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Nguyen LTT, Le XT, Pham HNT, Van Nguyen T, Nguyen PT, Van Thi Pham A, Nguyen TBT, Matsumoto K. Therapeutic effects of a standardized-flavonoid Diospyros kaki L.f. leaf extract on transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury in mice. J Nat Med 2023; 77:544-560. [PMID: 37115470 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective and therapeutic effects of Diospyros kaki L.f. leaves (DK) on transient focal cerebral ischemic injury and underlying mechanisms using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of mice. The animals received the MCAO operation on day 0. The daily administrations of DK (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) and edaravone (6 mg/kg, i.v), a reference drug with radical scavenging activity, were started 7 days before (pre-treatment) or immediately after the MCAO operation (post-treatment) and continued during the experimental period. Histochemical, biochemical, and neurological changes and cognitive performance were evaluated. MCAO caused cerebral infarction and neuronal cell loss in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus in a manner accompanied by spatial cognitive deficits. These neurological and cognitive impairments caused by MCAO were significantly attenuated by pre- and post-ischemic treatments with DK and edaravone, suggesting that DK, like edaravone, has therapeutic potential for cerebral ischemia-induced brain damage. DK and edaravone suppressed MCAO-induced changes in biomarkers for apoptosis (TUNEL-positive cell number and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression) and oxidative stress (glutathione and malondialdehyde contents) in the brain. Interestingly, DK, but not edaravone, mitigated an increase in blood-brain permeability and down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression caused by MCAO. Although the exact chemical constituents implicated in the effects of DK remain to be clarified, the present results indicate that DK exerts neuroprotective and therapeutic activity against transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced injury probably by suppressing oxidative stress, apoptotic process, and mechanisms impairing blood-brain barrier integrity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Department of Pharmacology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Xoan Thi Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Hang Nguyet Thi Pham
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tai Van Nguyen
- Department of Phytochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Van Thi Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | | | - Kinzo Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
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Conti E, Carlini N, Piccardi B, Allegra Mascaro AL, Pavone FS. Photothrombotic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice: A Novel Model of Ischemic Stroke. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0244-22.2022. [PMID: 36650068 PMCID: PMC9910575 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0244-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. Over the past decades, several animal models of focal cerebral ischemia have been developed allowing to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying stroke progression. Despite intense preclinical research efforts, the need for noninvasive mouse models of vascular occlusion targeting the middle cerebral artery yet avoiding mechanical intervention is still pressing. Here, by applying the photothrombotic stroke model to the distal branch of the middle cerebral artery, we developed a novel strategy to induce a targeted occlusion of a large blood vessel in mice. This approach induces unilateral damage encompassing most of the dorsal cortex from the motor up to the visual regions 1 week after stroke. Pronounced limb dystonia one day after the damage is partially recovered after one week. Furthermore, we observe the insurgence of blood vessel leakage and edema formation in the peri-infarct area. Finally, this model elicits a notable inflammatory response revealed as a strong increase in astrocyte density and morphologic complexity in the perilesional region of the cortex compared with both other regions of the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres, and in sham-operated mice. To conclude, the stroke model we developed induces in mice the light-mediated occlusion of one of the main targets of human ischemic stroke, the middle cerebral artery, free from the limitations of commonly used preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Conti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Translational Research on Stroke (TREES) Working Group, Florence, Italy
| | - Noemi Carlini
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Piccardi
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Translational Research on Stroke (TREES) Working Group, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Translational Research on Stroke (TREES) Working Group, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Li YC, Li Y, Zhang YN, Zhao Q, Zhang PL, Sun MR, Liu BL, Yang H, Li P. Muscone and (+)-Borneol Cooperatively Strengthen CREB Induction of Claudin 5 in IL-1 β-Induced Endothelium Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081455. [PMID: 35892657 PMCID: PMC9394259 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin 5 is one of the major proteins of tight junctions and is responsible for cerebrovascular integrity and BBB function. Muscone and (+)-borneol is the major ingredient of moschus and borneolum, respectively, with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated whether muscone and (+)-borneol combination protected claudin 5 by targeting ROS-mediated IL-1β accumulation. Muscone and (+)-borneol reduced cerebral infarct volume and cerebrovascular leakage with claudin 5 protection in mice after stroke, largely due to inhibiting ROS accumulation and inflammatory infiltrate of microglia. Muscone reduced ROS and then blocked the CaN/Erk1/2 pathway to decrease IL-1β release, while (+)-borneol removed mitochondrial ROS and attenuated the SDH/Hif-1α pathway to inhibit IL-1β transcription, thereby jointly reducing IL-1β production. Accumulated IL-1β disrupted cAMP/CREB activation and attenuated transcriptional regulation of claudin 5. Muscone and (+)-borneol combination cooperatively protected BBB function by blocking IL-1β-mediated cAMP/CREB/claudin 5 cascades. Mutation of Ser133 site of CREB or knockdown of claudin 5 weakened the effects of muscone and (+)-borneol on upregulation of TEER value and downregulation of FITC-dextran permeability, suggesting that targeting CREB/claudin 5 was an important strategy to protect vascular integrity. This study provided ideas for the studies of synergistic protection against ischemic brain injury about the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Li
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (P.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-25-8327-1379 (P.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Li
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (P.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-25-8327-1379 (P.L.)
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Michalski D, Reimann W, Spielvogel E, Mages B, Biedermann B, Barthel H, Nitzsche B, Schob S, Härtig W. Regionally Altered Immunosignals of Surfactant Protein-G, Vascular and Non-Vascular Elements of the Neurovascular Unit after Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, Rats, and Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115875. [PMID: 35682557 PMCID: PMC9180438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The surfactant protein-G (SP-G) has recently been discovered in the brain and linked to fluid balance regulations. Stroke is characterized by impaired vessel integrity, promoting water influx and edema formation. The neurovascular unit concept (NVU) has been generated to cover not only ischemic affections of neurons or vessels but also other regionally associated cells. This study provides the first spatio-temporal characterization of SP-G and NVU elements after experimental stroke. Immunofluorescence labeling was applied to explore SP-G, vascular and cellular markers in mice (4, 24, and 72 h of ischemia), rats (24 h of ischemia), and sheep (two weeks of ischemia). Extravasated albumin indicated vascular damage within ischemic areas. Quantifications revealed decreasing SP-G signals in the ischemia-affected neocortex and subcortex. Inverse immunosignals of SP-G and vascular elements existed throughout all models. Despite local associations between SP-G and the vasculature, a definite co-localization was not seen. Along with a decreased SP-G-immunoreactivity in ischemic areas, signals originating from neurons, glial elements, and the extracellular matrix exhibited morphological alterations or changed intensities. Collectively, this study revealed regional alterations of SP-G, vascular, and non-vascular NVU elements after ischemia, and may thus stimulate the discussion about the role of SP-G during stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (W.R.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-9724339
| | - Willi Reimann
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (W.R.); (E.S.)
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.B.); (W.H.)
| | - Emma Spielvogel
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (W.R.); (E.S.)
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.B.); (W.H.)
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Bernd Biedermann
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.B.); (W.H.)
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Stephanstr. 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.B.); (B.N.)
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Stephanstr. 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (H.B.); (B.N.)
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Halle, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.B.); (W.H.)
