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Lilien TA, Brinkman P, Fenn DW, van Woensel JBM, Bos LDJ, Bem RA. Breath Markers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Severe Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:392-399. [PMID: 38315815 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0349oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), resulting in both acute and long-term pulmonary disease, constitutes a substantial burden among young children. Viral LRTI triggers local oxidative stress pathways by infection and inflammation, and supportive care in the pediatric intensive care unit may further aggravate oxidative injury. The main goal of this exploratory study was to identify and monitor breath markers linked to oxidative stress in children over the disease course of severe viral LRTI. Exhaled breath was sampled during invasive ventilation, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. VOCs were selected in an untargeted principal component analysis and assessed for change over time. In addition, identified VOCs were correlated with clinical parameters. Seventy breath samples from 21 patients were analyzed. A total of 15 VOCs were identified that contributed the most to the explained variance of breath markers. Of these 15 VOCs, 10 were previously linked to pathways of oxidative stress. Eight VOCs, including seven alkanes and methyl alkanes, significantly decreased from the initial phase of ventilation to the day of extubation. No correlation was observed with the administered oxygen dose, whereas six VOCs showed a poor to strong positive correlation with driving pressure. In this prospective study of children with severe viral LRTI, the majority of VOCs that were most important for the explained variance mirrored clinical improvement. These breath markers could potentially help monitor the pulmonary oxidative status in these patients, but further research with other objective measures of pulmonary injury is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs A Lilien
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Emma Children's Hospital
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Job B M van Woensel
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Emma Children's Hospital
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D J Bos
- Department of Pulmonology, and
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Reinout A Bem
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Emma Children's Hospital
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Exhaled Aldehydes as Biomarkers for Lung Diseases: A Narrative Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165258. [PMID: 36014494 PMCID: PMC9415864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breath analysis provides great potential as a fast and non-invasive diagnostic tool for several diseases. Straight-chain aliphatic aldehydes were repeatedly detected in the breath of patients suffering from lung diseases using a variety of methods, such as mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, or electro-chemical sensors. Several studies found increased concentrations of exhaled aldehydes in patients suffering from lung cancer, inflammatory and infectious lung diseases, and mechanical lung injury. This article reviews the origin of exhaled straight-chain aliphatic aldehydes, available detection methods, and studies that found increased aldehyde exhalation in lung diseases.
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Kiefer D, Müller-Wirtz LM, Maurer F, Hüppe T, Mathes AM, Volk T, Kreuer S, Fink T. Intravenous propofol, ketamine (ketofol) and rocuronium after sevoflurane induction provides long lasting anesthesia in ventilated rats. Exp Anim 2021; 71:231-239. [PMID: 34880161 PMCID: PMC9130037 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are commonly used animals for laboratory experiments and many experiments require general anesthesia. However, the lack of published and reproducible intravenous anesthesia protocols
for rats results in unnecessary animal use to establish new anesthesia techniques across institutions. We therefore developed an anesthesia protocol with propofol, ketamine, and rocuronium
for mechanically ventilated rats, and evaluated vital parameters and plasma concentrations. 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent inhalation induction with sevoflurane and tracheal, venous
and arterial cannulation. After established venous access, sevoflurane was substituted by propofol and ketamine (ketofol). Rocuronium was added under mechanical ventilation for 7 h. Drug
dosages were stepwise reduced to prevent accumulation. All animals survived the observation period and showed adequate depth of anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate remained
within normal ranges. Median propofol plasma concentrations remained stable: 1, 4, 7 h: 2.0 (interquartile range (IQR): 1.8–2.2), 2.1 (1.8–2.2), 1.8 (1.6–2.1) µg/ml, whereas
median ketamine concentrations slightly differed after 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.7 (IQR: 3.5–4.5), 3.8 (3.3–4.1), 3.8 (3.0–4.1) µg/ml. Median rocuronium plasma
