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Forkert ND, MacEachern SJ, Duh AK, Moon P, Lee S, Yeom KW. Children with Congenital Heart Diseases Exhibit Altered Deep Gray Matter Structures. Clin Neuroradiol 2024:10.1007/s00062-024-01417-z. [PMID: 38743101 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-024-01417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Children with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) have an increased risk of developing neurologic deficits, even in the absence of apparent brain pathology. The aim of this work was to compare quantitative macro- and microstructural properties of subcortical gray matter structures of pediatric CHD patients with normal appearing brain magnetic resonance imaging to healthy controls. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed children with coarctation of the aorta (COA) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) admitted to our hospital. We identified 24 pediatric CHD patients (17 COA, 7 HLHS) with normal-appearing brain MRI. Using an atlas-based approach, the volume and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were determined for the thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, cerebral white matter, cerebral cortex, and brainstem. Multivariate statistics were used to compare the extracted values to reference values from 100 typically developing children without any known cardiac or neurological diseases. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of covariance using the regional ADC and volume values as dependent variables and age and sex as co-variates revealed a significant difference between pediatric CHD patients and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Post-hoc comparisons demonstrated significantly reduced brain volumes in most subcortical brain regions investigated and elevated ADC values in the thalamus for children with CHD. No significant differences were found comparing children with COA and HLHS. CONCLUSIONS Despite normal appearing brain MRI, children with CHD exhibit wide-spread macro-structural and regional micro-structural differences of subcortical brain structures compared to healthy controls, which could negatively impact neurodevelopment, leading to neurological deficits in childhood and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils D Forkert
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N 4N1, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Sarah J MacEachern
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison K Duh
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Moon
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Lee
- Department of Neurology, Divisions of Stroke and Child Neurology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kristen W Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Hagbi Z, Eilam D. On heights and plains: How rodents from different habitats cope with three-dimensional environments? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265176. [PMID: 35271680 PMCID: PMC8912188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dwelling in a specific habitat requires adaptation to the habitat physical and biological properties in order to maximize fitness. Adaptations that are manifested in the organization of behavior in time and space reflect how the environment is perceived and utilized. Testing species from different habitats in the same laboratory environment can uncover the differences in their behavior and their adaptations to specific habitats. The question posed in this study is that of how two rodent species, one occupying flatlands (Tristram’s jird; Meriones tristrami) and the other occupying structured rocky habitats (common spiny mouse; Acomys dimidiatus), differ in the way that they explore the same three-dimensional laboratory environment. Individuals of these two species were introduced into an arena with a five-level ziggurat in the center, and their behavior was followed for 60 min. We found that both species preserved the typical spatiotemporal rodents’ behavior of establishing a home-base—a location that is a terminal from which they set out to explore the environment. However, the jirds, which live in flatlands, mainly travelled on the arena floor and the lower levels of the ziggurat; while, in contrast, the spiny mice, which live in rocky habitats and are used to climbing, mostly remained and travelled on the ziggurat, with some of them hardly descending to the arena floor. We suggest that the distinction in spatial behavior between the two species reflects their different motor abilities, different depth perception, and different umvelt (perceived world), in accordance with their different natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Hagbi
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life-Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Eilam
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life-Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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3
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Attention-guided deep learning for gestational age prediction using fetal brain MRI. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1408. [PMID: 35082346 PMCID: PMC8791965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging offers unrivaled visualization of the fetal brain, forming the basis for establishing age-specific morphologic milestones. However, gauging age-appropriate neural development remains a difficult task due to the constantly changing appearance of the fetal brain, variable image quality, and frequent motion artifacts. Here we present an end-to-end, attention-guided deep learning model that predicts gestational age with R2 score of 0.945, mean absolute error of 6.7 days, and concordance correlation coefficient of 0.970. The convolutional neural network was trained on a heterogeneous dataset of 741 developmentally normal fetal brain images ranging from 19 to 39 weeks in gestational age. We also demonstrate model performance and generalizability using independent datasets from four academic institutions across the U.S. and Turkey with R2 scores of 0.81–0.90 after minimal fine-tuning. The proposed regression algorithm provides an automated machine-enabled tool with the potential to better characterize in utero neurodevelopment and guide real-time gestational age estimation after the first trimester.