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Clain J, Couret D, Planesse C, Krejbich-Trotot P, Meilhac O, Lefebvre d’Hellencourt C, Viranaicken W, Diotel N. Distribution of Adiponectin Receptors in the Brain of Adult Mouse: Effect of a Single Dose of the Adiponectin Receptor Agonist, AdipoRON, on Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050680. [PMID: 35625066 PMCID: PMC9139333 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin exhibits pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective ones. Although some studies have documented brain expression in different rodent models of its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, their global distribution remains incomplete. Here, we demonstrated that both AdipoR are widely distributed in the brains of adult mice. Furthermore, by double immunostaining studies, we showed that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are mainly expressed in neurons and blood vessels. Then, considering the wide distribution of both receptors and the neuroprotective effects of adiponectin, we tested the therapeutic effect of a single injection of the adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRON (5 mg.kg−1), 24 h after stroke in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion technique (MCAO). Under our experimental conditions, we demonstrated that AdipoRON did not modulate the infarct volume, cell death, neuroinflammatory parameters including microglia activation and oxidative stress. This study suggests that a protocol based on multiple injections of AdipoRON at a higher dose after MCAO could be considered to promote the therapeutic properties of AdipoRON on the brain repair mechanism and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Clain
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (J.C.); (D.C.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (C.L.d.)
| | - David Couret
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (J.C.); (D.C.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (C.L.d.)
- CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Cynthia Planesse
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (J.C.); (D.C.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (C.L.d.)
| | - Pascale Krejbich-Trotot
- Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM, UMR 1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249, Université de La Réunion, 94791 Sainte-Clotilde, France;
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (J.C.); (D.C.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (C.L.d.)
- CHU de La Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d’Hellencourt
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (J.C.); (D.C.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (C.L.d.)
| | - Wildriss Viranaicken
- Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM, UMR 1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249, Université de La Réunion, 94791 Sainte-Clotilde, France;
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (N.D.)
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (J.C.); (D.C.); (C.P.); (O.M.); (C.L.d.)
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (N.D.)
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Antioxidant Polyphenols of Antirhea borbonica Medicinal Plant and Caffeic Acid Reduce Cerebrovascular, Inflammatory and Metabolic Disorders Aggravated by High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in a Mouse Model of Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050858. [PMID: 35624723 PMCID: PMC9138119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders related to obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with aggravated cerebrovascular damages during stroke. In particular, hyperglycemia alters redox and inflammatory status, leading to cerebral endothelial cell dysfunction, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and brain homeostasis loss. Polyphenols constitute the most abundant dietary antioxidants and exert anti-inflammatory effects that may improve cerebrovascular complications in stroke. This study evaluated the effects of the characterized polyphenol-rich extract of Antirhea borbonica medicinal plant and its major constituent caffeic acid on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model during ischemic stroke, and murine bEnd3 cerebral endothelial cells in high glucose condition. In vivo, polyphenols administered by oral gavage for 12 weeks attenuated insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia caused by HFD-induced obesity. Polyphenols limited brain infarct, hemorrhagic transformation and BBB disruption aggravated by obesity during stroke. Polyphenols exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by reducing IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α and Nrf2 overproduction as well as total SOD activity elevation at the cerebral or peripheral levels in obese mice. In vitro, polyphenols decreased MMP-2 activity that correlated with MCP-1 secretion and ROS intracellular levels in hyperglycemic condition. Protective effects of polyphenols were linked to their bioavailability with evidence for circulating metabolites including caffeic acid, quercetin and hippuric acid. Altogether, these findings show that antioxidant polyphenols reduced cerebrovascular, inflammatory and metabolic disorders aggravated by obesity in a mouse model of stroke. It will be relevant to assess polyphenol-based strategies to improve the clinical consequences of stroke in the context of obesity and diabetes.
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Neuroprotective Effect of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol Derived from Rice Bran Oil against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071380. [PMID: 35405992 PMCID: PMC9003438 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (POP) is a triacylglyceride found in oils from various natural sources, including palm kernels, sunflower seeds, and rice bran. In the current study, the neuroprotective effects and the specific mechanism of POP derived from rice bran oil were investigated for the first time using the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in rats. Orally administered POP at 1, 3, or 5 mg/kg (three times: 0.5 h before MCAO, after 1 h of MCAO, and after 1 h of reperfusion) markedly reduced the MCAO/R-induced infarct/edema volume and neurobehavioral deficits. Glutathione depletion and the oxidative degradation of lipids in the rat brain induced by MCAO/R were prevented by POP administration. The upregulation of phosphorylated p38 MAPKs, inflammatory factors (inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)), and pro-apoptotic proteins (B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3) and the downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) in the ischemic brain were significantly inhibited by POP administration. In addition, downregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), and phosphorylated cyclic (adenosine monophosphate) AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) expression in the ischemic brain was inhibited by POP administration. These results suggest that POP might exert neuroprotective effects by inhibition of p38 MAPK and activation of PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway, which is associated with anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory action. From the above results, the present study provides evidence that POP might be effectively applied for the management of cerebral ischemia-related diseases.
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Wang RY, Yang YR, Chang HC. The SDF1-CXCR4 Axis Is Involved in the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy-Mediated Neuronal Cells Migration in Transient Brain Ischemic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031780. [PMID: 35163700 PMCID: PMC8836673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a physiological response after cerebral ischemic injury to possibly repair the damaged neural network. Therefore, promoting neurogenesis is very important for functional recovery after cerebral ischemic injury. Our previous research indicated that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) exerted neuroprotective effects, such as reducing cerebral infarction volume. The purposes of this study were to further explore the effects of HBOT on the neurogenesis and the expressions of cell migration factors, including the stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) and its target receptor, the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Thirty-two Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into the control or HBO group after receiving transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). HBOT began to intervene 24 h after MCAO under the pressure of 3 atmospheres for one hour per day for 21 days. Rats in the control group were placed in the same acrylic box without HBOT during the experiment. After the final intervention, half of the rats in each group were cardio-perfused with ice-cold saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde under anesthesia. The brains were removed, dehydrated and cut into serial 20μm coronal sections for immunofluorescence staining to detect the markers of newborn cell (BrdU+), mature neuron cell (NeuN+), SDF1, and CXCR4. The affected motor cortex of the other half rats in each group was separated under anesthesia and used to detect the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), SDF1, and CXCR4. Motor function was tested by a ladder-climbing test before and after the experiment. HBOT significantly enhanced neurogenesis in the penumbra area and promoted the expressions of SDF1 and CXCR4. The numbers of BrdU+/SDF1+, BrdU+/CXCR4+, and BrdU+/NeuN+ cells and BDNF concentrations in the penumbra were all significantly increased in the HBO group when compared with the control group. The motor functions were improved in both groups, but there was a significant difference between groups in the post-test. Our results indicated that HBOT for 21 days enhanced neurogenesis and promoted cell migration toward the penumbra area in transient brain ischemic rats. HBOT also increased BDNF expression, which might further promote the reconstructions of the impaired neural networks and restore motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (R.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Yea-Ru Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (R.-Y.W.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Heng-Chih Chang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2332-3456 (ext. 48031)
