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Kamali H, Tafaghodi M, Eisvand F, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Khajouee M, Ghazizadeh H, Mosafer J. Preparation and Evaluation of the In situ Gel-forming Chitosan Hydrogels for Nasal Delivery of Morphine in a Single Unit dose in Rats to Enhance the Analgesic Responses. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1024-1035. [PMID: 37491854 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230724161205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, an in situ gel-forming chitosan hydrogel was prepared with the use of glutamate salt of chitosan (Ch-Ga), β-glycerophosphate (Gp), and morphine (Mor). The paper is focused on in vitro physicochemical properties and in-vivo analgesic effects of the prepared chitosan hydrogel. METHOD The thermosensitive properties of prepared chitosan hydrogel were evaluated during the different temperatures and times. The physicochemical properties of chitosan hydrogel were investigated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Also, its cell cytotoxicity effects were evaluated in murine NIH/3T3 normal cells. Subsequently, the distribution of chitosan hydrogel in the nasal cavity of rats and its analgesic responses were evaluated. The prepared chitosan hydrogel showed that it could be gelled at the temperature of 34 °C before leaving the nose in the shortest possible time of 30 s. RESULT The analgesic responses of the intranasal (IN) injection of chitosan hydrogel (IN-chitosan hydrogel, 10 mg Mor/kg) in a single unit dose in rat relative to the placebo and intranasal or intraperitoneal (IP) injection of free morphine solution (IN-Free Mor or IP-Free Mor, 10 mg Mor/kg) via the hot plate test, reveal that the IN-chitosan hydrogel could induce fast analgesic effects of morphine with maximum possible effect (MPE) of 93% after 5 min compare to the IN-Free Mor and IP-Free Mor with MPE of 80% after 15 min and 66% after 30 min, respectively. Also, prolonged analgesic effects with MPE of 78 % after 6 h of injection were only seen in the IN-chitosan hydrogel injected group. The obtained fluorescent images of rat's brain injected with IN-chitosan hydrogel containing doxorubicine (Dox) as a fluorescent agent showed that the mucosal adhesive and absorption enhancer properties of IN-chitosan hydrogel resulting in longer presence of them in the nasal cavity of rats followed by more absorption of Dox from the blood vessels of olfactory bulbs with a 74% color intensity compared to the IN-Free Mor and IN-Free Dox with 15%. CONCLUSION These data reveal that the IN-chitosan hydrogel could induce fast and prolonged analgesic effects of morphine compare to the IN/IP-Free Mor, which could be considered as an in situ gel-forming thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel for nasal delivery of wide ranges of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kamali
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farhad Eisvand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Mohammad Ahmadi-Soleimani
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mina Khajouee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hosnieh Ghazizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
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Babu SR, Shekara HH, Sahoo AK, Harsha Vardhan PV, Thiruppathi N, Venkatesh MP. Intranasal nanoparticulate delivery systems for neurodegenerative disorders: a review. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:571-594. [PMID: 37691577 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a significant cause of mortality worldwide, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant challenge for drug delivery. An intranasal route is a prominent approach among the various methods to bypass the BBB. There are different pathways involved in intranasal drug delivery. The drawbacks of this method include mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation and poor drug permeation. Novel nanoformulations and intranasal drug-delivery devices offer promising solutions to overcome these challenges. Nanoformulations include polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, microspheres, liposomes and noisomes. Additionally, intranasal devices could be utilized to enhance drug-delivery efficacy. Therefore, intranasal drug-delivery systems show potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases through trigeminal or olfactory pathways, which can significantly improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Someshbabu Ramesh Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Harshith Hosahalli Shekara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Pyda Venkata Harsha Vardhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Nitheesh Thiruppathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Madhugiri Prakash Venkatesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kaula Lampur, Malaysia
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Li X, Li S, Ma C, Li T, Yang L. Preparation of baicalin-loaded ligand-modified nanoparticles for nose-to-brain delivery for neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1282-1298. [PMID: 35467483 PMCID: PMC9045769 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2064564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia (CI) has received increasing attention. However, efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain remains a major challenge due to the complex environment of the brain. Nose-to-brain-based delivery is a promising approach. Here, we optimized a nanocarrier formulation of neuroprotective agents that can be used for nose-to-brain delivery by obtaining RVG29 peptide-modified polyethylene glycol–polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (PEG–PLGA RNPs) that have physicochemical properties that lead to stable and sustained drug release and thereby improve the bioavailability of neuroprotective agents. The brain-targeting ability of PEG–PLGA RNPs administered through nasal inhalation was verified in a rat model of CI. It was found that delivery to the whole brain can be achieved with little delivery to the peripheral circulation. Baicalin (BA) was selected as the neuroprotective agent for delivery. After intranasal administration of BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs, the neurological dysfunction of rats with ischemic brain injury was significantly alleviated, the cerebral infarction area was reduced, and nerve trauma and swelling were relieved. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of BA in a rat model of CI may be mediated by inhibition of inflammation and alleviation of oxidative stress. The immunohistochemical results obtained after treatment with nanoparticles loaded with BA showed that Nrf2/HO-1 was activated in the area in which ischemic brain damage had occurred and that its expression was significantly higher in the group treated with BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs than in the other groups. The ELISA results showed that the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were abnormally increased in the serum of rats with cerebral ischemia. After treatment with BA-loaded nanoparticles, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels decreased significantly. Oxidative stress was alleviated; the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase increased; and the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde decreased, in animals to which BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs were delivered by intranasal inhalation. In conclusion, BA–PEG–PLGA RNPs can effectively deliver BA to rats and thereby exert neuroprotective effects against CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Shuling Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Chun Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Tieshu Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, ChangChun, China