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Mouches P, Langner S, Domin M, Hill MD, Forkert ND. Influence of cardiovascular risk-factors on morphological changes of cerebral arteries in healthy adults across the life span. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12236. [PMID: 34112870 PMCID: PMC8192575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral artery morphological alterations have been associated with several cerebrovascular and neurological diseases, whereas these structures are known to be highly variable among healthy individuals. To date, the knowledge about the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on the morphology of cerebral arteries is rather limited. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on the regional cerebroarterial radius and density. Time-of-Flight magnetic resonance angiography from 1722 healthy adults (21-82 years) were used to extract region-specific measurements describing the main cerebral artery morphology. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted to quantify the impact of cardiovascular risk factors, including clinical and life behavioural factors, on each region-specific artery measurement. Increased age, blood pressure, and markers of obesity were significantly associated with decreased artery radius and density in most regions, with aging having the greatest impact. Additionally, females showed significantly higher artery density while males showed higher artery radius. Smoking and alcohol consumption did not show any significant association with the artery morphology. The results of this study improve the understanding of the impact of aging, clinical factors, and life behavioural factors on cerebrovascular morphology and can help to identify potential risk factors for cerebrovascular and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Mouches
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Sönke Langner
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Domin
- Functional Imaging Unit, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael D Hill
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nils D Forkert
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Zheng J, Frankovich J, McKenna ES, Rowe NC, MacEachern SJ, Ng NN, Tam LT, Moon PK, Gao J, Thienemann M, Forkert ND, Yeom KW. Association of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome With Microstructural Differences in Brain Regions Detected via Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e204063. [PMID: 32364596 PMCID: PMC7199120 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epidemiological studies indicate a link between obsessive-compulsive disorder and infections, particularly streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) manifests suddenly with obsessions, compulsions, and other behavioral disturbances, often after an infectious trigger. The current working model suggests a unifying inflammatory process involving the central nervous system, particularly the basal ganglia. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) detects microstructural abnormalities across the brain regions of children with PANS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Case-control study performed at a single-center, multidisciplinary clinic in the United States focusing on the evaluation and treatment of children with PANS. Sixty consecutive patients who underwent 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before immunomodulation from September 3, 2012, to March 30, 2018, were retrospectively reviewed for study inclusion. Six patients were excluded by blinded investigators because of imaging or motion artifacts, 3 patients for major pathologies, and 17 patients for suboptimal atlas image registration. In total, 34 patients with PANS before initiation of treatment were compared with 64 pediatric control participants. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Using atlas-based MRI analysis, regional brain volume, diffusion, and cerebral blood flow were measured in the cerebral white matter, cerebral cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and brainstem. An age and sex-controlled multivariable analysis of covariance was used to compare patients with control participants. RESULTS This study compared 34 patients with PANS (median age, 154 months; age range, 55-251 months; 17 girls and 17 boys) and 64 pediatric control participants (median age, 139 months; age range, 48-213 months); 41 girls and 23 boys). Multivariable analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference in MRI parameters between patients with PANS and control participants (F21,74 = 6.91; P < .001; partial η2 = 0.662). All assessed brain regions had statistically significantly increased median diffusivity compared with 64 control participants. Specifically, the deep gray matter (eg, the thalamus, basal ganglia, and amygdala) demonstrated the most profound increases in diffusivity consistent with the cardinal clinical symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, emotional dysregulation, and sleep disturbances. No statistically significant differences were found regarding volume and cerebral blood flow. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identifies cerebral microstructural differences in children with PANS in multiple brain structures, including the deep gray matter structures (eg, the thalamus, basal ganglia, and amygdala). Further study of MRI is warranted in prospective, clinical trials as a potential quantitative method for assessing patients under evaluation for PANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Zheng
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer Frankovich
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Emily S. McKenna
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nathan C. Rowe
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Nathan N. Ng
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Lydia T. Tam
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Peter K. Moon
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jaynelle Gao
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Margo Thienemann
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Child Development, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nils D. Forkert
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristen W. Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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6
