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Simoni M, Menegazzi C, Fracassi C, Biffi CC, Genova F, Tenace NP, Lucianò R, Raimondi A, Tacchetti C, Brugarolas J, Mazza D, Bernardi R. PML restrains p53 activity and cellular senescence in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:1324-1351. [PMID: 38730056 PMCID: PMC11178789 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the major subtype of RCC, is frequently diagnosed at late/metastatic stage with 13% 5-year disease-free survival. Functional inactivation of the wild-type p53 protein is implicated in ccRCC therapy resistance, but the detailed mechanisms of p53 malfunction are still poorly characterized. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms of disease progression and therapy resistance is required. Here, we report a novel ccRCC dependence on the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein. We show that PML is overexpressed in ccRCC and that PML depletion inhibits cell proliferation and relieves pathologic features of anaplastic disease in vivo. Mechanistically, PML loss unleashed p53-dependent cellular senescence thus depicting a novel regulatory axis to limit p53 activity and senescence in ccRCC. Treatment with the FDA-approved PML inhibitor arsenic trioxide induced PML degradation and p53 accumulation and inhibited ccRCC expansion in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, by defining non-oncogene addiction to the PML gene, our work uncovers a novel ccRCC vulnerability and lays the foundation for repurposing an available pharmacological intervention to restore p53 function and chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Simoni
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Menegazzi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Fracassi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia C Biffi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Medical Advisor, Sanofi, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Genova
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nazario Pio Tenace
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Lucianò
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Universita' Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Davide Mazza
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Bernardi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Yu J, Han L, Yang F, Zhao M, Zhou H, Hu L. SOCS5 contributes to temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma by regulating Bcl-2-mediated autophagy. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14125-14137. [PMID: 35730472 PMCID: PMC9342142 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2081463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is the primary chemotherapeutic drug for treating glioblastoma (GBM); however, the final clinical outcome is considerably limited by the poor response and resistance to TMZ. Although autophagy is thought to be associated with chemotherapy resistance and cancer cell survival, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family is widely distributed in vivo and exerts a range of effects on tumors; however, the expression pattern and role of SOCS in GBM remains unknown. In this study, we determined that high SOCS5 expression level was associated with poor prognosis and TMZ resistance in GBM. TMZ induced an increase in SOCS5 expression level and upregulated autophagy during the acquisition of drug resistance. The observed increase in the extent of autophagy was mediated by SOCS5. Mechanistically, SOCS5 enhances the transcription of Bcl-2. Knockdown of SOCS5 inhibited TMZ chemoresistance in GBM cells through the inhibition of Bcl-2 recruited autophagy; upregulation of Bcl-2 blocked this effect. In summary, our findings revealed the involvement and underlying mechanism of SOCS5 in TMZ resistance. SOCS5 plays a critical role in GBM chemoresistance and may serve as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for chemotherapeutically treating drug-resistant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingliang Zhao
- Chinese People’s Armed Police Force Characteristic Medical Center, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linwang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China,CONTACT Linwang Hu Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province410016, China
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Ren X, Chen C, Luo Y, Liu M, Li Y, Zheng S, Ye H, Fu Z, Li M, Li Z, Chen R. lncRNA-PLACT1 sustains activation of NF-κB pathway through a positive feedback loop with IκBα/E2F1 axis in pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:35. [PMID: 32085715 PMCID: PMC7033942 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of NF-κB signaling pathway is regarded as the dominant process that correlates with tumorigenesis. Recently, increasing evidence shows that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in sustaining the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. METHODS The expression and clinical features of PLACT1 were analyzed in a 166-case cohort of PDAC by qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. The functional role of PLACT1 was evaluated by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Chromatin isolation by RNA purification assays were utilized to examine the interaction of PLACT1 with IκBα promoter. RESULTS We identified a novel lncRNA-PLACT1, which was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues and correlated with progression and poor survival in PDAC patients. Moreover, PLACT1 promoted the proliferation and invasion of PDAC cells in vitro. Consistently, PLACT1 overexpression fostered the progression of PDAC both in orthotopic and lung metastasis mice models. Mechanistically, PLACT1 suppressed IκBα expression by recruiting hnRNPA1 to IκBα promoter, which led to increased H3K27me3 that decreased the transcriptional level of IκBα. Furthermore, E2F1-mediated overexpression of PLACT1 modulated the progression of PDAC by sustained activation of NF-κB signaling pathway through forming a positive feedback loop with IκBα. Importantly, administration of the NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor significantly suppressed PLACT1-induced sustained activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to reduced tumorigenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that PLACT1 provides a novel epigenetic mechanism involved in constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and may represent a new therapeutic target of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuming Luo
