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Li S, Wang Z, Fu W, Li F, Gu H, Cui N, Lin Y, Xie M, Yang Y. Left Ventricular Papillary Muscle: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Multimodal Evaluation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1270. [PMID: 38928685 PMCID: PMC11202998 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14121270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As an integral part of the mitral valve apparatus, the left ventricle papillary muscle (PM) controls mitral valve closure during systole and participates in the ejection process during left ventricular systole. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most immediate and predominant result when the PM is structurally or functionally abnormal. However, dysfunction of the PM is easily underestimated or overlooked in clinical interventions for MR-related diseases. Therefore, adequate recognition of PM dysfunction and PM-derived MR is critical. In this review, we systematically describe the normal anatomical variations in the PM and the pathophysiology of PM dysfunction-related diseases and summarize the commonly used parameters and the advantages and disadvantages of various noninvasive imaging modalities for the structural and functional assessment of the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenpei Fu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fangya Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hui Gu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yixia Lin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (S.L.); (Z.W.); (W.F.); (F.L.); (H.G.); (N.C.); (Y.L.); (M.X.)
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan 430022, China
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Moreno Garijo J, Ibáñez C, Perdomo JM, Abel MD, Meineri M. Preintervention imaging and intraoperative management care of the hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patient. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2021; 30:35-42. [PMID: 34558997 PMCID: PMC8941714 DOI: 10.1177/02184923211047126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With an estimated overall mortality of less than 1 percent per year, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is the most common genetic cardiomyopathy. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is the standard of care for assessing patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy undergoing surgical septal myectomy, allowing surgical planning, intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring, and postprocedural assessment of the repair, including detection of immediate complications. At various phases during surgical septal myectomy, the changing hemodynamic conditions may lead to worsening or improvement in left ventricle outflow tract obstruction by change in preload or afterload, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, or sympathetic stimulation. These characteristics represent unique challenges in the management of these patients, requiring a comprehensive understanding of the management of all the conditions required to decrease the left ventricle outflow tract gradient avoiding obstruction, which include the maintenance of sinus rhythm, adequate rate avoiding tachycardia and bradycardia, and avoidance of systemic hypotension preserving preload and afterload, with adequate vasoactive agents. The aim of this review is to summarize the perioperative assessment and management of patients undergoing hypertrophic obstructive myopathy surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Moreno Garijo
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, 33540Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cristina Ibáñez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínic, 16493University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Perdomo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Clínic, 16493University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin D Abel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, 156400Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Massimiliano Meineri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, 40628Herzzentrum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Misra S, Tapuria P, Elayat A. Mitral Stenosis With Unusual Prebypass Subvalvular Flow Turbulence: Complementary Role of 2- and 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography. A A Pract 2021; 14:e01259. [PMID: 32633927 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Misra
- From the Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
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