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Mayer DJ. Lead and delinquency rates; A spatio-temporal perspective. Soc Sci Med 2024; 341:116513. [PMID: 38134711 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile delinquency has significant social costs for perpetrators, victims, and communities. To understand the distribution of delinquency offenses this study considers the spatial clustering of juvenile delinquency with lead, race, and neighborhood deprivation using a longitudinal ecological design (N = 4390) and a hierarchical model implemented in a Bayesian methodology that allows space-time interaction. The results show lead exposure is positively related to delinquency offense rates, and over time delinquency rates have become more concentrated in areas with higher levels of lead exposure and shares of Black or African American residents. The study emphasizes the isolation of neighborhoods with social problems and the importance of monitoring patterns of lead and crime at local levels as communities implement lead exposure mitigation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Mayer
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States.
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Inaction on Lead Despite the Relevant Knowledge: Predictors, Covariates, and Outreach Implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249391. [PMID: 33333985 PMCID: PMC7765355 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Testing residential soil and paint for lead provides actionable information. By showing where and how much lead exists on the residence, it allows one to quantify risk and determine the best ways to reduce exposure along with the corresponding health and financial costs. For these reasons, several federal and state programs offer outreach to audiences on the benefits of testing residential soil and paint for lead. Not all individuals who know about lead’s adverse health effects, however, test their residence for lead, potentially limiting the actionable information that could have helped to reduce their exposure. Such individuals represent a challenge to outreach programs and the broader public health objectives. There is, thus, a need to understand who such individuals are and why they behave this way, allowing us to develop a specialized outreach program that addresses the problem by targeting the relevant sub-population. Using survey data, we quantitatively determine the profiles of individuals who, despite knowing about lead’s adverse health effects, are unlikely to test their residence for lead, finding statistically significant socio-economic predictors and behavioral covariates. We also find a geographic component to it, further helping outreach professionals learn how to allocate their limited resources.
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Eisenberg A, Seymour E, Hill AB, Akers J. Toxic structures: Speculation and lead exposure in Detroit's single-family rental market. Health Place 2020; 64:102390. [PMID: 32838900 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foreclosure sales permitted investors to purchase large volumes of low-cost residential properties after the last financial crisis, reshaping patterns of property ownership in low-income housing markets across the US. This study links post-foreclosure property acquisitions by investor landlords to subsequent lead poisoning cases among children under age six living in Detroit, Michigan. We find that the odds of exhibiting elevated blood lead levels (≥5 μg/dL) are higher for children living in investor-owned homes purchased through tax foreclosure sale. These findings highlight the potential for property speculation in post-foreclosure housing markets to exacerbate severe and racialized burdens of excess lead toxicity in low-income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Eisenberg
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Eric Seymour
- Urban Planning, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, 33 Livingston Ave, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Alex B Hill
- Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention Manager, Detroit Health Department, 3246 E Jefferson, Detroit, MI, 48207, USA.
| | - Joshua Akers
- Geography and Urban and Regional Studies, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
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Baumgartner J, Brauer M, Ezzati M. The role of cities in reducing the cardiovascular impacts of environmental pollution in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Med 2020; 18:39. [PMID: 32089131 PMCID: PMC7038592 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-1499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As low- and middle-income countries urbanize and industrialize, they must also cope with pollution emitted from diverse sources. MAIN TEXT Strong and consistent evidence associates exposure to air pollution and lead with increased risk of cardiovascular disease occurrence and death. Further, increasing evidence, mostly from high-income countries, indicates that exposure to noise and to both high and low temperatures may also increase cardiovascular risk. There is considerably less research on the cardiovascular impacts of environmental conditions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the levels of pollution are often higher and the types and sources of pollution markedly different from those in higher-income settings. However, as such evidence gathers, actions to reduce exposures to pollution in low- and middle-income countries are warranted, not least because such exposures are very high. Cities, where pollution, populations, and other cardiovascular risk factors are most concentrated, may be best suited to reduce the cardiovascular burden in LMICs by applying environmental standards and policies to mitigate pollution and by implementing interventions that target the most vulnerable. The physical environment of cities can be improved though municipal processes, including infrastructure development, energy and transportation planning, and public health actions. Local regulations can incentivize or inhibit the polluting behaviors of industries and individuals. Environmental monitoring can be combined with public health warning systems and publicly available exposure maps to inform residents of environmental hazards and encourage the adoption of pollution-avoiding behaviors. Targeted individual or neighborhood interventions that identify and treat high-risk populations (e.g., lead mitigation, portable air cleaners, and preventative medications) can also be leveraged in the very near term. Research will play a key role in evaluating whether these approaches achieve their intended benefits, and whether these benefits reach the most vulnerable. CONCLUSION Cities in LMICs can play a defining role in global health and cardiovascular disease prevention in the next several decades, as they are well poised to develop innovative, multisectoral approaches to pollution mitigation, while also protecting the most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- WHO Collaborating Centre for NCD Surveillance and Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chiofalo JM, Golub M, Crump C, Calman N. Pediatric Blood Lead Levels Within New York City Public Versus Private Housing, 2003-2017. