign rank test). Six out of 30 paturients complained of tingling and heaviness in lower limbs after continuous infusion of 2-2.5 h. CONCLUSION We conclude that 0.2% ropivacaine (8 ml) with fentanyl 25 mcg is good for initiation of ambulatory labor analgesia. But for maintenance of labor analgesia lower concentration of ropivacaine may be preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Shreepad Karhade
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and Hospital, Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shalini Pravin Sardesai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and Hospital, Narhe, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Sultan P, Murphy C, Halpern S, Carvalho B. The effect of low concentrations versus high concentrations of local anesthetics for labour analgesia on obstetric and anesthetic outcomes: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 2013; 60:840-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-013-9981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Loubert C, Hinova A, Fernando R. Update on modern neuraxial analgesia in labour: a review of the literature of the last 5 years. Anaesthesia 2011; 66:191-212. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ginosar Y, Davidson EM, Firman N, Meroz Y, Lemmens H, Weiniger CF. A randomized controlled trial using patient-controlled epidural analgesia with 0.25% versus 0.0625% bupivacaine in nulliparous labor: effect on analgesia requirement and maternal satisfaction. Int J Obstet Anesth 2010; 19:171-8. [PMID: 20223648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of epidural local anesthetic concentration on analgesic action is still the subject of debate. This study compared the effect of a four-fold change in concentration of bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in labor. METHODS Nulliparous women in early active labor were recruited. All women received analgesic drugs via a lumbar epidural catheter, and all received fentanyl 1 microg/kg with the epidural induction dose and no further opioids throughout the study. Patients were randomized to receive either a 5-mL bolus followed by a 5-mL/h infusion of concentrated (0.25%) bupivacaine or a 20-mL bolus followed by a 20-mL/h infusion of dilute (0.0625%) bupivacaine. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia of the study solution was then used to assess additional analgesia requirements. Analgesic requirement, maternal satisfaction and obstetric outcome were compared. RESULTS For subjects receiving 0.25% bupivacaine, the median total dose of drug administered was greater (117 vs. 90 mg, P=0.0008), and the mean maternal satisfaction score was less (82 vs. 93, P=0.04) than with the 0.0625% solution. CONCLUSIONS Larger volumes of more dilute solutions may result in dose sparing and provide more effective labor analgesia. This study supports the continued trend towards dilute local anesthetic mixtures for labor epidural analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ginosar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sympathectomy-mediated vasodilatation: a randomized concentration ranging study of epidural bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56:213-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-008-9036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chan L, Lee BB, Ngan Kee WD. A randomised double-blinded controlled trial of the effect of diluent volume on the efficacy of a single dose of epidural ropivacaine for labour analgesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2006; 15:201-5. [PMID: 16798444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have systematically investigated the effect of diluent volume on the efficacy of epidural local anaesthetics for labour analgesia and no data are available for ropivacaine. Our aim was to compare epidural ropivacaine given in three different volumes for labour analgesia. METHODS In a double-blinded study, we randomly assigned 60 labouring parturients with cervical dilatation <5 cm to receive epidural ropivacaine 30 mg diluted to 5 mL (group 5, n=20), 10 mL (group 10, n=20) or 20 mL (group 20, n=20) for analgesia. We measured visual analogue scale pain scores at the peak of contraction for 30 min plus onset and duration of analgesia. RESULTS Pain scores at 30 min were similar among group 5 (median 22 [interquartile range 0-44] mm), group 10 (9 [0-21] mm) and group 20 (37 [0-51] mm), P=0.35. The number of patients who achieved a decrease in pain score to < or =30% of baseline was similar among group 5 (12/20 (60%)), group 10 (17/20 (85%)) and group 20 (11/19 (58%)), P=0.13. Onset and duration of analgesia, the incidence of motor block and patient satisfaction were similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this study, within the range of 5-20 mL, the volume and concentration were not significant factors influencing the efficacy of a single 30-mg bolus of epidural ropivacaine given for labour analgesia. This suggests that the most important factor influencing analgesic efficacy was drug mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Update on patient controlled epidural analgesia for labour. STUDY DESIGN Literature review of the recent data on local anaesthetics, additional analgesics and of publications on the various protocols used. DATA COLLECTION Pubmed database was checked with the following key words: PCEA, labour, opioids, clonidine. The abstracts of the ASA meetings from 2000 to 2005 were also examined. RESULTS Patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is the method of choice for optimal labour pain management. The advantages of this technique are numerous. Some of them are established: consistent reduction in overall local anathetic requirement, less motor blockade, safety of the technique and team workload reduction. A better adequacy with the analgesic requirements and an increase in overall patient satisfaction are frequently retrieved, provided that the choice of the analgesics and the PCEA parameters are adequately chosen. CONCLUSION The use of PCEA improves the quality of analgesic management offered to the parturients who are more and more willing to have a "more natural" childbirth. The PCEA gives them more autonomy and, in fine, enables them to better enjoy this unique event. The main barrier to a more widespread diffusion of PCEA in many institutions remains the financial issue, although a well-selected device and low cost disposables allow a reduction of indirect costs by decreasing care giver workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lopard
- Service d'Anesthésie, Hôpital Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours, 66, 68, Rue des Plantes, 75014 Paris, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a relatively new mode of maintenance of labour analgesia. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate that PCEA has several advantages over continuous-infusion analgesia and to discuss recent refinements in the use of PCEA for labour. RECENT FINDINGS Early investigations showed that PCEA without background infusion reduced the incidence of motor block and the amount of local anaesthetic needed to produce satisfactory analgesia compared to continuous infusions. Recent studies have shown that the addition of a background infusion to PCEA may be advantageous, depending on the patient population and the rate of the continuous infusion. Both bupivacaine and ropivacaine have been used in PCEA but ropivacaine may be associated with a reduced incidence of motor block in parturients who have epidural analgesia for long periods of time. Of note, very low concentrations of local anaesthetics are required to produce satisfactory analgesia. SUMMARY PCEA has proven to be a safe, convenient, and highly effective way to maintain labour analgesia. Parturients appreciate the control they have over the analgesia received throughout labour when this method is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Halpern
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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