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Crowe TP, Hsu WH. Evaluation of Recent Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems to the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:629. [PMID: 35336004 PMCID: PMC8950509 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases continue to increase in prevalence worldwide. Combined with the lack of modifiable risk factors or strongly efficacious therapies, these disorders pose a significant and growing burden on healthcare systems and societies. The development of neuroprotective or curative therapies is limited by a variety of factors, but none more than the highly selective blood-brain barrier. Intranasal administration can bypass this barrier completely and allow direct access to brain tissues, enabling a large number of potential new therapies ranging from bioactive peptides to stem cells. Current research indicates that merely administering simple solutions is inefficient and may limit therapeutic success. While many therapies can be delivered to some degree without carrier molecules or significant modification, a growing body of research has indicated several methods of improving the safety and efficacy of this administration route, such as nasal permeability enhancers, gelling agents, or nanocarrier formulations. This review shall discuss promising delivery systems and their role in expanding the clinical efficacy of this novel administration route. Optimization of intranasal administration will be crucial as novel therapies continue to be studied in clinical trials and approved to meet the growing demand for the treatment of patients with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P. Crowe
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Walter H. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Smith TR, Winner P, Aurora SK, Jeleva M, Hocevar-Trnka J, Shrewsbury SB. STOP 301: A Phase 3, open-label study of safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of INP104, Precision Olfactory Delivery (POD ® ) of dihydroergotamine mesylate, over 24/52 weeks in acute treatment of migraine attacks in adult patients. Headache 2021; 61:1214-1226. [PMID: 34363701 PMCID: PMC9292844 DOI: 10.1111/head.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To report the safety, tolerability, exploratory efficacy, and patient acceptability of INP104 for the acute treatment of migraine from the Phase 3 STOP 301 trial. Background Dihydroergotamine (DHE) has long been used to treat migraine, but intravenous administration is invasive, frequently associated with adverse events (AEs), and not suitable for at‐home administration. INP104 is an investigational drug device that delivers DHE mesylate to the upper nasal space using a Precision Olfactory Delivery technology and was developed to overcome the shortcomings of available DHE products. Methods STOP 301 was an open‐label, 24‐week safety study, with a 28‐week extension period. After a 28‐day screening period where patients used their “best usual care” to treat migraine attacks, patients were given INP104 (1.45 mg) to self‐administer nasally with self‐recognized attacks. The primary objective of this study was to assess safety and tolerability, with a specific focus on nasal mucosa and olfactory function. Exploratory objectives included efficacy assessments of migraine measures and a patient acceptability questionnaire. Results A total of 360 patients entered the 24‐week treatment period, with 354 patients dosing at least once. INP104‐related treatment‐emergent AEs were reported by 36.7% (130/354) of patients, and 6.8% (24/354) discontinued treatment due to AEs over 24 weeks. No new safety signals were observed following delivery to the upper nasal space. Pain freedom, the most bothersome symptom freedom, and pain relief at 2 h post‐INP104 were self‐reported by 38.0% (126/332), 52.1% (173/332), and 66.3% (167/252) of patients, respectively. A low recurrence rate at 24 and 48 h was observed (7.1% [9/126] and 14.3% [18/126], respectively). Most patients found INP104 easy to use and preferred it over their current therapy. Conclusions INP104 has the potential to deliver rapid symptom relief, without injection, that is well tolerated and suitable for outpatient use. Results suggest INP104 may be a promising treatment for patients with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Smith
- Department of Research, StudyMetrix Research, St. Peters, MO, USA
| | - Paul Winner
- Palm Beach Headache Center, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | | | - Maria Jeleva
- Medical Affairs, Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA, USA
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Improving the Utility of a Dynorphin Peptide Analogue Using Mannosylated Glycoliposomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157996. [PMID: 34360762 PMCID: PMC8348236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics offer numerous advantages in the treatment of diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, they are not without limitations, especially in terms of their pharmacokinetics where their metabolic lability and low blood–brain barrier penetration hinder their application. Targeted nanoparticle delivery systems are being tapped for their ability to improve the delivery of therapeutics into the brain non-invasively. We have developed a family of mannosylated glycoliposome delivery systems for targeted drug delivery applications. Herein, we demonstrate via in vivo distribution studies the potential of these glycoliposomes to improve the utility of CNS active therapeutics using dynantin, a potent and selective dynorphin peptide analogue antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Glycoliposomal entrapment protected dynantin against known rapid metabolic degradation and ultimately improved brain levels of the peptide by approximately 3–3.5-fold. Moreover, we linked this improved brain delivery with improved KOR antagonist activity by way of an approximately 30–40% positive modulation of striatal dopamine levels 20 min after intranasal administration. Overall, the results clearly highlight the potential of our glycoliposomes as a targeted delivery system for therapeutic agents of the CNS.
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Intranasal Administration for Pain: Oxytocin and Other Polypeptides. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071088. [PMID: 34371778 PMCID: PMC8309171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain, particularly chronic pain, remains one of the most debilitating and difficult-to-treat conditions in medicine. Chronic pain is difficult to treat, in part because it is associated with plastic changes in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Polypeptides are linear organic polymers that are highly selective molecules for neurotransmitter and other nervous system receptors sites, including those associated with pain and analgesia, and so have tremendous potential in pain therapeutics. However, delivery of polypeptides to the nervous system is largely limited due to rapid degradation within the peripheral circulation as well as the blood–brain barrier. One strategy that has been shown to be successful in nervous system deposition of polypeptides is intranasal (IN) delivery. In this narrative review, we discuss the delivery of polypeptides to the peripheral and central nervous systems following IN administration. We briefly discuss the mechanism of delivery via the nasal–cerebral pathway. We review recent studies that demonstrate that polypeptides such as oxytocin, delivered IN, not only reach key pain-modulating regions in the nervous system but, in doing so, evoke significant analgesic effects. IN administration of polypeptides has tremendous potential to provide a non-invasive, rapid and effective method of delivery to the nervous system for chronic pain treatment and management.