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Zou J, Huang GF, Xia Q, Li X, Shi J, Sun N. Electroacupuncture promotes microglial M2 polarization in ischemic stroke via annexin A1. Acupunct Med 2021; 40:258-267. [PMID: 34894768 DOI: 10.1177/09645284211057570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is the leading cause of neurological sequelae in ischemic stroke. Recently, we reported that the anti-inflammatory mediator annexin A1 (ANXA1) favored microglial M2 polarization in brain injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate electroacupuncture (EA) treatment and its potentially ANXA1-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model of stroke. METHODS Treatment with EA consisted of dense-sparse frequencies (alternating 4 Hz sparse waves for 1.5 s and 16 Hz dense waves for 1.5 s) at CV24 and GV26. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Boc-2 (5 µM) or short hairpin RNA (sh)ANXA1 (2 µL) 3 days before EA was performed to block the effects of ANXA1. RESULTS EA pretreatment enhanced expression of ANXA1 and its receptor, formyl peptide receptor (FPR), when compared to MCAO/R alone. EA treatment also rescued MCAO/R-induced deficits in neurological performance, and learning and memory, and reduced infarct volume. Double immunofluorescent labeling showed that EA prevented MCAO/R-induced changes in microglial activation and morphology. EA also reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while increasing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as arginase-1 (Arg-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). All EA-induced effects were either partially or completely prevented by prior administration of FPR antagonist Boc-2 or shANXA1. CONCLUSION The current study provides strong evidence that EA treatment has protective effects against ischemic stroke in the MCAO/R mouse model and that the mechanism likely involves the promotion of M2 polarization in microglia via ANXA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Fu Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Couret D, Planesse C, Patche J, Diotel N, Nativel B, Bourane S, Meilhac O. Lack of Neuroprotective Effects of High-Density Lipoprotein Therapy in Stroke under Acute Hyperglycemic Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216365. [PMID: 34770774 PMCID: PMC8588473 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The pleiotropic protective effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) on cerebral ischemia have never been tested under acute hyperglycemic conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect of HDL intracarotid injection in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) under hyperglycemic conditions. Methods: Forty-two mice were randomized to receive either an intracarotid injection of HDLs or saline. Acute hyperglycemia was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of glucose (2.2 g/kg) 20 min before MCAO. Infarct size (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-staining), blood–brain barrier leakage (IgG infiltration), and hemorrhagic changes (hemoglobin assay by ELISA and hemorrhagic transformation score) were analyzed 24 h post-stroke. Brain tissue inflammation (IL-6 by ELISA, neutrophil infiltration and myeloperoxidase by immunohisto-fluorescence) and apoptosis (caspase 3 activation) were also assessed. Results: Intraperitoneal D-glucose injection allowed HDL- and saline-treated groups to reach a blood glucose level of 300 mg/dl in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. HDL injection did not significantly reduce mortality (19% versus 29% in the saline-injected group) or cerebral infarct size (p = 0.25). Hemorrhagic transformations and inflammation parameters were not different between the two groups. In addition, HDL did not inhibit apoptosis under acute hyperglycemic conditions. Conclusion: We observed a nonsignificant decrease in cerebral infarct size in the HDL group. The deleterious consequences of reperfusion such as hemorrhagic transformation or inflammation were not improved by HDL infusion. In acute hyperglycemia, HDLs are not potent enough to counteract the adverse effects of hyperglycemia. The addition of antioxidants to therapeutic HDLs could improve their neuroprotective capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Couret
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
- Service de Neuroréanimation, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de La Réunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-(0)-35-90-00
| | - Cynthia Planesse
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Jessica Patche
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Brice Nativel
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Steeve Bourane
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, Inserm, Plateforme CYROI, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (C.P.); (J.P.); (N.D.); (B.N.); (S.B.); (O.M.)
- CIC-EC 1410, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de La Réunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre de La Réunion, France
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11
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Mages B, Fuhs T, Aleithe S, Blietz A, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Schob S, Krueger M, Michalski D. The Cytoskeletal Elements MAP2 and NF-L Show Substantial Alterations in Different Stroke Models While Elevated Serum Levels Highlight Especially MAP2 as a Sensitive Biomarker in Stroke Patients. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4051-4069. [PMID: 33931805 PMCID: PMC8280005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the setting of ischemic stroke, the neurofilament subunit NF-L and the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 have proven to be exceptionally ischemia-sensitive elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Since alterations of the cytoskeleton have been linked to the transition from reversible to irreversible tissue damage, the present study investigates underlying time- and region-specific alterations of NF-L and MAP2 in different animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Although NF-L is increasingly established as a clinical stroke biomarker, MAP2 serum measurements after stroke are still lacking. Therefore, the present study further compares serum levels of MAP2 with NF-L in stroke patients. In the applied animal models, MAP2-related immunofluorescence intensities were decreased in ischemic areas, whereas the abundance of NF-L degradation products accounted for an increase of NF-L-related immunofluorescence intensity. Accordingly, Western blot analyses of ischemic areas revealed decreased protein levels of both MAP2 and NF-L. The cytoskeletal alterations are further reflected at an ultrastructural level as indicated by a significant reduction of detectable neurofilaments in cortical axons of ischemia-affected areas. Moreover, atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed altered mechanical properties as indicated by a decreased elastic strength in ischemia-affected tissue. In addition to the results from the animal models, stroke patients exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of MAP2, which increased with infarct size, whereas serum levels of NF-L did not differ significantly. Thus, MAP2 appears to be a more sensitive stroke biomarker than NF-L, especially for early neuronal damage. This perspective is strengthened by the results from the animal models, showing MAP2-related alterations at earlier time points compared to NF-L. The profound ischemia-induced alterations further qualify both cytoskeletal elements as promising targets for neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fuhs
- Section of Soft Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics and Geosciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Grisotto C, Taïlé J, Planesse C, Diotel N, Gonthier MP, Meilhac O, Couret D. High-Fat Diet Aggravates Cerebral Infarct, Hemorrhagic Transformation and Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Stroke Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4571. [PMID: 33925459 PMCID: PMC8123851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke in context of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with a poorer outcome than in non-diabetic conditions. We aimed at creating a new reproducible mouse model of stroke in impaired glucose tolerance conditions induced by high-fat diet. METHODS Adult C57BL6 mice were fed for 2 months with either normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD). We used a model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT) were used to assess pre-diabetic status. Brain infarct volume, hemorrhagic transformation (HT) as well as systemic and cerebral inflammatory markers were evaluated. RESULTS HFD was associated with an increased body weight and glycemia following OGTT. The HFD group presented a significant increase in brain infarct volume (38.7 (IQR 30-46.7%) vs. 28.45 (IQR 21-30%); p = 0.016) and HT (HFD: 2 (IQR 1-5) vs. ND: 0 (IQR 0-1); p = 0.012) and higher levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 in infarcted hemisphere compared to the ND group. CONCLUSION Two months of HFD in adult mice were sufficient to alter the lipid profile and the control of hyperglycemia. These metabolic perturbations were significantly associated with increased infarct volume and hemorrhagic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Grisotto
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.G.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (N.D.); (M.-P.G.); (O.M.)
- CHU de la Réunion, Service de Neuroréanimation, 97410 Saint-Pierre de la Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Janice Taïlé
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.G.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (N.D.); (M.-P.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Cynthia Planesse
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.G.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (N.D.); (M.-P.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.G.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (N.D.); (M.-P.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Marie-Paule Gonthier
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.G.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (N.D.); (M.-P.G.); (O.M.)