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MacEachern SJ, Santoro JD, Hahn KJ, Medress ZA, Stecher X, Li MD, Hahn JS, Yeom KW, Forkert ND. Children with epilepsy demonstrate macro- and microstructural changes in the thalamus, putamen, and amygdala. Neuroradiology 2019; 62:389-397. [PMID: 31853588 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite evidence for macrostructural alteration in epilepsy patients later in life, little is known about the underlying pathological or compensatory mechanisms at younger ages causing these alterations. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of pediatric epilepsy on the central nervous system, including gray matter volume, cerebral blood flow, and water diffusion, compared with neurologically normal children. METHODS Inter-ictal magnetic resonance imaging data was obtained from 30 children with epilepsy ages 1-16 (73% F, 27% M). An atlas-based approach was used to determine values for volume, cerebral blood flow, and apparent diffusion coefficient in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. These values were then compared with previously published values from 100 neurologically normal children using a MANCOVA analysis. RESULTS Most brain volumes of children with epilepsy followed a pattern similar to typically developing children, except for significantly larger putamen and amygdala. Cerebral blood flow was also comparable between the groups, except for the putamen, which demonstrated decreased blood flow in children with epilepsy. Diffusion (apparent diffusion coefficient) showed a trend towards higher values in children with epilepsy, with significantly elevated diffusion within the thalamus in children with epilepsy compared with neurologically normal children. CONCLUSION Children with epilepsy show statistically significant differences in volume, diffusion, and cerebral blood flow within their thalamus, putamen, and amygdala, suggesting that epilepsy is associated with structural changes of the central nervous system influencing brain development and potentially leading to poorer neurocognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J MacEachern
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Santoro
- Division of Neurology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kara J Hahn
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ximena Stecher
- Radiology Department, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Radiology Department, Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matthew D Li
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin S Hahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristen W Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nils D Forkert
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, Universityof Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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7
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Hagbi Z, Dorfman A, Blumenfeld-Lieberthal E, Eilam D. "It's all in their head": hierarchical exploration of a three-dimensional layered pyramid in rats. Anim Cogn 2019; 23:277-288. [PMID: 31773428 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-019-01332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wayfinding in a three-dimensional (3D) environment is intricate, and surface-bounded animals may overcome this complexity by breaking it down into horizontal layers along with the vertical location of each layer. Here, we examined how rats explored a layered pyramid placed in a large open field. We found that exploration presented a hierarchical (or fractal) shape of three types of roundtrips: (1) from the primary home-base to the open-field floor; (2) from the floor up and down the pyramid levels; and (3) from local home-base on each pyramid level. Ascent was slow and interrupted, whereas descent was fast. This difference was a result of level altitude, remaining after data were normalized proportionally to level area. In contrast, the time spent and the distance traveled on each level were dependent on level area, not on level altitude. This structure of spatial behavior accords with multilevel exploration, presenting a relatively independent exploration of each level. The vertical dimension in this experiment thus did not alter the typical spatiotemporal behavior, and the 3D environment was explored by application of the same spatiotemporal approach as that of a horizontal open field. We suggest that this lack of alteration is due to the horizontal posture of the animal's head and trunk during progression on the pyramid. This behavior also seems to fit the bicoding hypothesis, in which the vertical information is virtually contextual (non-metric), and so, when the rat progresses to a new level, it explores it as a newly accessed horizontal floor area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Hagbi
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, 68978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - David Eilam
- School of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, 68978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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8
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Dorfman A, Szechtman H, Eilam D. Social interaction modulates the intensity of compulsive checking in a rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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High throughput nonparametric probability density estimation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196937. [PMID: 29750803 PMCID: PMC5947915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In high throughput applications, such as those found in bioinformatics and finance, it is important to determine accurate probability distribution functions despite only minimal information about data characteristics, and without using human subjectivity. Such an automated process for univariate data is implemented to achieve this goal by merging the maximum entropy method with single order statistics and maximum likelihood. The only required properties of the random variables are that they are continuous and that they are, or can be approximated as, independent and identically distributed. A quasi-log-likelihood function based on single order statistics for sampled uniform random data is used to empirically construct a sample size invariant universal scoring function. Then a probability density estimate is determined by iteratively improving trial cumulative distribution functions, where better estimates are quantified by the scoring function that identifies atypical fluctuations. This criterion resists under and over fitting data as an alternative to employing the Bayesian or Akaike information criterion. Multiple estimates for the probability density reflect uncertainties due to statistical fluctuations in random samples. Scaled quantile residual plots are also introduced as an effective diagnostic to visualize the quality of the estimated probability densities. Benchmark tests show that estimates for the probability density function (PDF) converge to the true PDF as sample size increases on particularly difficult test probability densities that include cases with discontinuities, multi-resolution scales, heavy tails, and singularities. These results indicate the method has general applicability for high throughput statistical inference.