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Nasal Delivery of Acute Medications for Migraine: The Upper Versus Lower Nasal Space. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112468. [PMID: 34199479 PMCID: PMC8199675 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute treatment of migraine requires effective drugs that are well tolerated and provide rapid and consistent pain relief. Oral tablets are the most commonly used acute treatment for migraine; however, their effectiveness is limited by the rate of gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorption and first-pass hepatic metabolism, and they may not be ideal for patients experiencing GI motility issues. Nasal delivery is an attractive alternative route as it may circumvent GI tract absorption, avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver, and potentially reduce the frequency of GI adverse events. The large surface area and high vascularity within the nose may permit rapid absorption of therapeutics into the systemic circulation, allowing for rapid onset of action. However, the site of drug deposition (upper versus lower nasal cavity) may influence drug pharmacokinetics. Most approved nasal migraine therapies target the lower nasal space where the epithelium is less permeable, and they may be quickly cleared away due to increased ciliary function or dripping from the nose or swallowing, resulting in variable absorption and limited bioavailability. Together with its abundant vascularization, relative mucosal thickness stability, and low clearance rates, the upper nasal space harnesses the benefits of nasal delivery to potentially maximize drug efficacy.
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Shah B. Microemulsion as a promising carrier for nose to brain delivery: journey since last decade. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00528-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kashyap K, Shukla R. Drug Delivery and Targeting to the Brain Through Nasal Route: Mechanisms, Applications and Challenges. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:887-901. [PMID: 31660815 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666191029122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides restrictions for the transportation of various therapeutic agents to the brain. Efforts to directly target the brain by olfactory as well as trigeminal nerve pathway, bypassing BBB, have grown significantly in recent times. The intranasal route of transportation of the drug encompasses ability for the delivery of drug directly to the brain, improves site-specificity in the brain and avoids systemic side effects. In the current era, novel drug delivery systems are useful tools for targeting the brain without providing any harmful effects in nasal mucosa as well as the central nervous system. The complex structure of nasal cavity, mucociliary clearance, degradation by the enzymes present in nasal cavity and pathological conditions like rhinitis, common cold, etc. are the major disputes for nasal drug delivery. The use of nanotechnological approaches like solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes and polymeric micelles provides the ability to overcome these barriers. There are several emerging nasal drug delivery technologies produced by various pharmaceutical companies to conquer these hurdles. This review tries to address the recent developments in the area of direct drug delivery to the brain through the nasal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, India
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Gao M, Shen X, Mao S. Factors influencing drug deposition in the
nasal cavity upon delivery via nasal sprays. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Silberstein SD, Shrewsbury SB, Hoekman J. Dihydroergotamine (DHE) - Then and Now: A Narrative Review. Headache 2019; 60:40-57. [PMID: 31737909 PMCID: PMC7003832 DOI: 10.1111/head.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a narrative review of clinical development programs for non-oral, non-injectable formulations of dihydroergotamine (DHE) for the treatment of migraine. BACKGROUND Dihydroergotamine was one of the first "synthetic drugs" developed in the 20th century for treating migraine. It is effective and recommended for acute migraine treatment. Since oral DHE is extensively metabolized, it must be given by a non-oral route. Intravenous DHE requires healthcare personnel to administer, subcutaneous/intramuscular injection is challenging to self-administer, and the approved nasal spray formulation exhibits low bioavailability and high variability that limits its efficacy. Currently there are several attempts underway to develop non-oral, non-injected formulations of DHE. METHOD A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases, then narrative review of identified reports, focusing on those published in the last 10 years. RESULTS Of 1881 references to DHE from a MEDLINE/PubMed search, 164 were from the last 10 years and were the focus of this review. Further cross reference was made to ClinicalTrials.gov for 19 clinical studies, of which some results have not yet been published, or are studies that are currently underway. Three nasal DHE products are in clinical development, reawakening interest in this route of delivery for migraine. Other routes of DHE administration have been, or are being, explored. CONCLUSION There is renewed appreciation for DHE and the need for non-oral, non-injected delivery is now being addressed.
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Perivascular and Perineural Pathways Involved in Brain Delivery and Distribution of Drugs after Intranasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110598. [PMID: 31726721 PMCID: PMC6921024 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) is the efficient delivery of drugs to their targets within the brain. Only a small fraction of drugs is able to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) under physiological conditions, and this observation has prompted investigation into the routes of administration that may potentially bypass the BBB and deliver drugs directly to the CNS. One such route is the intranasal (IN) route. Increasing evidence has suggested that intranasally-administered drugs are able to bypass the BBB and access the brain through anatomical pathways connecting the nasal cavity to the CNS. Though the exact mechanisms regulating the delivery of therapeutics following IN administration are not fully understood, current evidence suggests that the perineural and perivascular spaces of the olfactory and trigeminal nerves are involved in brain delivery and cerebral perivascular spaces are involved in widespread brain distribution. Here, we review evidence for these delivery and distribution pathways, and we address questions that should be resolved in order to optimize the IN route of administration as a viable strategy to treat CNS disease states.