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.G.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (N.D.); (M.-P.G.); (O.M.)
- CHU de la Réunion, 97400 Saint-Denis de la Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - David Couret
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.G.); (J.T.); (C.P.); (N.D.); (M.-P.G.); (O.M.)
- CHU de la Réunion, Service de Neuroréanimation, 97410 Saint-Pierre de la Réunion, La Réunion, France
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13
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Michalski D, Spielvogel E, Puchta J, Reimann W, Barthel H, Nitzsche B, Mages B, Jäger C, Martens H, Horn AKE, Schob S, Härtig W. Increased Immunosignals of Collagen IV and Fibronectin Indicate Ischemic Consequences for the Neurovascular Matrix Adhesion Zone in Various Animal Models and Human Stroke Tissue. Front Physiol 2020; 11:575598. [PMID: 33192578 PMCID: PMC7649770 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.575598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes cellular alterations in the “neurovascular unit” (NVU) comprising neurons, glia, and the vasculature, and affects the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with adjacent extracellular matrix (ECM). Limited data are available for the zone between the NVU and ECM that has not yet considered for neuroprotective approaches. This study describes ischemia-induced alterations for two main components of the neurovascular matrix adhesion zone (NMZ), i.e., collagen IV as basement membrane constituent and fibronectin as crucial part of the ECM, in conjunction with traditional NVU elements. For spatio-temporal characterization of these structures, multiple immunofluorescence labeling was applied to tissues affected by focal cerebral ischemia using a filament-based model in mice (4, 24, and 72 h of ischemia), a thromboembolic model in rats (24 h of ischemia), a coagulation-based model in sheep (2 weeks of ischemia), and human autoptic stroke tissue (3 weeks of ischemia). An increased fibronectin immunofluorescence signal demarcated ischemia-affected areas in mice, along with an increased collagen IV signal and BBB impairment indicated by serum albumin extravasation. Quantifications revealed a region-specific pattern with highest collagen IV and fibronectin intensities in most severely affected neocortical areas, followed by a gradual decline toward the border zone and non-affected regions. Comparing 4 and 24 h of ischemia, the subcortical fibronectin signal increased significantly over time, whereas neocortical areas displayed only a gradual increase. Qualitative analyses confirmed increased fibronectin and collagen IV signals in ischemic areas from all tissues and time points investigated. While the increased collagen IV signal was restricted to vessels, fibronectin appeared diffusely arranged in the parenchyma with focal accumulations associated to the vasculature. Integrin α5 appeared enriched in the vicinity of fibronectin and vascular elements, while most of the non-vascular NVU elements showed complementary staining patterns referring to fibronectin. This spatio-temporal characterization of ischemia-related alterations of collagen IV and fibronectin in various stroke models and human autoptic tissue shows that ischemic consequences are not limited to traditional NVU components and the ECM, but also involve the NMZ. Future research should explore more components and the pathophysiological properties of the NMZ as a possible target for novel neuroprotective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Spielvogel
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joana Puchta
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Willi Reimann
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Anja K E Horn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology I and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Transplantation of hPSC-derived pericyte-like cells promotes functional recovery in ischemic stroke mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5196. [PMID: 33060592 PMCID: PMC7566513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes play essential roles in blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and dysfunction or degeneration of pericytes is implicated in a set of neurological disorders although the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. However, the scarcity of material sources hinders the application of BBB models in vitro for pathophysiological studies. Additionally, whether pericytes can be used to treat neurological disorders remains to be elucidated. Here, we generate pericyte-like cells (PCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) through the intermediate stage of the cranial neural crest (CNC) and reveal that the cranial neural crest-derived pericyte-like cells (hPSC-CNC PCs) express typical pericyte markers including PDGFRβ, CD146, NG2, CD13, Caldesmon, and Vimentin, and display distinct contractile properties, vasculogenic potential and endothelial barrier function. More importantly, when transplanted into a murine model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) with BBB disruption, hPSC-CNC PCs efficiently promote neurological functional recovery in tMCAO mice by reconstructing the BBB integrity and preventing of neuronal apoptosis. Our results indicate that hPSC-CNC PCs may represent an ideal cell source for the treatment of BBB dysfunction-related disorders and help to model the human BBB in vitro for the study of the pathogenesis of such neurological diseases. Pericytes play an essential role in blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Here, the authors generate pericyte-like cells (PCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) which display functional properties and also promote BBB recovery in a mouse model of cerebral artery occlusion.
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15
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Klyueva LA, Koplik EV, Shvetsov EV, Vasyanina KA. [Neurological status and structural changes in the tracheal lymphoid tissue in rats with different resistance to emotional stress of experimental hemorrhagic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:45-48. [PMID: 33016676 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012008245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study neurological status and structural changes in the tracheal lymphoid tissue in rats with different resistance to emotional stress in experimental hemorrhagic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS Evaluation of neurological deficit on the Menzies scale and a histological study of structural features of tracheal lymphoid tissue were performed on days 1, 3 and 7 of experimental hemorrhagic stroke in 98 Wistar male rats with different resistance to emotional stress. Stroke simulation was preceded by animal testing to determine individual stress resistance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Neurological disorders are more pronounced in non-stress-resistant animals during all periods of observation. Lymphoid nodules of the tracheal wall of rats react with destruction of lymphoid cells and depletion of small lymphocytes observed in stress-resistant rats already on the 1st day of a stroke. On the 3rd day, the neurological deficit and changes in the cellular composition of the lymphoid formations of the trachea are most pronounced in both groups of rats. By the 7th day, a positive trend towards the restoration of the structure of tracheal lymphoid tissue and normal neurological status is detected only in rats resistant to emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Klyueva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Koplik
- Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology the Russian Academy Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Shvetsov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Vasyanina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Zhang Y, Li H, Li X, Wu J, Xue T, Wu J, Shen H, Li X, Shen M, Chen G. TMEM16F Aggravates Neuronal Loss by Mediating Microglial Phagocytosis of Neurons in a Rat Experimental Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1144. [PMID: 32733436 PMCID: PMC7359929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a severe, acute condition, normally caused by cerebrovascular disease, and results in high rates of disability, and death. Phagoptosis is a newly recognized form of cell death caused by phagocytosis of viable cells, and has been reported to contribute to neuronal loss in brain tissue after ischemic stroke. Previous data indicated that exposure of phosphatidylserine to viable neurons could induce microglial phagocytosis of such neurons. Phosphatidylserine can be reversibly exposed to viable cells as a result of a calcium-activated phospholipid scramblase named TMEM16F. TMEM16F-mediated phospholipid scrambling on platelet membranes is critical for hemostasis and thrombosis, which plays an important role in Scott syndrome and has been confirmed by much research. However, few studies have investigated the association between TMEM16F and phagocytosis in ischemic stroke. In this study, a middle-cerebral-artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was used in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo, and cultured neurons were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to simulate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro. We found that the protein level of TMEM16F was significantly increased at 12 h after I-R injury both in vivo and in vitro, and reversible phosphatidylserine exposure was confirmed in neurons undergoing I/R injury in vitro. Additionally, we constructed a LV-TMEM16F-RNAi transfection system to suppress the expression of TMEM16F during and after cerebral ischemia. As a result, TMEM16F knockdown alleviated motor function injury and decreased the microglial phagocytosis of viable neurons in the penumbra through inhibiting the “eat-me” signal phosphatidylserine. Our data indicate that reducing neuronal phosphatidylserine-exposure via deficiency of TMEM16F blocks phagocytosis of neurons and rescues stressed-but-still-viable neurons in the penumbra, which may contribute to reducing infarct volume and improving functional recovering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhang