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1262A, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangyou Zheng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Ye
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, Department of Surgery, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1262A, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, 510120, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, 107th Yanjiangxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rufu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106th of 2nd Zhongshan Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Libby CJ, McConathy J, Darley-Usmar V, Hjelmeland AB. The Role of Metabolic Plasticity in Blood and Brain Stem Cell Pathophysiology. Cancer Res 2019; 80:5-16. [PMID: 31575548 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity in cancer continues to evolve, with current models incorporating single-cell signatures to explore cell-cell interactions and differentiation state. The transition between stem and differentiation states in nonneoplastic cells requires metabolic plasticity, and this plasticity is increasingly recognized to play a central role in cancer biology. The insights from hematopoietic and neural stem cell differentiation pathways were used to identify cancer stem cells in leukemia and gliomas. Similarly, defining metabolic heterogeneity and fuel-switching signals in nonneoplastic stem cells may also give important insights into the corresponding molecular mechanisms controlling metabolic plasticity in cancer. These advances are important, because metabolic adaptation to anticancer therapeutics is rooted in this inherent metabolic plasticity and is a therapeutic challenge to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Libby
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Functions and dys-functions of promyelocytic leukemia protein PML. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Qiu H, Huang F, Xiao H, Sun B, Yang R. TRIM22 inhibits the TRAF6-stimulated NF-κB pathway by targeting TAB2 for degradation. Virol Sin 2013; 28:209-15. [PMID: 23818111 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif containing 22 (TRIM22), a member of the TRIM/RBCC family, has been reported to activate the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in unstimulated macrophage cell lines, but the detailed mechanisms governing this activation remains unclear. We investigated this mechanism in HEK293T cells. We found that overexpression of TRIM22 could activate the NF-κB pathway and conversely, could inhibit the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-stimulated NF-κB pathway in HEK293T cells. Further experiments showed that TRIM22 could decrease the self-ubiquitination of TRAF6, and interact with and degrade transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 binding protein 2 (TAB2), and that these effects could be partially rescued by a TRIM22 RING domain deletion mutant. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of TRIM22 may negatively regulate the TRAF6-stimulated NF-κB pathway by interacting with and degrading TAB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Katome T, Namekata K, Naito T, Semba K, Guo X, Harada C, Harada T, Mitamura Y. Expression of promyelocytic leukemia protein and vascular endothelial growth factor in aqueous humor and vitreous fluid in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 98:e9-e11. [PMID: 23092969 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the expression of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) in the eye of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. METHODS PML mRNA levels were measured in proliferative membranes from 12 PDR patients and idiopathic epiretinal membranes from 5 control patients by quantitative RT-PCR. Protein levels of PML and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in aqueous humor and vitreous fluid samples from 34 PDR patients and 38 control patients were determined using ELISA. RESULTS The PML mRNA expression levels in membrane samples, and the PML protein concentrations in aqueous humor and vitreous fluid samples were significantly lower in PDR patients than control patients. We observed a statistically significant inverse correlation between the concentrations of PML and VEGF in the aqueous humor and vitreous fluid of PDR patients. CONCLUSION PML may be a good candidate as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic agent for PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Katome
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Okazaki T, Kageji T, Kuwayama K, Kitazato KT, Mure H, Hara K, Morigaki R, Mizobuchi Y, Matsuzaki K, Nagahiro S. Up-regulation of endogenous PML induced by a combination of interferon-beta and temozolomide enhances p73/YAP-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 323:199-207. [PMID: 22542810 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is reported to augment anti-tumor effects by temozolomide in glioblastoma via down-regulation of MGMT. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML), a gene induced by IFN-β, is a tumor suppressor. Here, we report for the first time that in combination therapy, an IFN-β-induced increase in endogenous PML contributes to anti-tumor effects in p53 wild- and mutant glioma cells in a xenograft mice model. The increased PML promoted the accumulation of p73, a structural and functional homolog of p53, to fuse the coactivator Yes-associated-protein in the PML nuclear bodies. The adjuvant therapy targeted at PML may be a promising therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Okazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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9