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Shrewsbury SB, Jeleva M, Satterly KH, Lickliter J, Hoekman J. STOP 101: A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Comparative Bioavailability Study of INP104, Dihydroergotamine Mesylate (DHE) Administered Intranasally by a I123 Precision Olfactory Delivery (POD ® ) Device, in Healthy Adult Subjects. Headache 2019; 59:394-409. [PMID: 30659611 DOI: 10.1111/head.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of INP104, intranasal dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) administered via a Precision Olfactory Delivery (POD® ) device, (Impel NeuroPharma, Seattle, WA) vs intravenous (IV) DHE and DHE nasal spray (Migranal® ) in healthy adult subjects. METHODS This was a Phase 1, open-label, randomized, single-dose, 3-period, 3-way crossover study. Subjects received a single dose of A) INP104 1.45 mg (a drug-device combination product composed of DHE and the I123 POD device); B) DHE 45® Injection (IV) 1.0 mg; and C) DHE by Migranal® Nasal Spray 2.0 mg. Plasma levels of DHE and the major bioactive metabolite, 8'OH-DHE, were measured, and PK parameters were determined for both. Comparative bioavailability (BA) was assessed by calculating the ratio of the geometric means between treatments for Cmax and AUC0-inf on the ln-transformed data. Safety was assessed from adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms, and clinical laboratory values. RESULTS Thirty-eight subjects were enrolled, 36 were dosed with at least 1 IP and 27 were included in the evaluation of PK and comparative BA. DHE plasma levels following INP104 1.45 mg administration reached 93% of Cmax by 20 minutes and were comparable to IV DHE 1.0 mg by 30 minutes (1219 ng/mL for INP104 vs 1224 ng/mL for IV DHE), which was the Tmax for INP104. From 30 minutes onward, DHE levels for INP104 closely matched those of IV DHE to 48 hours, the last time point measured. In comparison, the Cmax for Migranal was 299.6 pg/mL (approximately 4-fold less than INP104) and occurred at 47 minutes, 17 minutes later than INP104. Plasma DHE AUC0-inf were 6275, 7490, and 2199 h*pg/mL for INP104, IV DHE, and Migranal, respectively. Variability (coefficient of variation [CV%]) for Cmax and AUC0-inf for INP104 compared to Migranal indicated more consistent delivery with INP104. In the BA comparison using the PK population (subjects who had received all 3 treatments), the ratios of geometric means (percent) for Cmax and AUC0-inf were 7.9% and 74.2%, respectively, for INP104: IV DHE, and 445% and 308% for INP104: Migranal. Mean plasma concentration profiles for 8'-OH-DHE were proportionately lower and followed a similar profile to the parent compound, regardless of route of administration (IN vs IV) or delivery system (Migranal vs INP104). Treatment emergent AEs (TEAEs), of mostly mild intensity, were reported by 15/31 (48.4%), 21/32 (65.6%), and 14/34 (41.2%) subjects after INP104, IV DHE, and Migranal, respectively. Treatment-related TEAEs occurred in 6/31 (19.4%), 16/32 (50.0%), and 4/34 (11.8%) subjects after INP104, IV DHE, and Migranal, respectively. CONCLUSION INP104 met the predefined statistical criteria for comparative bioavailability with IV DHE and Migranal. The shorter time to reach Cmax and at 4 times the plasma concentration of DHE in comparison to Migranal combined with a favorable tolerability profile support further investigation of INP104 as an effective, well tolerated, and non-invasive treatment for acute episodic migraine.
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Gänger S, Schindowski K. Tailoring Formulations for Intranasal Nose-to-Brain Delivery: A Review on Architecture, Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Mucociliary Clearance of the Nasal Olfactory Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030116. [PMID: 30081536 PMCID: PMC6161189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are major obstacles in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery, since they block most molecules from entering the brain. Alternative drug delivery routes like intraparenchymal or intrathecal are invasive methods with a remaining risk of infections. In contrast, nose-to-brain delivery is a minimally invasive drug administration pathway, which bypasses the blood-brain barrier as the drug is directed from the nasal cavity to the brain. In particular, the skull base located at the roof of the nasal cavity is in close vicinity to the CNS. This area is covered with olfactory mucosa. To design and tailor suitable formulations for nose-to-brain drug delivery, the architecture, structure and physico-chemical characteristics of the mucosa are important criteria. Hence, here we review the state-of-the-art knowledge about the characteristics of the nasal and, in particular, the olfactory mucosa needed for a rational design of intranasal formulations and dosage forms. Also, the information is suitable for the development of systemic or local intranasal drug delivery as well as for intranasal vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Gänger
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany.
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Xi J, Wang Z, Si XA, Zhou Y. Nasal dilation effects on olfactory deposition in unilateral and bi-directional deliveries: In vitro tests and numerical modeling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 118:113-123. [PMID: 29597042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The human nose can expand either actively or passively to increase airflow. Nasal dilation may alter drug delivery efficiencies in the nasal airway or olfactory region. However, the dosage enhancement from nasal dilations has not been quantified. The mechanisms underlying the dilation-induced deposition variation are also not clear. This study aims to quantify the nasal dilation effects on drug delivery in the nasal airway and olfactory region using in vitro tests and numerical analysis. Two variants of an existing normal nasal airway model were developed with different levels of airway dilation. Airway dimensions were quantified in terms of hydraulic diameter, cross-sectional area, and surface area to volume ratio. Sectional nose casts were prepared using a 3-D printer for visualizing deposition patterns and quantifying delivered dosages. A well-validated computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) model was utilized to understand the underlying mechanisms in the unilateral and bi-directional deliveries. In vitro tests show that nasal dilation lowered the total dosage in the nose but increased the dosage to the olfactory region in both the unilateral and bi-directional deliveries. Compared to the normal nose with unilateral delivery, nasal dilation enhanced the olfactory deposition by a factor of 2.2, while nasal dilatation with the bi-directional delivery increased by a factor of 4. Complementary numerical analyses revealed the growth of a recirculation zone in the middle meatus of dilated noses, which induced lower pressure and increased ventilation to the upper nose. In bi-directional deliveries, a significantly higher fraction of airflow was ventilated to the upper airway in the outflow side of the nose and contributed to the elevated olfactory dosage. Nasal dilation in combination with the bi-directional delivery is recommended over the conventional unilateral method for olfactory targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiuhua April Si
- Department of Aerospace, Industrial, and Mechanical Engineering California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Aerosol and Respiratory Dosimetry Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Warnken ZN, Smyth HDC, Davis DA, Weitman S, Kuhn JG, Williams RO. Personalized Medicine in Nasal Delivery: The Use of Patient-Specific Administration Parameters To Improve Nasal Drug Targeting Using 3D-Printed Nasal Replica Casts. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1392-1402. [PMID: 29485888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective targeting of nasal spray deposition could improve local, systemic, and CNS drug delivery; however, this has proven to be difficult due to the anatomical features of the nasal cavity, including the nasal valve and turbinate structures. Furthermore, nasal cavity geometries and dimensions vary between individuals based on differences in their age, gender, and ethnicity. The effect of patient-specific administration parameters was evaluated for their ability to overcome the barriers of targeted nasal drug delivery. The nasal spray deposition was evaluated in 10 3D-printed nasal cavity replicas developed based on the CT-scans of five pediatric and five adult subjects. Cromolyn sodium nasal solution, USP, modified with varying concentrations of hypromellose was utilized as a model nasal spray to evaluate the deposition pattern from formulations producing a variety of plume angles. A central composite design of experiments was implemented using the formulation with the narrowest plume angle to determine the patient-specific angle for targeting the turbinate region in each individual. The use of the patient-specific angle with this formulation significantly increased the turbinate deposition efficiency compared to that found for all subjects using an administration angle of 30°, around 90% compared to about 73%. Generally, we found turbinate deposition increased with decreases in the administration angle. Deposition to the upper regions of the replica was poor with any formulation or administration angle tested. Effective turbinate targeting of nasal sprays can be accomplished with the use of patient-specific administration parameters in individuals. Further research is required to see if these parameters can be device-controlled for patients and if other regions can be effectively targeted with other nasal devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary N Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Daniel A Davis