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:906-911. [PMID: 30998403 PMCID: PMC6507973 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare blood lead levels (BLLs) among children residing in public and private housing in New York City and examine the implications for lead identification and remediation policies. Methods. We examined electronic medical records for BLLs among 4693 children receiving care at a multisite Federally Qualified Health Center during 2003 to 2017. We plotted home addresses against city housing data to assess BLL differences between children living in public housing and private housing. Results. Only 0.25% of children residing in public housing had BLLs exceeding the upper reference limit of 5 micrograms per deciliter, as compared with 2.76% of children residing in private housing. After adjustment for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, public housing was associated with 92% lower odds of having a BLL of 5 micrograms per deciliter or above (odds ratio [OR] = 0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02, 0.33; P = .001). Decreases in BLLs were observed in both public and private housing over time. Conclusions. Children living in public housing in New York City were significantly less likely to have elevated BLLs than were children living in private housing. Decreases in BLLs over time were likely a result of lead reduction legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Chiofalo
- The authors are with the Institute for Family Health, New York, NY. Casey Crump and Neil Calman are also with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Maxine Golub
- The authors are with the Institute for Family Health, New York, NY. Casey Crump and Neil Calman are also with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Casey Crump
- The authors are with the Institute for Family Health, New York, NY. Casey Crump and Neil Calman are also with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Neil Calman
- The authors are with the Institute for Family Health, New York, NY. Casey Crump and Neil Calman are also with the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
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The Potential for Proactive Housing Inspections to Inform Public Health Interventions. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2018; 24:444-447. [PMID: 29474210 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Municipal housing inspection data can inform planning, targeting, and evaluating interventions aimed at reducing housing hazards (lead paint, mold, pests, etc) that may affect residents' health. However, the potential of these data to inform public health initiatives is underexplored. We determined whether home health hazards identified by city inspectors during proactive inspections of single-family private rental housing are predicted by housing age, assessed value, or location in one of 26 geographic "inspector areas" in Rochester, New York. A comparison of linear mixed models, using housing inspector area as a random effect and assessment and construction year as fixed effects, shows that while a large proportion of variation (64%) in violations is due to housing stock, inspectors provide significant additional information about the presence of potential health hazards, particularly in the highest-risk housing stock. This suggests that inspector-generated housing hazard data may be valuable in designing public health interventions.
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Roberts EM, Madrigal D, Valle J, King G, Kite L. Assessing Child Lead Poisoning Case Ascertainment in the US, 1999-2010. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-4266. [PMID: 28557759 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare prevalence estimates for blood lead level ≥10.0 μg/dL (elevated blood lead level [EBLL]) with numbers reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for children 12 months to 5 years of age from 1999 to 2010 on a state-by-state basis. METHODS State-specific prevalence estimates were generated based on the continuous NHANES according to newly available statistical protocols. Counts of case reports were based on the 39 states (including the District of Columbia) reporting to the CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program during the study period. Analyses were conducted both including and excluding states and years of nonreporting to the CDC. RESULTS Approximately 1.2 million cases of EBLL are believed to have occurred in this period, but 607 000 (50%) were reported to the CDC. Including only states and years for which reporting was complete, the reporting rate was 64%. Pediatric care providers in 23 of 39 reporting states identified fewer than half of their children with EBLL. Although the greatest numbers of reported cases were from the Northeast and Midwest, the greatest numbers based on prevalence estimates occurred in the South. In southern and western states engaged in reporting, roughly 3 times as many children with EBLL were missed than were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Based on the best available estimates, undertesting of blood lead levels by pediatric care providers appears to be endemic in many states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Galatea King
- Public Health Institute, Oakland, California; and
| | - Linda Kite
- Healthy Homes Collaborative, Los Angeles, California
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Korfmacher KS, Pettibone KG, Gray KM, Newman OD. Collaborating for Systems Change: A Social Science Framework for Academic Roles in Community Partnerships. New Solut 2016; 26:429-457. [PMID: 27540024 PMCID: PMC5315683 DOI: 10.1177/1048291116662680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental health researchers, government agencies, and community groups have endorsed long-term community-academic partnerships as an effective strategy to support science-based improvements in environmental health. Social sciences concepts, approaches, and methods are fundamental to these translational partnerships. However, appropriate roles for academic partners vary throughout the process of changing systems (policies, practices, programs, etc.). This can complicate planning, evaluating, and sustaining such partnerships. We set forth a conceptual framework for academic partners' roles at different stages of systems change. We apply this framework to three longstanding academic-community partnerships involving National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Community Outreach and Engagement Cores. We conclude by discussing how the framework can help academic partners tap appropriate expertise, redefine their roles, and evaluate their contributions to community efforts to improve environmental health.