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10
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Santoro JD, Forkert ND, Yang QZ, Pavitt S, MacEachern SJ, Moseley ME, Yeom KW. Brain Diffusion Abnormalities in Children with Tension-Type and Migraine-Type Headaches. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:935-941. [PMID: 29545251 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tension-type and migraine-type headaches are the most common chronic paroxysmal disorders of childhood. The goal of this study was to compare regional cerebral volumes and diffusion in tension-type and migraine-type headaches against published controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients evaluated for tension-type or migraine-type headache without aura from May 2014 to July 2016 in a single center were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-two patients with tension-type headache and 23 with migraine-type headache at an average of 4 months after diagnosis were enrolled. All patients underwent DWI at 3T before the start of pharmacotherapy. Using atlas-based DWI analysis, we determined regional volumetric and diffusion properties in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, brain stem, and cerebral white matter. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to test for differences between controls and patients with tension-type and migraine-type headaches. RESULTS There were no significant differences in regional brain volumes between the groups. Patients with tension-type and migraine-type headaches showed significantly increased ADC in the hippocampus and brain stem compared with controls. Additionally, only patients with migraine-type headache showed significantly increased ADC in the thalamus and a trend toward increased ADC in the amygdala compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies early cerebral diffusion changes in patients with tension-type and migraine-type headaches compared with controls. The hypothesized mechanisms of nociception in migraine-type and tension-type headaches may explain the findings as a precursor to structural changes seen in adult patients with chronic headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Santoro
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D.S., Q.-Z.Y., S.P.), Division of Child Neurology
| | | | - Q-Z Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D.S., Q.-Z.Y., S.P.), Division of Child Neurology
| | - S Pavitt
- From the Department of Neurology (J.D.S., Q.-Z.Y., S.P.), Division of Child Neurology
| | - S J MacEachern
- Pediatrics (S.J.M.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M E Moseley
- Department of Radiology (M.E.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - K W Yeom
- Department of Radiology (K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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11
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Wexler Y, Benjamini Y, Golani I. Vertical exploration and dimensional modularity in mice. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180069. [PMID: 29657827 PMCID: PMC5882751 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exploration is a central component of animal behaviour studied extensively in rodents. Previous tests of free exploration limited vertical movement to rearing and jumping. Here, we attach a wire mesh to the arena wall, allowing vertical exploration. This provides an opportunity to study the morphogenesis of behaviour along the vertical dimension, and examine the context in which it is performed. In the current set-up, the mice first use the doorway as a point reference for establishing a borderline linear path along the circumference of the arena floor, and then use this path as a linear reference for performing horizontal forays towards the centre (incursions) and vertical forays on the wire mesh (ascents). Vertical movement starts with rearing on the wall, and commences with straight vertical ascents that increase in extent and complexity. The mice first reach the top of the wall, then mill about within circumscribed horizontal sections, and then progress horizontally for increasingly longer distances on the upper edge of the wire mesh. Examination of the sequence of borderline segments, incursions and ascents reveals dimensional modularity: an initial series (bout) of borderline segments precedes alternating bouts of incursions and bouts of ascents, thus exhibiting sustained attention to each dimension separately. The exhibited separate growth in extent and in complexity of movement and the sustained attention to each of the three dimensions disclose the mice's modular perception of this environment and validate all three as natural kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Wexler
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Benjamini
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Golani
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Forkert ND, Li MD, Lober RM, Yeom KW. Gray Matter Growth Is Accompanied by Increasing Blood Flow and Decreasing Apparent Diffusion Coefficient during Childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:1738-44. [PMID: 27102314 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Normal values of gray matter volume, cerebral blood flow, and water diffusion have not been established for healthy children. We sought to determine reference values for age-dependent changes of these parameters in healthy children. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed MR imaging data from 100 healthy children. Using an atlas-based approach, age-related normal values for regional CBF, apparent diffusion coefficient, and volume were determined for the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. RESULTS All gray matter structures grew rapidly before the age of 10 years and then plateaued or slightly declined thereafter. The ADC of all structures decreased with age, with the most rapid changes occurring prior to the age of 5 years. With the exception of the globus pallidus, CBF increased rather linearly with age. CONCLUSIONS Normal brain gray matter is characterized by rapid early volume growth and increasing CBF with concomitantly decreasing ADC. The extracted reference data that combine CBF and ADC parameters during brain growth may provide a useful resource when assessing pathologic changes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Forkert