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Steve Weitman
- Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center (CTRC), University of Texas Health San Antonio , 7979 Wurzbach Dr. , San Antonio , Texas 78229 , United States
| | - John G Kuhn
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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Khan AR, Liu M, Khan MW, Zhai G. Progress in brain targeting drug delivery system by nasal route. J Control Release 2017; 268:364-389. [PMID: 28887135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the transport of potential therapeutic moieties to the brain. Direct targeting the brain via olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways by passing the BBB has gained an important consideration for delivery of wide range of therapeutics to brain. Intranasal route of transportation directly delivers the drugs to brain without systemic absorption, thus avoiding the side effects and enhancing the efficacy of neurotherapeutics. Over the last several decades, different drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been studied for targeting the brain by the nasal route. Novel DDSs such as nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes and polymeric micelles have gained potential as useful tools for targeting the brain without toxicity in nasal mucosa and central nervous system (CNS). Complex geometry of the nasal cavity presented a big challenge to effective delivery of drugs beyond the nasal valve. Recently, pharmaceutical firms utilized latest and emerging nasal drug delivery technologies to overcome these barriers. This review aims to describe the latest development of brain targeted DDSs via nasal administration. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE Carbopol 934p (PubChem CID: 6581) Carboxy methylcellulose (PubChem CID: 24748) Penetratin (PubChem CID: 101111470) Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PubChem CID: 23111554) Tween 80 (PubChem CID: 5284448).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mengrui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Muhammad Wasim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China.
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Tresadern G, Rombouts FJR, Oehlrich D, Macdonald G, Trabanco AA. Industrial medicinal chemistry insights: neuroscience hit generation at Janssen. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1478-1488. [PMID: 28669605 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of medicinal chemistry has changed over the past 10 years. Chemistry had become one step in a process; funneling the output of high-throughput screening (HTS) on to the next stage. The goal to identify the ideal clinical compound remains, but the means to achieve this have changed. Modern medicinal chemistry is responsible for integrating innovation throughout early drug discovery, including new screening paradigms, computational approaches, novel synthetic chemistry, gene-family screening, investigating routes of delivery, and so on. In this Foundation Review, we show how a successful medicinal chemistry team has a broad impact and requires multidisciplinary expertise in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tresadern
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, C/ Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andres A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, C/ Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
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Galbusera A, De Felice A, Girardi S, Bassetto G, Maschietto M, Nishimori K, Chini B, Papaleo F, Vassanelli S, Gozzi A. Intranasal Oxytocin and Vasopressin Modulate Divergent Brainwide Functional Substrates. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1420-1434. [PMID: 27995932 PMCID: PMC5436116 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) have been identified as modulators of emotional social behaviors and associated with neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by social dysfunction. Experimental and therapeutic use of OXT and AVP via the intranasal route is the subject of extensive clinical research. However, the large-scale functional substrates directly engaged by these peptides and their functional dynamics remain elusive. By using cerebral blood volume (CBV) weighted fMRI in the mouse, we show that intranasal administration of OXT rapidly elicits the transient activation of cortical regions and a sustained activation of hippocampal and forebrain areas characterized by high oxytocin receptor density. By contrast, intranasal administration of AVP produced a robust and sustained deactivation in cortico-parietal, thalamic and mesolimbic regions. Importantly, intravenous administration of OXT and AVP did not recapitulate the patterns of modulation produced by intranasal dosing, supporting a central origin of the observed functional changes. In keeping with this notion, hippocampal local field potential recordings revealed multi-band power increases upon intranasal OXT administration. We also show that the selective OXT-derivative TGOT reproduced the pattern of activation elicited by OXT and that the deletion of OXT receptors does not affect AVP-mediated deactivation. Collectively, our data document divergent modulation of brainwide neural systems by intranasal administration of OXT and AVP, an effect that involves key substrates of social and emotional behavior. The observed divergence calls for a deeper investigation of the systems-level mechanisms by which exogenous OXT and AVP modulate brain function and exert their putative therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Alessia De Felice
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Stefano Girardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Bassetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Maschietto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Bice Chini
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy,Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto (TN), Italy,Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto (TN) 38068, Italy, Tel: +39 04648028701, E-mail:
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Bartoszek MW, McCoart A, Hong KSJ, Haley C, Highland KB, Plunkett AR. An observational feasibility study to assess the safety and effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl for radiofrequency ablations of the lumbar facet joints. J Pain Res 2017; 10:359-364. [PMID: 28243139 PMCID: PMC5315349 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s124180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the present observational, feasibility study is to assess the preliminary safety and effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl for lumbar facet radiofrequency ablation procedures. Patients and methods This cohort observational study included 23 adult patients. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, oxygen saturation percent, Pasero Opioid-Induced Sedation Scale score, and the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale pain score were assessed prior to the procedure and intranasal fentanyl (100 μg) administration and every 15 minutes after administration, up to 60 minutes post administration. Follow-up of patient satisfaction with pain control and treatment was assessed 24 hours after discharge. The primary outcome was safety as evidenced by adverse events. Secondary outcomes included the above-mentioned vital signs and pain ratings. Results No adverse events occurred in the present study and all participants maintained an acceptable level of awareness throughout the assessment period. One-way repeated measures analyses of covariance tests with Bonferroni-adjusted means indicated that oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and heart rate changed from baseline, whereas pain scores were lower at post-administration levels compared with baseline. Finally, the majority of participants reported being satisfied with pain control and treatment. Conclusion Preliminary evidence indicates that intranasal fentanyl is safe and effective for lumbar facet radiofrequency ablation procedures. Future rigorous randomized control trials are needed to confirm the present results and to examine the effects of intranasal fentanyl on intraoperative and postoperative opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy McCoart