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meifen Shen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Huang JL, Liu WW, Manaenko A, Sun XJ, Mei QY, Hu Q. Hydrogen inhibits microglial activation and regulates microglial phenotype in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Med Gas Res 2020; 9:127-132. [PMID: 31552875 PMCID: PMC6779010 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.266987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia participate in bi-directional control of brain repair after stroke. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen protects brain after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) by inhibiting inflammation, but the specific mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of hydrogen is poorly understood. The goal of our study is to investigate whether inhalation of high concentration hydrogen (HCH) is able to attenuate I/R-induced microglia activation. Eighty C57B/L male mice were divided into four groups: sham, I/R, I/R + HCH and I/R + N2/O2 groups. Assessment of animals happened in “blind” matter. I/R was induced by occlusion of middle cerebral artery for one hour). After one hour, filament was withdrawn, which induced reperfusion. Hydrogen treated I/R animals inhaled mix of 66.7% H2 balanced with O2 for 90 minutes, starting immediately after initiation of reperfusion. Control animals (N2/O2) inhaled mix in which hydrogen was replaced with N2 for the same time (90 minutes). The brain injury, such as brain infarction and development of brain edema, as well as neurobehavioral deficits were determined 23 hours after reperfusion. Effect of HCH on microglia activation in the ischemic penumbra was investigated by immunostaining also 23 hours after reperfusion. mRNA expression of inflammation related genes was detected by PCR. Our results showed that HCH attenuated brain injury and consequently reduced neurological dysfunction after I/R. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HCH directed microglia polarization towards anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. This study indicates hydrogen may exert neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the microglial activation and regulating microglial polarization. This study was conducted in agreement with the Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Institutional Animal Care guidelines regulation (Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (approval No. A2015-011) in November 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Long Huang
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Department of Navy Aviation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, the Naval Military Medical University; Department of Navy Aviation Medicine, Naval Medical center of PLA, the Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, the Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Departments of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Navy Aviation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, the Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Yong Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Dynamic Alterations of Brain Injury, Functional Recovery, and Metabolites Profile after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats Contributes to Potential Biomarkers. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:667-676. [PMID: 31907865 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is characterized by initial transient cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion. Various pathophysiological processes are involved in brain injury and functional recovery during cerebral I/R. There are few studies on dynamic metabolic process after cerebral I/R. The present study was to observe dynamic alteration of brain injury, functional recovery, and metabolites after cerebral I/R in rats and discover potential metabolic markers. The cerebral I/R model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min, following reperfusion in rats. The results of cerebral infarction area, cerebral edema, and behavior test showed that there were dynamic changes in brain injury and functional recovery at different periods after cerebral I/R. Further analysis showed that the brain injury was severe on the first day of cerebral I/R, and there was a significant functional recovery from the 7th day of cerebral I/R, followed by an aggravation trend of brain injury from the days 7 to 28. Furthermore, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging analysis showed that the expression of ATP, glucose, and citric acid on 7th day was the highest during cerebral I/R, which indicated that energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation played important roles during cerebral I/R. In addition, the untargeted metabolomic results showed that the level of isocitric acid, the ratio of oxyglutaric acid/glutamic acid, and the level of pyruvic acid associated with the TCA cycle were also the highest on the 7th day during cerebral I/R, which indicated that the transient spontaneous recovery of ischemic brain on the 7th day after ischemia-reperfusion might be related to oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism in the brain in this period. In conclusion, the results suggest that some small molecule metabolites participate in the brain injury and functional recovery during cerebral I/R, which is of great significance to the development of therapeutic drugs and diagnostic markers.
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Melo R, Damázio L, Lima M, Pereira V, Okano B, Monteiro B, Natali A, Carlo RD, Maldonado I. Effects of physical exercise on skeletal muscles of rats with cerebral ischemia. Braz J Med Biol Res 2019; 52:e8576. [PMID: 31800730 PMCID: PMC6886361 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a known preventive and therapeutic alternative for several cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the motor performance and histomorphometry of the biceps brachii, soleus, and tibialis anterior muscles of rats submitted to a treadmill training program prior to the induction of cerebral ischemia via occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (OMCA). A total of 24 Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: Sham-Sed: sedentary control animals (n=6), who underwent sham surgery (in which OMCA did not occur); Sham+Ex: control animals exercised before the sham surgery (n=6); I-Sed: sedentary animals with cerebral ischemia (n=6); and I+Ex: animals exercised before the induction of ischemia (n=6). The physical exercise consisted of treadmill training for five weeks, 30 min/day (5 days/week), at a speed of 14 m/min. The results showed that the type-I fibers presented greater fiber area in the exercised ischemic group (I+Ex: 2347.96±202.77 µm2) compared to the other groups (Sham-Sed: 1676.46±132.21 µm2; Sham+Ex: 1647.63±191.09 µm2; I+Ex: 1566.93±185.09 µm2; P=0.0002). Our findings suggested that the angiogenesis process may have influenced muscle recovery and reduced muscle atrophy of type-I fibers in the animals that exercised before cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.T.R. Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - L.C.M. Damázio
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, MG, Brasil
| | - M.C. Lima
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - V.G. Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - B.S. Okano
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - B.S. Monteiro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - A.J. Natali
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - R.J. Del Carlo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - I.R.S.C. Maldonado
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Kuts R, Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Grinshpun J, Melamed I, Knyazer B, Tarabrin O, Zvenigorodsky V, Shelef I, Zlotnik A, Boyko M. A Novel Method for Assessing Cerebral Edema, Infarcted Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Post-stroke Rodent Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1105. [PMID: 31680838 PMCID: PMC6805703 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) has historically been the most common animal model of simulating ischemic stroke. The extent of neurological injury after MCAO is typically measured by cerebral edema, infarct zone, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. A significant limitation of these methods is that separate sets of brains must be used for each measurement. Here we examine an alternative method of measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO in the same set of brain samples. Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of infarct zone and brain edema in rats post-MCAO (n = 17) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). Group 2 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of BBB breakdown in rats post-MCAO (n = 15) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). In Group 3 (n = 42), all three parameters were measured in the same set of brain slices in rats post-MCAO (n = 26) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 16). The effect of Evans blue on the accuracy of measuring infarct zone by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was determined by measuring infarct zone with and without an applied blue filter. The effects of various concentrations of TTC (0, 0.05, 0.35, 0.5, 1, and 2%) on the accuracy of measuring BBB permeability was also assessed. There was an increase in infarct volume (p < 0.01), brain edema (p < 0.01) and BBB breakdown (p < 0.01) in rats following MCAO compared to sham-operated controls, whether measured separately or together in the same set of brain samples. Evans blue had an effect on measuring infarct volume that was minimized by the application of a blue filter on scanned brain slices. There was no difference in the Evans blue extravasation index for the brain tissue samples without TTC compared to brain tissue samples incubated in TTC. Our results demonstrate that measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO can accurately be measured in the same set of brain samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Kuts
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Dmitry Frank
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Boris Knyazer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Oleg Tarabrin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with Postgraduate Education, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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21