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Chang CC, Naik MT, Huang YS, Jeng JC, Liao PH, Kuo HY, Ho CC, Hsieh YL, Lin CH, Huang NJ, Naik NM, Kung CCH, Lin SY, Chen RH, Chang KS, Huang TH, Shih HM. Structural and functional roles of Daxx SIM phosphorylation in SUMO paralog-selective binding and apoptosis modulation. Mol Cell 2011; 42:62-74. [PMID: 21474068 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation and interaction are increasingly associated with various cellular processes. However, little is known about the cellular signaling mechanisms that regulate proteins for distinct SUMO paralog conjugation and interactions. Using the transcriptional coregulator Daxx as a model, we show that SUMO paralog-selective binding and conjugation are regulated by phosphorylation of the Daxx SUMO-interacting motif (SIM). NMR structural studies show that Daxx (732)E-I-I-V-L-S-D-S-D(740) is a bona fide SIM that binds to SUMO-1 in a parallel orientation. Daxx-SIM is phosphorylated by CK2 kinase at residues S737 and S739. Phosphorylation promotes Daxx-SIM binding affinity toward SUMO-1 over SUMO-2/3, causing Daxx preference for SUMO-1 conjugation and interaction with SUMO-1-modified factors. Furthermore, Daxx-SIM phosphorylation enhances Daxx to sensitize stress-induced cell apoptosis via antiapoptotic gene repression. Our findings provide structural insights into the Daxx-SIM:SUMO-1 complex, a model of SIM phosphorylation-enhanced SUMO paralog-selective modification and interaction, and phosphorylation-regulated Daxx function in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Moreira F, Kiehl TR, So K, Ajeawung NF, Honculada C, Gould P, Pieper RO, Kamnasaran D. NPAS3 demonstrates features of a tumor suppressive role in driving the progression of Astrocytomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:462-76. [PMID: 21703424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas, the most common primary brain tumors, are predominantly fatal. Improved treatments will require a better understanding of the biological features of high-grade astrocytomas. To better understand the role of neuronal PAS 3 (NPAS3) in diseases in human beings, it was investigated as a candidate for astrocytomagenesis based on the presence of aberrant protein expression in greater than 70% of a human astrocytoma panel (n = 433) and most notably in surgically resected malignant lesions. In subsequent functional studies, it was concluded that NPAS3 exhibits features of a tumor-suppressor, which drives the progression of astrocytomas by modulating the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell migration/invasion and has a further influence on the viability of endothelial cells. Of clinical importance, absence of NPAS3 expression in glioblastomas was a significantly negative prognostic marker of survival. In addition, malignant astrocytomas lacking NPAS3 expression demonstrated loss of function mutations, which were associated with loss of heterozygosity. While overexpressed NPAS3 in malignant glioma cell lines significantly suppressed transformation, the converse decreased expression considerably induced more aggressive growth. In addition, knockdown NPAS3 expression in a human astrocyte cell line in concert with the human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncogenes induced growth of malignant astrocytomas. In conclusion, NPAS3 drives the progression of human malignant astrocytomas as a tumor suppressor and is a negative prognostication marker for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Moreira
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Zhao X, Laver T, DeVos A, Twitty G, DeVos M, Benveniste EN, Nozell SE. An NF-κB p65-cIAP2 link is necessary for mediating resistance to TNF-α induced cell death in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2011; 102:367-81. [PMID: 21279667 PMCID: PMC3736577 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are diffusively infiltrative and remain among the deadliest of all cancers. NF-κB is a transcription factor that mediates cell growth, migration and invasion, angiogenesis and resistance to apoptosis. Normally, the activity of NF-κB is tightly regulated by numerous mechanisms. However, in many cancers, NF-κB is constitutively activated and may function as a tumor promoter. Herein, we show that in gliomas, NF-κB is constitutively activated and the levels of cIAP2, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Survivin are elevated. These genes are regulated by NF-κB and can inhibit apoptosis. To understand the potential role of NF-κB p65 in suppressing apoptosis, we generated human glioma cell lines that inducibly express shRNA molecules specific for p65. We demonstrate that in the absence of p65, TNF-α induced cIAP2 expression is significantly reduced while the levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Survivin are not affected. These data suggest that of these genes, only cIAP2 is a direct target of p65, which was confirmed using RT-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. By reducing the levels of p65 and/or cIAP2 levels, we demonstrate that the levels of RIP poly-ubiquitination are reduced, and that p65-deficient glioma cells are more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α. Specifically, in the presence of TNF-α glioma cells lacking p65 and/or cIAP2 showed cellular proliferation defects and underwent cell death. These data suggest that NF-κB and/or cIAP2 may be therapeutically relevant targets for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annelies DeVos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005