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Burris S, Ashe M, Blanke D, Ibrahim J, Levin DE, Matthews G, Penn M, Katz M. Better Health Faster: The 5 Essential Public Health Law Services. Public Health Rep 2016; 131:747-753. [PMID: 28123219 DOI: 10.1177/0033354916667496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Burris
- National Program Office, Public Health Law Research Program, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Doug Blanke
- Public Health Law Center, Mitchell Hamline School of Law, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer Ibrahim
- National Program Office, Public Health Law Research Program, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gene Matthews
- Network for Public Health Law, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Penn
- Public Health Law Program, Office for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Greene D, Tehranifar P, DeMartini DP, Faciano A, Nagin D. Peeling lead paint turns into poisonous dust. Guess where it ends up? A media campaign to prevent childhood lead poisoning in New York City. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2015; 42:409-21. [PMID: 25558876 DOI: 10.1177/1090198114560790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Successful public health media campaigns promote messages, increase awareness, engage the public, and encourage behavior change. Between 2004 and 2006, the Lead Poisoning Prevention Program of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene conducted a media campaign grounded in social learning theory and the social marketing model to increase parents' awareness of childhood lead poisoning, ways to protect their children, and property owners' legal responsibility to fix peeling lead paint safely, and increase awareness of regulatory changes and encourage enforcement of New York City's Local Law 1 of 2004. Campaign materials were focus group tested and the campaign was refined annually. The campaign ran city-wide and in targeted high-risk neighborhoods. Neighborhoods and media venue (bus, train, kiosk, and store) changed annually, based on population risk factors and venue availability. Exposure to the campaign, campaign-related knowledge, and behavior were assessed using pre- and postcampaign street intercept surveys. Results showed that campaign reached the targeted population, and had an impact on knowledge of lead poisoning prevention measures as evidenced by increased knowledge of lead paint exposures sources in one year and increased knowledge of preventive behaviors in another year; these improvements were observed for both genders and most ethnic, primary language, educational attainment, and age groups in each year. Lessons learned indicate that well-targeted media campaigns, designed with audience participation, can reach parents through various venues, and improve key knowledge areas. Evaluation challenges faced include high levels of knowledge at baseline, competing media messages, and balancing between program needs and evaluation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Greene
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parisa Tehranifar
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Diana P DeMartini
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Faciano
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deborah Nagin
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
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Kennedy C, Lordo R, Sucosky MS, Boehm R, Brown MJ. Primary prevention of lead poisoning in children: a cross-sectional study to evaluate state specific lead-based paint risk reduction laws in preventing lead poisoning in children. Environ Health 2014; 13:93. [PMID: 25380793 PMCID: PMC4240897 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children younger than 72 months are most at risk of environmental exposure to lead from ingestion through normal mouthing behavior. Young children are more vulnerable to lead poisoning than adults because lead is absorbed more readily in a child's gastrointestinal tract. Our focus in this study was to determine the extent to which state mandated lead laws have helped decrease the number of new cases of elevated blood-lead levels (EBLL) in homes where an index case had been identified. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare 682 residential addresses, identified between 2000 and 2009, in two states with and one state without laws to prevent childhood lead poisoning among children younger than 72 months, to determine whether the laws were effective in preventing subsequent cases of lead poisoning detected in residential addresses after the identification of an index case. In this study, childhood lead poisoning was defined as the blood lead level (BLL) that would have triggered an environmental investigation in the residence. The two states with lead laws, Massachusetts (MA) and Ohio (OH), had trigger levels of ≥25 μg/dL and ≥15 μg/dL respectively. In Mississippi (MS), the state without legislation, the trigger level was ≥15 μg/dL. RESULTS The two states with lead laws, MA and OH, were 79% less likely than the one without legislation, MS, to have residential addresses with subsequent lead poisoning cases among children younger than 72 months, adjusted OR = 0.21, 95% CI (0.08-0.54). CONCLUSIONS For the three states studied, the evidence suggests that lead laws such as those studied herein effectively reduced primary exposure to lead among young children living in residential addresses that may have had lead contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaro Kennedy
- />Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | | | - Marissa Scalia Sucosky
- />Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
| | - Rona Boehm
- />Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Mary Jean Brown
- />Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA
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Wiener RC, Long DL, Jurevic RJ. Blood levels of the heavy metal, lead, and caries in children aged 24-72 months: NHANES III. Caries Res 2014; 49:26-33. [PMID: 25358243 DOI: 10.1159/000365297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead remains a significant pollutant. It has acute toxic and chronic effects on many tissues and accumulates in teeth and bones. The researchers for this study investigated the association of blood lead levels with the extent/severity of caries as measured by the number of decayed/filled teeth of children aged 24-72 months using data from NHANES III (the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), accounting for the excess zero caries in the analysis and using less than 2 µg/dl as the reference blood lead level (n = 3,127). Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models indicated unadjusted extent/severity mean ratios of 1.79, 1.88 and 1.94 for the number of decayed/filled teeth in children whose blood lead levels were 2-5, 5-10 and >10 µg/dl, respectively, compared with children having <2 µg/dl blood lead levels. The results did not attenuate when other variables were added to the model for the 5-10 and >10 µg/dl levels of exposure. The adjusted extent/severity mean ratios were 1.84, 2.14 and 1.91, respectively, for the categories. This study indicated a strong association of blood lead levels with increasing numbers of carious teeth in children aged 24-72 months. These findings support other studies in an innovative analysis handling cases of children with no caries. The findings may inform caries risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Constance Wiener
- Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va., USA
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