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Font LP, Cardonne MM, Kemps H, Meesen R, Salmon OF, González FG, Lambrichts I, Rigo JM, Brône B, Bronckaers A. Non-pulsed Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Field Rescues Animals From Severe Ischemic Stroke via NO Activation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:561. [PMID: 31275094 PMCID: PMC6593085 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence and devastating outcome, only a few treatment options for cerebral ischemic stroke exist. Based on the nitric oxide (NO)-stimulating capacity of Non-pulsed Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Field (NP-SEMF) and the possible neuroprotective role of NO in ischemic stroke, we hypothesized that NP-SEMF is able to enhance survival and neurological outcome in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. The animals, in which ischemic injury was induced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries, received 20 min of NP-SEMF of either 10 or 60 Hz daily for 4 days. NP-SEMF dramatically increased survival, reduced the size of the infarcted brain area and significantly improved the neurological score of the surviving rats. Corresponding to previous reports, NP-SEMF was able to induce NO production in vitro. The importance of NO as a key signaling molecule was highlighted by inhibition of the NP-SEMF beneficial effects in the rat stroke model after blocking NO synthase (NOS). Our results indicate for the first time that NP-SEMF exposure (13.5 mT at 60 and 10 Hz) improves the survival and neurological outcome of rats subjected to cerebral ischemia and that this effect is mediated by NO, underlining the great therapeutic potential of NP-SEMF as a therapy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena P Font
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Miriam M Cardonne
- Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Hannelore Kemps
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raf Meesen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Oneida F Salmon
- Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Fidel G González
- Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Rigo
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bert Brône
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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22
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Liu B, Zhang Q, Ke C, Xia Z, Luo C, Li Y, Guan X, Cao X, Xu Y, Zhao Y. Ginseng-Angelica-Sansheng-Pulvis Boosts Neurogenesis Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neurological Deficiency. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:515. [PMID: 31191223 PMCID: PMC6549519 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional Chinese medicine Ginseng-Angelica-Shanseng-Pulvis (GASP) has been used to treat stroke for 300 years. This present study investigated if it can induce increases in neurogenesis following cerebral ischemic injury. Methods Rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion were orally treated with high, medium, and low doses of a standardized GASP extract. Results After 14 days, treatment with GASP improved regional blood flow and infarction volume by magnetic resonance imaging scanning, enhanced Ki67+ expression in the subventricular zone, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion, Nestin, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2/4 expressions in the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, low-dose treatment with GASP downregulated doublecortin and Notch1 expressions in the hippocampus, as well as upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the subgranular zone and hairy and enhancer of split (Hes) 5 expression in the hippocampus, while treatment with middle and high doses of GASP reversed these results. Meanwhile, the consumed time was shortened in the basket test and the adhesive removal test and the spending time on exploring novel objects was prolonged by GASP treatment whose effects were more obvious at day 14 post-ischemia. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that treatment with GASP increases neurogenesis and ameliorates sensorimotor functions and recognition memory. We hypothesize that these effects are thought be mediated by an effect on the BMP2/4 pathway and Notch1/Hes5 signal. Due to its beneficial efficacy, GASP can be recognized as an alternative therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chienchih Ke
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhenyan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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23
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Aleithe S, Blietz A, Mages B, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Michalski D. Transcriptional Response and Morphological Features of the Neurovascular Unit and Associated Extracellular Matrix After Experimental Stroke in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7631-7650. [PMID: 31089963 PMCID: PMC6815284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental stroke studies yielded insights into single reactions of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and associated extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the extent of simultaneous processes caused by ischemia and their underlying transcriptional changes are still poorly understood. Strictly following the NVU and ECM concept, this study explored transcriptional responses of cellular and non-cellular components as well as their morphological characteristics following ischemia. Mice were subjected to 4 or 24 h of unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the neocortex and the striatum, cytoskeletal and glial elements as well as blood-brain barrier and ECM components were analyzed using real-time PCR. Western blot analyses allowed characterization of protein levels and multiple immunofluorescence labeling enabled morphological assessment. Out of 37 genes analyzed, the majority exhibited decreased mRNA levels in ischemic areas, while changes occurred as early as 4 h after ischemia. Down-regulated mRNA levels were predominantly localized in the neocortex, such as the structural elements α-catenin 2, N-cadherin, β-catenin 1, and βIII-tubulin, consistently decreasing 4 and 24 h after ischemia. However, a few genes, e.g., claudin-5 and Pcam1, exhibited increased mRNA levels after ischemia. For several components such as βIII-tubulin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin 1, matching transcriptional and immunofluorescence signals were obtained, whereas a few markers including neurofilaments exhibited opposite directions. In conclusion, the variety in gene regulation emphasizes the complexity of interactions within the ischemia-affected NVU and ECM. These data might help to focus future research on a set of highly sensitive elements, which might prospectively facilitate neuroprotective strategies beyond the traditional single target perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Blietz
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constance Hobusch
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Krueger M, Mages B, Hobusch C, Michalski D. Endothelial edema precedes blood-brain barrier breakdown in early time points after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:17. [PMID: 30744693 PMCID: PMC6369548 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of stroke, ischemia-related blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction aggravates the cerebral edema, which critically impacts on the clinical outcome. Further, an impaired vascular integrity is associated with the risk of intracranial bleeding, especially after therapeutic recanalization. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate early vascular alterations from 30 min to 4 h after experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Here, an extravasation of the permeability marker FITC-albumin was detectable in animals 2 and 4 h after MCAO. Thereby, BBB breakdown correlated with alterations of the endothelial surface, indicated by a discontinuous isolectin-B4 staining, while tight junction strands remained detectable using electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Noteworthy, already 30 min after MCAO, up to 60% of the ischemia-affected vessels showed an endothelial edema, paralleled by edematous astrocytic endfeet, clearly preceding FITC-albumin extravasation. With increasing ischemic periods, scores of vascular damage significantly increased with up to 60% of the striatal vessels showing loss of endothelial integrity. Remarkably, comparison of permanent and transient ischemia did not provide significant differences 4 h after ischemia induction. As these degenerations also involved penumbral areas of potentially salvageable tissue, adjuvant approaches of endothelial protection may help to reduce the vasogenic edema after ischemic stroke.
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25
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PET Imaging of Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis after Long-Term Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:2483078. [PMID: 30627057 PMCID: PMC6305055 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2483078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) is a decrease of regional blood flow and metabolism in the cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to the injured brain hemisphere as a common consequence of stroke. Despite CCD has been detected in patients with stroke using neuroimaging modalities, the evaluation of this phenomenon in rodent models of cerebral ischemia has been scarcely evaluated so far. Here, we report the in vivo evaluation of CCD after long-term cerebral ischemia in rats using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG). Imaging studies were combined with neurological evaluation to assess functional recovery. In the ischemic territory, imaging studies showed a significant decrease in glucose metabolism followed by a progressive recovery later on. Conversely, the cerebellum showed a contralateral hypometabolism from days 7 to 14 after reperfusion. Neurological behavior showed major impaired outcome at day 1 after ischemia followed by a significant recovery of the sensorimotor function from days 7 to 28 after experimental stroke. Taken together, these results suggest that the degree of CCD after cerebral ischemia might be predictive of neurological recovery.