concentrations were lower after 4 and 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.9 (IQR: 3.5–4.9), 3.2 (2.7–3.3), 3.0 (2.4–3.4) µg/ml. Our anesthesia protocol provides stable and
reliable anesthesia in mechanically ventilated rats for several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kiefer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Lukas M Müller-Wirtz
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Felix Maurer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tobias Hüppe
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Alexander M Mathes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Thomas Volk
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tobias Fink
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
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Quantification of Volatile Aldehydes Deriving from In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation in the Breath of Ventilated Patients. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113089. [PMID: 34064214 PMCID: PMC8196825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled aliphatic aldehydes were proposed as non-invasive biomarkers to detect increased lipid peroxidation in various diseases. As a prelude to clinical application of the multicapillary column–ion mobility spectrometry for the evaluation of aldehyde exhalation, we, therefore: (1) identified the most abundant volatile aliphatic aldehydes originating from in vitro oxidation of various polyunsaturated fatty acids; (2) evaluated emittance of aldehydes from plastic parts of the breathing circuit; (3) conducted a pilot study for in vivo quantification of exhaled aldehydes in mechanically ventilated patients. Pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal were quantifiable in the headspace of oxidizing polyunsaturated fatty acids, with pentanal and hexanal predominating. Plastic parts of the breathing circuit emitted hexanal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal, whereby nonanal and decanal were ubiquitous and pentanal or heptanal not being detected. Only pentanal was quantifiable in breath of mechanically ventilated surgical patients with a mean exhaled concentration of 13 ± 5 ppb. An explorative analysis suggested that pentanal exhalation is associated with mechanical power—a measure for the invasiveness of mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, exhaled pentanal is a promising non-invasive biomarker for lipid peroxidation inducing pathologies, and should be evaluated in future clinical studies, particularly for detection of lung injury.
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Müller-Wirtz LM, Kiefer D, Knauf J, Floss MA, Doneit J, Wolf B, Maurer F, Sessler DI, Volk T, Kreuer S, Fink T. Differential Response of Pentanal and Hexanal Exhalation to Supplemental Oxygen and Mechanical Ventilation in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:2752. [PMID: 34067078 PMCID: PMC8124567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High inspired oxygen during mechanical ventilation may influence the exhalation of the previously proposed breath biomarkers pentanal and hexanal, and additionally induce systemic inflammation. We therefore investigated the effect of various concentrations of inspired oxygen on pentanal and hexanal exhalation and serum interleukin concentrations in 30 Sprague Dawley rats mechanically ventilated with 30, 60, or 93% inspired oxygen for 12 h. Pentanal exhalation did not differ as a function of inspired oxygen but increased by an average of 0.4 (95%CI: 0.3; 0.5) ppb per hour, with concentrations doubling from 3.8 (IQR: 2.8; 5.1) ppb at baseline to 7.3 (IQR: 5.0; 10.8) ppb after 12 h. Hexanal exhalation was slightly higher at 93% of inspired oxygen with an average difference of 0.09 (95%CI: 0.002; 0.172) ppb compared to 30%. Serum IL-6 did not differ by inspired oxygen, whereas IL-10 at 60% and 93% of inspired oxygen was greater than with 30%. Both interleukins increased over 12 h of mechanical ventilation at all oxygen concentrations. Mechanical ventilation at high inspired oxygen promotes pulmonary lipid peroxidation and systemic inflammation. However, the response of pentanal and hexanal exhalation varies, with pentanal increasing by mechanical ventilation, whereas hexanal increases by high inspired oxygen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M. Müller-Wirtz
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Daniel Kiefer
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Joschua Knauf
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Maximilian A. Floss
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Jonas Doneit
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Beate Wolf
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Felix Maurer
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Daniel I. Sessler
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Thomas Volk
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Tobias Fink
- CBR—Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, 66421 Saarland, Germany; (D.K.); (J.K.); (M.A.F.); (J.D.); (B.W.); (F.M.); (T.V.); (S.K.); (T.F.)
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
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