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Hogendoorn B, Kalmijn M. Does Ethnicity Moderate the Union Dissolution Penalty for Women? A Register-based Analysis of Changes in Income Components. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2024; 40:29. [PMID: 39388039 PMCID: PMC11467139 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-024-09714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Union dissolution has severe consequences for women's economic well-being. Theoretical work links these consequences to ethnic inequality. Ethnic groups vary in terms of separation rates, female employment, repartnering trajectories, kin support, and reliance on welfare benefits. The current study examines whether ethnicity moderates the dissolution penalty. To do so, the authors draw on register data, covering women from five major ethnic groups in the Netherlands: Dutch, Antillean, Surinamese, Moroccan, and Turkish. The authors describe women's income trajectories from 1 year before to 5 years after union dissolution. Using decomposition techniques, changes in household income are decomposed into changes in six underlying income sources (i.e., earnings, benefits, alimony, partner income, and coresident family income). The results show that ethnicity moderates the dissolution penalty and, especially, the contribution of the various income sources when recovering from dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthijs Kalmijn
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI-KNAW), The Hague, The Netherlands.
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Pilkauskas NV, Michelmore K, Kovski N. The Effects of the 2021 Child Tax Credit on Housing Affordability and the Living Arrangements of Families With Low Incomes. Demography 2024; 61:1069-1096. [PMID: 38989977 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11458327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Access to safe and stable housing is important for child and adult well-being. Yet many low-income households face severe challenges in maintaining stable housing. In this article, we examine the impact of the 2021 temporary expansion to the Child Tax Credit (CTC) on housing affordability and the living arrangements of families with low incomes. We employ a parameterized difference-in-differences method and leverage national data from a sample of parents who are receiving or recently received Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits (N = ∼20,500), many of whom became newly eligible for the CTC. We find that the monthly CTC reduced parents' past-due rent/mortgages (both amounts and incidence) and their reports of potential moves due to difficulties affording rent/mortgages. The CTC increased the likelihood that parents reported a change in their living arrangements and reduced their household size, both effects driven by fewer mothers living with a partner (and not a reduction in doubling up). We find some differences in effects by race and ethnicity and earnings. Our findings illustrate that the monthly credit improved low-income parents' ability to afford housing, gain residential independence from partners, and reduce the number of people residing in their household.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha V Pilkauskas
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Michelmore
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Kovski
- Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Root L, Stevenson AJ, Genadek K, Yeatman S, Mollborn S, Menken J. U.S. Fertility in Life Course Context: A Research Note on Using Census-Held Linked Administrative Records for Geographic and Sociodemographic Subgroup Estimation. Demography 2024; 61:251-266. [PMID: 38506313 PMCID: PMC11108098 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11234861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Fertility is a life course process that is strongly shaped by geographic and sociodemographic subgroup contexts. In the United States, scholars face a choice: they can situate fertility in a life course perspective using panel data, which is typically representative only at the national level; or they can attend to subnational contexts using rate schedules, which do not include information on life course statuses. The method and data source we introduce here, Census-Held Linked Administrative Records for Fertility Estimation (CLAR-FE), permits both. It derives fertility histories and rate schedules from U.S. Census Bureau-held data for the nation and by state, racial and ethnic subgroups, and the important life course status of parity. We generate three types of rates for 2000-2020 at the national and state levels by race and ethnicity: age-specific rates and both unconditional and conditional parity- and age-specific rates. Where possible, we compare these rates with those produced by the National Center for Health Statistics. Our new rate schedules illuminate state and racial and ethnic differences in transitions to parenthood, providing evidence of the important subgroup heterogeneity that characterizes the United States. CLAR-FE covers nearly the entire U.S. population and is available to researchers on approved projects through the Census Bureau's Federal Statistical Research Data Centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Root
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Amanda Jean Stevenson
- Department of Sociology and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Katie Genadek
- U.S. Census Bureau, Suitland, MD, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sara Yeatman
- Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Stefanie Mollborn
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jane Menken
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Perkins KL. Household Instability and Girls' Teen Childbearing. Demography 2023; 60:1767-1789. [PMID: 37905473 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11033086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
More than one third of U.S. children spend part of their childhood living with extended family members. By age 18, nearly 40% of U.S. children experience a household change involving a nonparent. Research has found that having extended family or nonrelatives join or leave children's households negatively affects children's educational attainment. I argue that we need new ways of theorizing, conceptualizing, and measuring household changes and their effects on children. I use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment weighting to estimate the association between household changes involving parents and nonparents and teen childbearing among girls. I find that experiencing household changes involving nonparents and parents during childhood is associated with a significantly higher probability of having a child as a teenager than experiencing no changes. In addition, the association between changes involving parents and teen childbearing is statistically indistinguishable from the association between changes involving nonparents and teen childbearing, suggesting that household composition shifts involving nonparents can be as disruptive to girls as those involving parents.
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Fomby P, Harvey H, Musick K. Income Sources Across Childhood in Families With Nonresident Fathers. Demography 2023; 60:41-72. [PMID: 36715055 PMCID: PMC10404351 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10424403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Unpartnered mothers rely on formal and informal income sources to support their coresident minor children. Building on work focusing on selective populations and shorter time horizons, we describe the family income sources on which U.S. women and their minor children rely for up to 17 years following an unpartnered birth or union dissolution (Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2001-2017; N = 12,369 person-year records from 3,148 children). Using rich description and fixed-effect models, we treat family income as dynamic, mapping change in the share and amount of family income from multiple sources as children age and women gain employment experience; enter new unions; experience changes in eligibility for public support programs; and receive contributions from kin, friends, and other household members. A patchwork of income sources is the norm throughout childhood, with mothers' earnings nearly universal but insufficient as a sole source of family income. Maternal repartnering increases family income through new partner earnings but is accompanied by offsetting reductions in other income sources, particularly from outside the household. In the context of weak institutional support for U.S. families, families with nonresident fathers rely on a complex mix of income sources to make ends meet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fomby
- Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Hope Harvey
- Martin School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Kentucky
| | - Kelly Musick
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University
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Mahase V, Sobitan A, Rhoades R, Zhang F, Baranova A, Johnson M, Otolorin A, Tang Q, Teng S. Genetic variations affecting ACE2 protein stability in minority populations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1002187. [PMID: 36388927 PMCID: PMC9659633 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While worldwide efforts for improving COVID-19 vaccines are currently considered a top priority, the role of the genetic variants responsible for virus receptor protein stability is less studied. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 is the primary target of the SARS-CoV-1/SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein, enabling entry into the human body. Here, we applied computational saturation mutagenesis approaches to determine the folding energy caused by all possible mutations in ACE2 proteins within ACE2 - SARS-CoV-1-S/ACE2 - SARS-CoV-2-S complexes. We observed ACE2 mutations at residue D350 causing the most stabilizing effects on the protein. In addition, we identified ACE2 genetic variations in African Americans (rs73635825, rs766996587, and rs780574871), Latino Americans (rs924799658), and both groups (rs4646116 and rs138390800) affecting stability in the ACE2 - SARS-CoV-2-S complex. The findings in this study may aid in targeting the design of stable neutralizing peptides for treating minority patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhyanand Mahase
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Adebiyi Sobitan
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Raina Rhoades
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ancha Baranova
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Abiodun Otolorin
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States,Qiyi Tang,
| | - Shaolei Teng
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States,*Correspondence: Shaolei Teng,
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