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26
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Huang Y, Wang J, Cai J, Qiu Y, Zheng H, Lai X, Sui X, Wang Y, Lu Q, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Gong J, Cai W, Liu X, Shan Y, Deng Z, Shi Y, Shu Y, Zhang L, Qiu W, Peng L, Ren J, Lu Z, Xiang AP. Targeted homing of CCR2-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells to ischemic brain enhances post-stroke recovery partially through PRDX4-mediated blood-brain barrier preservation. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5929-5944. [PMID: 30613272 PMCID: PMC6299433 DOI: 10.7150/thno.28029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy for the acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the poor targeted migration and low engraftment in ischemic lesions restrict their treatment efficacy. The ischemic brain lesions express a specific chemokine profile, while cultured MSCs lack the set of corresponding receptors. Thus, we hypothesize that overexpression of certain chemokine receptor might help in MSCs homing and improve therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke, we identified that CCL2 is one of the most highly expressed chemokines in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Then, we genetically transduced the corresponding receptor, CCR2 to the MSCs and quantified the cell retention of MSCCCR2 compared to the MSCdtomato control. Results: MSCCCR2 exhibited significantly enhanced migration to the ischemic lesions and improved the neurological outcomes. Brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage levels were also found to be much lower in the MSCCCR2-treated rats than the MSCdtomato group. Moreover, this BBB protection led to reduced inflammation infiltration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Similar results were also confirmed using the in vitro BBB model. Furthermore, genome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that peroxiredoxin4 (PRDX4) was highly expressed in MSCs, which mainly contributed to their antioxidant impacts on MCAO rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated endothelium. Conclusion: Taken together, this study suggests that overexpression of CCR2 on MSCs enhances their targeted migration to the ischemic hemisphere and improves the therapeutic outcomes, which is attributed to the PRDX4-mediated BBB preservation.
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Shao M, Shen Y, Sun H, Meng D, Huo W, Qi X. Protectiveness of Artesunate Given Prior Ischemic Cerebral Infarction Is Mediated by Increased Autophagy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:634. [PMID: 30174640 PMCID: PMC6107698 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemic cerebral infarction is a severe clinical condition that can cause serious mortality. Artesunate, an anti-malarial drug that is widely used in cancer treatment, is known to facilitate accelerated cell apoptosis. The aim of this study is to explore the possible neuroprotective effects of artesunate on hypoxic-ischemic cells in rats. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats were treated with artesunate in different doses to observe their survival rate. Primary hippocampal neurons were deprived of oxygen-glucose to induce ischemia symptoms. Western blot was performed to determine the protein expressions of p-mTOR, Beclin-1, and Mcl-1. A five-point scale was used to detect neurological deficit. Cell apoptosis was measured using a TUNEL assay. Results: Artesunate supplementation protected MCAO rats from death and ameliorated brain injury among them. Artesunate administration decreased the expression of p-mTOR, increased the expressions of Beclin-1 and Mcl-1, and decreased the activity of caspase-3 in both the rats' ischemia cerebral cortices and their primary ischemia hippocampal neurons when compared with artesunate-absent ischemic brains and cells. The neuroprotective effects of artesunate were abolished by either leucine (LEU) or 3-MA, while the effects of rapamycin were reversed by 3-MA. In vivo experiments verified the protective effects of artesunate on brain-infarct rats. Conclusion: The results indicate the protectiveness of artesunate against ischemic cerebral infarction, whereas the protectiveness might increase autophagy through regulating the activity of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjing Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Delong Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Qi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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28
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Mages B, Aleithe S, Altmann S, Blietz A, Nitzsche B, Barthel H, Horn AKE, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Krueger M, Michalski D. Impaired Neurofilament Integrity and Neuronal Morphology in Different Models of Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Human Stroke Tissue. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:161. [PMID: 29967576 PMCID: PMC6015914 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the neuronal cytoskeleton, neurofilaments are involved in maintaining cellular integrity. In the setting of ischemic stroke, the affection of the neurofilament network is considered to mediate the transition towards long-lasting tissue damage. Although peripheral levels of distinct neurofilament subunits are shown to correlate with the clinically observed severity of cerebral ischemia, neurofilaments have so far not been considered for neuroprotective approaches. Therefore, the present study systematically addresses ischemia-induced alterations of the neurofilament light (NF-L), medium (NF-M), and heavy (NF-H) subunits as well as of α-internexin (INA). For this purpose, we applied a multi-parametric approach including immunofluorescence labeling, western blotting, qRT-PCR and electron microscopy. Analyses comprised ischemia-affected tissue from three stroke models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), including approaches of filament-based MCAO in mice, thromboembolic MCAO in rats, and electrosurgical MCAO in sheep, as well as human autoptic stroke tissue. As indicated by altered immunosignals, impairment of neurofilament subunits was consistently observed throughout the applied stroke models and in human tissue. Thereby, altered NF-L immunoreactivity was also found to reach penumbral areas, while protein analysis revealed consistent reductions for NF-L and INA in the ischemia-affected neocortex in mice. At the mRNA level, the ischemic neocortex and striatum exhibited reduced expressions of NF-L- and NF-H-associated genes, whereas an upregulation for Ina appeared in the striatum. Further, multiple fluorescence labeling of neurofilament proteins revealed spheroid and bead-like structural alterations in human and rodent tissue, correlating with a cellular edema and lost cytoskeletal order at the ultrastructural level. Thus, the consistent ischemia-induced affection of neurofilament subunits in animals and human tissue, as well as the involvement of potentially salvageable tissue qualify neurofilaments as promising targets for neuroprotective strategies. During ischemia formation, such approaches may focus on the maintenance of neurofilament integrity, and appear applicable as co-treatment to modern recanalizing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mages
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Altmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Blietz
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja K E Horn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology I and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Huang JL, Liu WW, Sun XJ. Hydrogen inhalation improves mouse neurological outcomes after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion independent of anti-necroptosis. Med Gas Res 2018; 8:1-5. [PMID: 29770189 PMCID: PMC5937297 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.229596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of necroptosis in the neuroprotection of hydrogen in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57BL mice were randomly divided into sham group, I/R group, hydrogen/oxygen group (HO), nitrogen/oxygen group (NO). Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 hour followed by reperfusion was introduced to animals which were allowed to inhale 66.7% hydrogen/33.3% oxygen for 90 minutes since the beginning of reperfusion. Mice in NO group inhaled 66.7% nitrogen/33.3% oxygen. 24 hours after MCAO, brain infarction, brain water content and neurological function were evaluated. The protein expression of mixed lineage kinase domain like protein (MLKL) was detected at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 72 hours after reperfusion in HO group and the protein and mRNA expression of MLKL at 24 hours after MCAO in four groups. Hydrogen inhalation significantly reduced infarct volume, attenuated brain edema and improved neurobehavioral deficit in MCAO mice. The MLKL expression increased after MCAO and peaked at 6-24 hours after reperfusion. However, hydrogen inhalation had no significant effect on the MLKL expression at transcriptional and translational levels after MCAO. This study indicates high concentration hydrogen improves mouse neurological outcome after cerebral I/R injury independent of anti-necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Long Huang