- Clinical Investigations, Defense and Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Management, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC
| | - Kyung-Soo Jason Hong
- Research Department, The Center for Clinical Research, Sceptor Pain Foundation, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Chelsey Haley
- Clinical Investigations, Defense and Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Management, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC
| | - Krista Beth Highland
- Defense and Veterans Center for Integrative Pain Management, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony R Plunkett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, NC
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Nasal Drug Delivery. Drug Deliv 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315382579-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Xi J, Yuan JE, Zhang Y, Nevorski D, Wang Z, Zhou Y. Visualization and Quantification of Nasal and Olfactory Deposition in a Sectional Adult Nasal Airway Cast. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1527-41. [PMID: 26943943 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare drug deposition in the nose and olfactory region with different nasal devices and administration techniques. A Sar-Gel based colorimetry method will be developed to quantify local deposition rates. METHODS A sectional nasal airway cast was developed based on an MRI-based nasal airway model to visualize deposition patterns and measure regional dosages. Four nasal spray pumps and four nebulizers were tested with both standard and point-release administration techniques. Delivered dosages were measured using a high-precision scale. The colorimetry correlation for deposited mass was developed via image processing in Matlab and its performance was evaluated through comparison to experimental measurements. RESULTS Results show that the majority of nasal spray droplets deposited in the anterior nose while only a small fraction (less than 4.6%) reached the olfactory region. For all nebulizers considered, more droplets went beyond the nasal valve, leading to distinct deposition patterns as a function of both the nebulizer type (droplet size and initial speed) and inhalation flow rate. With the point-release administration, up to 9.0% (±1.9%) of administered drugs were delivered to the olfactory region and 15.7 (±2.4%) to the upper nose using Pari Sinus. CONCLUSIONS Standard nasal devices are inadequate to deliver clinically significant olfactory dosages without excess drug losses in other nasal epitheliums. The Sar-Gel based colorimetry method appears to provide a simple and practical approach to visualize and quantify regional deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA.
| | - Jiayao Eddie Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA
| | - Dannielle Nevorski
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA
| | - Yue Zhou
- Aerosol and Respiratory Dosimetry Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New York, USA
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Engelhardt L, Röhm M, Mavoungou C, Schindowski K, Schafmeister A, Simon U. First Steps to Develop and Validate a CFPD Model in Order to Support the Design of Nose-to-Brain Delivered Biopharmaceuticals. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1337-50. [PMID: 26887679 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aerosol particle deposition in the human nasal cavity is of high interest in particular for intranasal central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery via the olfactory cleft. The objective of this study was the development and comparison of a numerical and experimental model to investigate various parameters for olfactory particle deposition within the complex anatomical nasal geometry. METHODS Based on a standardized nasal cavity, a computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) model was developed that enables the variation and optimization of different parameters, which were validated by in vitro experiments using a constructed rapid-prototyped human nose model. RESULTS For various flow rates (5 to 40 l/min) and particle sizes (1 to 10 μm), the airflow velocities, the calculated particle airflow patterns and the particle deposition correlated very well with the experiment. Particle deposition was investigated numerically by varying particle sizes at constant flow rate and vice versa assuming the particle size distribution of the used nebulizer. CONCLUSIONS The developed CFPD model could be directly translated to the in vitro results. Hence, it can be applied for parameter screening and will contribute to the improvement of aerosol particle deposition at the olfactory cleft for CNS drug delivery in particular for biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Engelhardt
- Scientific Computing Centre Ulm, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 20, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Röhm
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Chrystelle Mavoungou
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Annette Schafmeister
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht-Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Scientific Computing Centre Ulm, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 20, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Quintana DS, Guastella AJ, Westlye LT, Andreassen OA. The promise and pitfalls of intranasally administering psychopharmacological agents for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:29-38. [PMID: 26552590 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research demonstrates the potential of intranasal delivery of psychopharmacological agents to treat a range of psychiatric disorders and symptoms. It is believed that intranasal administration offers both direct and indirect pathways to deliver psychopharmacological agents to the central nervous system. This administration route provides a unique opportunity to repurpose both old drugs for new uses and improve currently approved drugs that are indicated for other administration routes. Despite this promise, however, the physiology of intranasal delivery and related assumptions behind the bypassing of the blood brain barrier is seldom considered in detail in clinical trials and translational research. In this review, we describe the current state of the art in intranasal psychopharmacological agent delivery research and current challenges using this administration route, and discuss important aspects of nose-to-brain delivery that may improve the efficacy of these new therapies in future research. We also highlight current gaps in the literature and suggest how research can directly examine the assumptions of nose-to-brain delivery of psychopharmacological agents in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Quintana
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A J Guastella
- Brain and Mind Center, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Xi J, Zhang Z, Si XA, Yang J, Deng W. Optimization of magnetophoretic-guided drug delivery to the olfactory region in a human nose model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:877-91. [PMID: 26386567 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetophoretic-guided delivery has been shown to be able to improve the olfactory doses. However, due to the complex nasal structure and quick decay of magnetic intensity, precise control of particle motion in the human nose remains a challenge. In this study, an optimization model was developed for magnetophoretic olfactory delivery systems. The performance of the model was evaluated using a baseline device design in an MRI-based human nose geometry. Three key components of the delivery system were examined, which included the particle release position, the front magnet to minimize nasal valve depositions, and the top magnet to attract particles into the olfactory region. Results show that the magnetophoretic olfactory delivery device can be significantly improved by optimizing the product and operational parameters. The olfactory delivery efficiency was increased by 1.5-fold compared to the baseline design. The top magnet height and strength were shown to be the most influential factor in olfactory delivery, followed by the drug release position and the front magnet strength. The optimization framework developed in this study can be easily adapted for the optimization of intranasal drug delivery to other regions such as paranasal sinuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA.
