Titration of Bivalirudin Infusion in the Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: A Case Report

Description of Bivalirudin Use for Anticoagulation in Pediatric Patients on Mechanical Circulatory Support

BACKGROUND

Although heparin has previously been the anticoagulant of choice during mechanical circulatory support (MCS), there is a lack of consistency in dose-response in pediatric patients. Bivalirudin offers more consistent dose-response in adults; however, there are limited data for pediatrics use.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose was to characterize the usage, dosage, and safety profile of bivalirudin when used for pediatric MCS in a tertiary care pediatric hospital.

METHODS

A retrospective review of pediatric patients receiving bivalirudin for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation/ventricular assist device (ECMO/VAD) anticoagulation was conducted. The primary outcome was the average dose of bivalirudin. Additional outcomes included initial and maximum bivalirudin dose, time to first therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), time within goal aPTT range, bleeding and clotting complications, and cost. Data were compared between ECMO and VAD patients.

RESULTS

Thirty-four patients were included. The median dose of bivalirudin was 0.37 mg/kg/h (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.21-0.56), with a maximum dose of 0.62 mg/kg/h (IQR = 0.33-0.91). VAD patients had a higher median and maximum dose as compared with ECMO patients. Patients achieved their therapeutic goal in a median of 6.1 hours and averaged 61.9% time within therapeutic aPTT. One patient had significant hemorrhage, whereas 3 patients had clotting requiring a circuit change. Bivalirudin acquisition cost was higher than heparin.

CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE

Bivalirudin dosing in ECMO and VAD patients is consistent with dosing seen in previous reports but may be higher in VAD patients. Comparative studies between heparin and bivalirudin are necessary to compare cost-effective outcomes for pediatric patients.

The Use of Bivalirudin in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and in the Interventional Cardiology Suite

Anticoagulation is an essential component for patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and for those with ventricular assist devices. However, thrombosis and bleeding are common complications. Heparin continues to be the agent of choice for most patients, likely owing to practitioners' comfort and experience and the ease with which the drug's effects can be reversed. However, especially in pediatric cardiac surgery, there is increasing interest in using bivalirudin as the primary anticoagulant. This drug circumvents certain problems with heparin administration, such as heparin resistance and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, but it comes with additional challenges. In this manuscript, the authors review the literature on the emerging role of bivalirudin in pediatric cardiac surgery, including its use with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ventricular assist devices, and interventional cardiology. Moreover, they provide an overview of bivalirudin's pharmacodynamics and monitoring methods.