- From the Department of Radiology and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (N.D.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M D Li
- Department of Radiology (M.D.L., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - R M Lober
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.M.L.), Dayton Children's Hospital, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - K W Yeom
- Department of Radiology (M.D.L., K.W.Y.), Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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13
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Park EJ, Pai MP, Dong T, Zhang J, Ko CW, Lawrence J, Crentsil V, Zhang L, Xu NN. The Influence of Body Size Descriptors on the Estimation of Kidney Function in Normal Weight, Overweight, Obese, and Morbidly Obese Adults. Ann Pharmacother 2012; 46:317-28. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1q374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dosing adjustments for patients with impaired kidney function are often based on estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCI) because measuring kidney (unction is not always possible for dose adjustment. However, there is no consensus on the body size descriptor that should be used in the estimation equations. Objective: To compare the use of alternative body size descriptors (ABSDs) on the performance of kidney function estimation equations compared with measured CrCI (mCrCI). Methods: We combined 2 data sources with mCrCI: a Food and Drug Administration clinical trial database that includes subjects with body mass index (BMI) less than 40 kg/m2 and published data from those 40 kg/m2 or more. The 3 parent equations (Cockcroft-Gault [CG], Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD], Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration [CKDEPI]), and 14 ABSD-modilied equations were compared with mCrCI for accuracy, bias, agreement, goodness of (it (R2). and prediction error. These equations were also compared across mCrCI and BMI strata. Results: Subjects (n = 590) were aged 19–80 years; 33.9% were female and BMI ranged from 17.2 to 95.6 kg/m2. Compared with mCrCI, the use of total weight in the CG equation yielded low accuracy (12.5%) and significant bias (–107 mL/min) in the morbidly obese group. In contrast, the use of lean body weights (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) and total ± adjusted weights (BMI <40 kg/m2) with the CG equation yielded higher accuracy, greater than or equal to 60.7% across all BMI strata, and was unbiased. Transforming the MDRD or CKDEPI equations with body surface area improved accuracy only at mCrCI of 30–80 mL/min and increased the overall prediction error. Conclusions: No kidney function equation was consistently accurate and unbiased across weight, mCrCI. and estimate ranges. The accuracy and over-estimation bias of the CG equation in obese subjects was improved through the selective use of total, adjusted, and lean body weight by BMI strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Park
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Manjunath P Pai
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY
| | - Ting Dong
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration
| | - Jialu Zhang
- Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration
| | - Chia-Wen Ko
- Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration
| | - John Lawrence
- Office of Biostatistics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration
| | - Victor Crentsil
- Division of Psychiatry Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration
| | - Nancy N Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration
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14
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Non-linear formulas for the spinal cord injury ability realization measurement index. Spinal Cord 2011; 50:324-7. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Quantifying the buildup in extent and complexity of free exploration in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108 Suppl 3:15580-7. [PMID: 21383149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014837108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain a perspective on an animal's own functional world, we study its behavior in situations that allow the animal to regulate the growth rate of its behavior and provide us with the opportunity to quantify its moment-by-moment developmental dynamics. Thus, we are able to show that mouse exploratory behavior consists of sequences of repeated motion: iterative processes that increase in extent and complexity, whose presumed function is a systematic active management of input acquired during the exploration of a novel environment. We use this study to demonstrate our approach to quantifying behavior: targeting aspects of behavior that are shown to be actively managed by the animal, and using measures that are discriminative across strains and treatments and replicable across laboratories.
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