| | - Ze Zhang
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, 1200 South Franklin Street, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48858, USA
| | - Xiuhua April Si
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Wu Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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The nasal approach to delivering treatment for brain diseases: an anatomic, physiologic, and delivery technology overview. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:709-33. [PMID: 25090283 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate pathophysiology of brain disorders, difficult access to the brain, and the complexity and high risks and costs of drug development represent major hurdles for improving therapies. Nose-to-brain drug transport offers an attractive alternative or addition to formulation-only strategies attempting to enhance drug penetration into the CNS. Although still a matter of controversy, many studies in animals claim direct nose-to-brain transport along the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, circumventing the traditional barriers to CNS entry. Some clinical trials in man also suggest nose-to-brain drug delivery, although definitive proof in man is lacking. This review focuses on new nasal delivery technologies designed to overcome inherent anatomical and physiological challenges and facilitate more efficient and targeted drug delivery for CNS disorders.
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Kanbara T, Nakamura A, Shibasaki M, Mori T, Suzuki T, Sakaguchi G, Kanemasa T. Morphine and oxycodone, but not fentanyl, exhibit antinociceptive effects mediated by G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in an oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy rat model. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brown V, Liu F. Intranasal delivery of a peptide with antidepressant-like effect. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2131-41. [PMID: 24633557 PMCID: PMC4104330 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical issue in drug development is developing effective, noninvasive delivery routes to the central nervous system (CNS). Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an illness associated with significant morbidity. Even with multiple antidepressant trials, 10-15% of patients continue to experience persistent depressive symptoms. We previously developed an interfering peptide that has antidepressant-like effects in rats when injected directly into the brain. To be clinically viable, it must demonstrate efficacy via a noninvasive administration route. We report here that the interfering peptide designed to disrupt the interaction between the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors can be delivered to relevant brain areas using the Pressurized Olfactory Device (POD), a novel intranasal delivery system developed by Impel NeuroPharma. We validate this delivery method by demonstrating that, at doses ⩾1.67 nmol/g, the D1-D2 interfering peptide has a significant antidepressant-like effect comparable to that of imipramine in the forced swimming test (FST), a common test for antidepressant efficacy. The antidepressant-like effect of the interfering peptide can be detected for 2 h after intranasal administration. Furthermore, we show that the interfering peptide disrupts the D1-D2 interaction and it can be detected in the prefrontal cortex after intranasal administration. This study provides strong preclinical support for intranasal administration of the D1-D2 interfering peptide as a new treatment option for patients suffering from MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada, Tel: +1 416 979 4659, Fax: +1 416 979 4663, E-mail:
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Hoekman JD, Srivastava P, Ho RJY. Aerosol-stable peptide-coated liposome nanoparticles: a proof-of-concept study with opioid fentanyl in enhancing analgesic effects and reducing plasma drug exposure. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2231-9. [PMID: 24909764 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a novel pressurized olfactory drug (POD) delivery device that deposits aerosolized drug preferentially to upper nasal cavity. This POD device provided sustained central nervous system (CNS) levels of soluble morphine analgesic effects. However, analgesic onset of less soluble fentanyl was more rapid but brief, likely because of hydrophobic fentanyl redistribution readily back to blood. To determine whether fentanyl incorporated into an aerosol-stable liposome that binds to nasal epithelial cells will enhance CNS drug exposure and analgesic effects and reduce plasma exposure, we constructed Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) liposomes anchored with acylated integrin-binding peptides (palmitoyl-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser). The RGD liposomes, which assume gel phase membrane structure at 25 °C, were stable under the stress of aerosolization as only 2.2 ± 0.5% calcein leakage was detected. The RGD-mediated integrin binding of liposome is also verified to be unaffected by aerosolization. Rats treated with fentanyl in RGD liposome and POD device exhibited greater analgesic effect, as compared with the free drug counterpart (AUC(effect) = 1387.1% vs. 760.1% MPE*min), whereas approximately 20% reduced plasma drug exposure was noted (AUC(0-120) = 208.2 vs. 284.8 ng min/mL). Collectively, fentanyl incorporated in RGD liposomes is physically and biologically stable under aerosolization, enhanced the overall analgesic effects, and reduced plasma drug exposure for the first 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hoekman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-7610
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Louizos C, Yáñez JA, Forrest L, Davies NM. Understanding the hysteresis loop conundrum in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 17:34-91. [PMID: 24735761 PMCID: PMC4332569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hysteresis loops are phenomena that sometimes are encountered in the analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships spanning from pre-clinical to clinical studies. When hysteresis occurs it provides insight into the complexity of drug action and disposition that can be encountered. Hysteresis loops suggest that the relationship between drug concentration and the effect being measured is not a simple direct relationship, but may have an inherent time delay and disequilibrium, which may be the result of metabolites, the consequence of changes in pharmacodynamics or the use of a non-specific assay or may involve an indirect relationship. Counter-clockwise hysteresis has been generally defined as the process in which effect can increase with time for a given drug concentration, while in the case of clockwise hysteresis the measured effect decreases with time for a given drug concentration. Hysteresis loops can occur as a consequence of a number of different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms including tolerance, distributional delay, feedback regulation, input and output rate changes, agonistic or antagonistic active metabolites, uptake into active site, slow receptor kinetics, delayed or modified activity, time-dependent protein binding and the use of racemic drugs among other factors. In this review, each of these various causes of hysteresis loops are discussed, with incorporation of relevant examples of drugs demonstrating these relationships for illustrative purposes. Furthermore, the effect that pharmaceutical formulation has on the occurrence and potential change in direction of the hysteresis loop, and the major pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic modeling approaches utilized to collapse and model hysteresis are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime A. Yáñez
- Ocular Pharmacokinetics and Disposition. Alcon Research,
Ltd., a Novartis Company, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Laird Forrest
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada
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Cooper PR, Ciambrone GJ, Kliwinski CM, Maze E, Johnson L, Li Q, Feng Y, Hornby PJ. Efflux of monoclonal antibodies from rat brain by neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. Brain Res 2013; 1534:13-21. [PMID: 23978455 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) engineering that optimizes binding to receptors present on brain vascular endothelial cells has enabled them to cross through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and access the brain parenchyma to treat neurological diseases. However, once in the brain the extent to which receptor-mediated reverse transcytosis clears mAb from the brain is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) in rat brain efflux employing two different in vivo drug delivery models. Two mAb variants with substantially different affinities to FcRn, and no known neuronal targets, (IgG1 N434A and H435A) were administered to rats via intranasal-to-central nervous system (CNS) and intra-cranial dosing techniques. Levels of full-length IgG were quantified in serum and brain hemispheres by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following intra-nasal delivery, low cerebral hemisphere levels of variants were obtained at 20min, with a trend towards faster clearance of the high FcRn binder (N434A); however, the relatively higher serum levels confounded analysis of brain FcRn contribution to efflux. Using stereotaxic coordinates, we optimized the timing and dosing regimen for injection of mAb into the cortex. Levels of N434A, but not H435A, decreased in the cerebral hemispheres following bilateral injection into the rat cortex and higher levels of N434A were detected in serum compared to H435A after 24h. Immunohistochemical staining of human IgG1 in sections of cortex was consistent with these results, illustrating relatively less intense immunostaining in N434A than H435A dosed animals. Using two in vivo methods with direct cranial administration, we conclude that FcRn plays an important role in efflux of IgG from the rat brain.