| | - George Twitty
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005
| | - Marijke DeVos
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005
| | - Etty N. Benveniste
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005
| | - Susan E. Nozell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0005
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12
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NFκB inhibitors induce cell death in glioblastomas. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 81:412-24. [PMID: 21040711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of novel target pathways in glioblastoma (GBM) remains critical due to poor prognosis, inefficient therapies and recurrence associated with these tumors. In this work, we evaluated the role of nuclear-factor-kappa-B (NFκB) in the growth of GBM cells, and the potential of NFκB inhibitors as antiglioma agents. NFκB pathway was found overstimulated in GBM cell lines and in tumor specimens compared to normal astrocytes and healthy brain tissues, respectively. Treatment of a panel of established GBM cell lines (U138MG, U87, U373 and C6) with pharmacological NFκB inhibitors (BAY117082, parthenolide, MG132, curcumin and arsenic trioxide) and NFκB-p65 siRNA markedly decreased the viability of GBMs as compared to inhibitors of other signaling pathways such as MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38), PKC, EGFR and PI3K/Akt. In addition, NFκB inhibitors presented a low toxicity to normal astrocytes, indicating selectivity to cancerous cells. In GBMs, mitochondrial dysfunction (membrane depolarization, bcl-xL downregulation and cytochrome c release) and arrest in the G2/M phase were observed at the early steps of NFκB inhibitors treatment. These events preceded sub-G1 detection, apoptotic body formation and caspase-3 activation. Also, NFκB was found overstimulated in cisplatin-resistant C6 cells, and treatment of GBMs with NFκB inhibitors overcame cisplatin resistance besides potentiating the effects of the chemotherapeutics, cisplatin and doxorubicin. These findings support NFκB as a potential target to cell death induction in GBMs, and that the NFκB inhibitors may be considered for in vivo testing on animal models and possibly on GBM therapy.
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Mure H, Matsuzaki K, Kitazato KT, Mizobuchi Y, Kuwayama K, Kageji T, Nagahiro S. Akt2 and Akt3 play a pivotal role in malignant gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2009; 12:221-32. [PMID: 20167810 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt, one of the major downstream effectors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, is hyper-expressed and activated in a variety of cancers including glioblastoma. However, the expression profiles of the Akt isoforms Akt1/PKBalpha, Akt2/PKBbeta, and Akt3/PKBgamma and their functional roles in malignant glioma are not well understood. Therefore, we examined the protein and mRNA expression patterns of Akt isoforms in tissues from human astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and non-neoplastic regions. We also explored the biological role of each Akt isoform in malignant glioma cells using RNA interference-mediated knock-down and the over-expression of plasmid DNA of each isoform. The expression of Akt1 protein and mRNA was similar in glioma and normal control tissues. Although the protein and mRNA level of Akt2 increased with the pathological grade of malignancy, the expression of Akt3 mRNA and protein decreased as the malignancy grade increased. In U87MG, T98G, and TGB cells, the down-regulation of Akt2 or Akt3 by RNA interference reduced the expression of the phosphorylated form of Bad, resulting in the induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Akt1 knock-down did not affect cell growth or survival. We first demonstrate that the over-expression of Akt2 or Akt3 down-regulated the expression of the other protein and that endogenous Akt3 protein showed high kinase activity in U87MG cells. Our data suggest that Akt2 and Akt3 play an important role in the viability of human malignant glioma cells. Targeting Akt2 and Akt3 may hold promise for the treatment of patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Mure
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Reineke EL, Kao HY. PML: An emerging tumor suppressor and a target with therapeutic potential. CANCER THERAPY 2009; 7:219-226. [PMID: 19756257 PMCID: PMC2743178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Though originally discovered as a tumor suppressor in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL), the importance of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) in cancers of other origins has not been widely studied. Recent studies have shown that multiple types of cancers show decreased expression of PML protein, though the mechanisms leading to this down-regulation are unknown. Decreased expression of PML can result in loss of cell cycle control and prevention of apoptosis and is likely a key event in the promotion of oncogenesis. Many of these effects are due to changes in the transcriptional profile of the cell as a result of decreased size and number of PML nuclear bodies. Several mouse studies confirm the contribution of PML to oncogenesis and cancer progression. It is important to not only further define a role for PML as a tumor suppressor, but also to begin to develop strategies to target PML therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- Correspondence: Hung-Ying Kao, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University (CASE) the Comprehensive Cancer Center of CASE. 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA; Tel: (216)368-1150; Fax: (216)368-3419;
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