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Hickey AJ. Back to the future: inhaled drug products. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1165-72. [PMID: 23381932 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled therapeutic aerosols continue to be an important treatment for asthma and pulmonary diseases. A variety of dosage forms are employed for different indications and demographics including pressurized or propellant-driven metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers/nebules. Research and development in this field has shown remarkable innovation in the past decade. Important new drug products for the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and a range of neurological disorders have been developed. New devices in each of the dosage form categories also have been developed, and new formulation technologies have been adopted. Unlike many other dosage forms, as new inhaled products appeared few of the existing products were converted to generic form. This may be explained by the formulation and device complexity, the implications for degree of difficulty in obtaining regulatory approval, and the prevalence of intellectual property in the field. After the setback of the initial approval and subsequent withdrawal of the Exubera®-inhaled insulin, there appeared to be reluctance to consider the pulmonary route of administration for systemically acting agents, particularly peptides and proteins. However, recent product development activities and approvals suggest that attitudes may be changing in favor of systemic delivery following inhaled aerosol administration. The new inhaled drug technologies seem to be driving reconsideration of therapeutic categories for indications that were of interest at the inception of modern inhaled drug therapy in the past century. We should embrace the opportunity to use new drugs and technologies to go back to the future!
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hickey
- Center for Aerosol and Nanomaterials, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Djupesland PG. Nasal drug delivery devices: characteristics and performance in a clinical perspective-a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2013; 3:42-62. [PMID: 23316447 PMCID: PMC3539067 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nasal delivery is the logical choice for topical treatment of local diseases in the nose and paranasal sinuses such as allergic and non-allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. The nose is also considered an attractive route for needle-free vaccination and for systemic drug delivery, especially when rapid absorption and effect are desired. In addition, nasal delivery may help address issues related to poor bioavailability, slow absorption, drug degradation, and adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract and avoids the first-pass metabolism in the liver. However, when considering nasal delivery devices and mechanisms, it is important to keep in mind that the prime purpose of the nasal airway is to protect the delicate lungs from hazardous exposures, not to serve as a delivery route for drugs and vaccines. The narrow nasal valve and the complex convoluted nasal geometry with its dynamic cyclic physiological changes provide efficient filtration and conditioning of the inspired air, enhance olfaction, and optimize gas exchange and fluid retention during exhalation. However, the potential hurdles these functional features impose on efficient nasal drug delivery are often ignored. With this background, the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging nasal delivery devices and dispersion technologies are reviewed with focus on their clinical performance. The role and limitations of the in vitro testing in the FDA guidance for nasal spray pumps and pressurized aerosols (pressurized metered-dose inhalers) with local action are discussed. Moreover, the predictive value and clinical utility of nasal cast studies and computer simulations of nasal airflow and deposition with computer fluid dynamics software are briefly discussed. New and emerging delivery technologies and devices with emphasis on Bi-Directional™ delivery, a novel concept for nasal delivery that can be adapted to a variety of dispersion technologies, are described in more depth.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Nasal-to-CNS drug delivery: where are we now and where are we heading? An industrial perspective. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:195-208. [PMID: 22834197 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of drug therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier is a challenging task for pharmaceutical scientists. Nasal-to-CNS drug delivery has shown promising results in preclinical efficacy models and investigatory human clinical trials. The further development of this technology with respect to the establishment of valid, predictable preclinical species models, translatable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships and definition of toxicology impact will help attract additional pharmaceutical investment in this drug-delivery approach. Further discoveries in nasal nanotechnology, targeted delivery devices and diagnostic olfactory imaging will serve to fuel the advancements in this area of drug delivery.
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Abstract
Intranasal drug delivery has attracted increasing attention as a noninvasive route of administration for therapeutic proteins and peptides. The delivery of therapeutic peptides through the nasal route provides an alternative to intravenous or subcutaneous injections. This review highlights the drug-development considerations unique to nasal therapeutics and discusses some of the factors and strategies that affect and can improve nasal absorption of peptides. The selectivity and good safety profile typical of peptide therapeutics, along with the dose limitation for intranasal administration, can provide challenges in drug development. Therefore, nasal peptide therapeutics often require special considerations in the nonclinical safety evaluations, such as determining drug exposure in the context of the maximum feasible dose in order to adequately prepare nasal products for clinical studies.
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