- Department of Navy Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Navy Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Michalski D, Keck AL, Grosche J, Martens H, Härtig W. Immunosignals of Oligodendrocyte Markers and Myelin-Associated Proteins Are Critically Affected after Experimental Stroke in Wild-Type and Alzheimer Modeling Mice of Different Ages. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:23. [PMID: 29467621 PMCID: PMC5807905 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because stroke therapies are still limited and patients are often concerned by long-term sequelae with significant impairment of daily living, elaborated neuroprotective strategies are needed. During the last decades, research substantially improved the knowledge on cellular pathologies responsible for stroke-related tissue damage. In this context, the neurovascular unit (NVU) concept has been established, summarizing the affections of neurons, associated astrocytes and the vasculature. Although oligodendrocytes were already identified to play a major role in other brain pathologies, their role during stroke evolution and long-lasting tissue damage is poorly understood. This study aims to explore oligodendrocyte structures, i.e., oligodendrocytes and their myelin-associated proteins, after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. For translational issues, different ages and genotypes including an Alzheimer-like background were considered to mimic potential co-morbidities. Three- and 12-month-old wild-type and triple-transgenic mice were subjected to unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. Immunofluorescence labeling was performed on forebrain tissues affected by 24 h of ischemia to visualize the oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP), the myelin basic protein (MBP), and the neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) with reference to the ischemic lesion. Subsequent analyses concomitantly detected the vasculature and the 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) to consider the NVU concept and to explore the functional relevance of histochemical data on applied oligodendrocyte markers. While the immunosignal of NG2 was found to be nearly absent 24 h after ischemia onset, enhanced immunoreactivities for OSP and especially MBP were observed in close regional association to the vasculature. Added quantitative analyses based on inter-hemispheric differences of MBP-immunoreactivity revealed a shell-like pattern with a significant increase directly in the ischemic core, followed by a gradual decline toward the striatum, the ischemic border zone and the lateral neocortex. This observation was consistent in subsequent analyses on the potential impact of age and genetic background. Furthermore, immunoreactivities for CNPase, MBP, and OSP were found to be simultaneously enhanced. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for a critical role of oligodendrocyte structures in the early phase after experimental stroke, strengthening their involvement in the ischemia-affected NVU. Consequently, oligodendrocytes and their myelin-associated proteins may qualify as potential targets for neuroprotective and regenerative approaches in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna L Keck
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Swendeman SL, Xiong Y, Cantalupo A, Yuan H, Burg N, Hisano Y, Cartier A, Liu CH, Engelbrecht E, Blaho V, Zhang Y, Yanagida K, Galvani S, Obinata H, Salmon JE, Sanchez T, Di Lorenzo A, Hla T. An engineered S1P chaperone attenuates hypertension and ischemic injury. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaal2722. [PMID: 28811382 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of vascular disease, is restored by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL). However, a generalized increase in HDL abundance is not beneficial, suggesting that specific HDL species mediate protective effects. Apolipoprotein M-containing HDL (ApoM+HDL), which carries the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), promotes endothelial function by activating G protein-coupled S1P receptors. Moreover, HDL-bound S1P is limiting in several inflammatory, metabolic, and vascular diseases. We report the development of a soluble carrier for S1P, ApoM-Fc, which activated S1P receptors in a sustained manner and promoted endothelial function. In contrast, ApoM-Fc did not modulate circulating lymphocyte numbers, suggesting that it specifically activated endothelial S1P receptors. ApoM-Fc administration reduced blood pressure in hypertensive mice, attenuated myocardial damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury, and reduced brain infarct volume in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Our proof-of-concept study suggests that selective and sustained targeting of endothelial S1P receptors by ApoM-Fc could be a viable therapeutic strategy in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Swendeman
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuquan Xiong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Cantalupo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hui Yuan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Burg
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yu Hisano
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreane Cartier
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine H Liu
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric Engelbrecht
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sylvain Galvani
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hideru Obinata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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32
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Härtig W, Mages B, Aleithe S, Nitzsche B, Altmann S, Barthel H, Krueger M, Michalski D. Damaged Neocortical Perineuronal Nets Due to Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, Rats and Sheep. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:15. [PMID: 28860977 PMCID: PMC5559442 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the extracellular matrix (ECM), perineuronal nets (PNs) are polyanionic, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-rich coatings of certain neurons, known to be affected in various neural diseases. Although these structures are considered as important parts of the neurovascular unit (NVU), their role during evolution of acute ischemic stroke and subsequent tissue damage is poorly understood and only a few preclinical studies analyzed PNs after acute ischemic stroke. By employing three models of experimental focal cerebral ischemia, this study was focused on histopathological alterations of PNs and concomitant vascular, glial and neuronal changes according to the NVU concept. We analyzed brain tissues obtained 1 day after ischemia onset from: (a) mice after filament-based permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO); (b) rats subjected to thromboembolic MACO; and (c) sheep at 14 days after electrosurgically induced focal cerebral ischemia. Multiple fluorescence labeling was applied to explore simultaneous alterations of NVU and ECM. Serial mouse sections labeled with the net marker Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) displayed largely decomposed and nearly erased PNs in infarcted neocortical areas that were demarcated by up-regulated immunoreactivity for vascular collagen IV (Coll IV). Subsequent semi-quantitative analyses in mice confirmed significantly decreased WFA-staining along the ischemic border zone and a relative decrease in the directly ischemia-affected neocortex. Triple fluorescence labeling throughout the three animal models revealed up-regulated Coll IV and decomposed PNs accompanied by activated astroglia and altered immunoreactivity for parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein in fast-firing GABAergic neurons which are predominantly surrounded by neocortical PNs. Furthermore, ischemic neocortical areas in rodents simultaneously displayed less intense staining of WFA, aggrecan, the net components neurocan, versican and the cartilage link protein (CRTL) as well as markers in net-bearing neurons such as the potassium channel subunit Kv3.1b and neuronal nuclei (NeuN). In summary, theconsistent observations based on three different stroke models confirmed that PNs are highly sensitive constituents of the NVU along with impaired associated GABAergic neurons. These results suggest that PNs could be promising targets of future stroke treatment, and further studies should address their reorganization and plasticity in both stabilizing the acute stroke as well as supportive effects during the chronic phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Härtig
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Altmann
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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33
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Krueger M, Härtig W, Frydrychowicz C, Mueller WC, Reichenbach A, Bechmann I, Michalski D. Stroke-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown along the vascular tree - No preferential affection of arteries in different animal models and in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2539-2554. [PMID: 27683449 PMCID: PMC5531350 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16670922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown promotes complications like cerebral edema and hemorrhagic transformation, especially in association with therapeutical recanalization of occluded vessels. As arteries, capillaries and veins display distinct functional and morphological characteristics, we here investigated patterns of blood-brain barrier breakdown for each segment of the vascular tree in rodent models of embolic, permanent, and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, added by analyses of human stroke tissue. Twenty-four hours after ischemia induction, loss of blood-brain barrier function towards FITC-albumin was equally observed for arteries, capillaries, and veins in rodent brains. Noteworthy, veins showed highest ratios of leaky vessels, whereas capillaries exhibited the most and arteries the least widespread perivascular tracer extravasation. In contrast, human autoptic stroke tissue exhibited pronounced extravasations of albumin around arteries and veins, while the pericapillary immunoreactivity appeared only faint. Although electron microscopy revealed comparable alterations of the arterial and capillary endothelium throughout the applied animal models, structural loss of arterial smooth muscle cells was only observed in the translationally relevant model of embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion. In light of the so far available concepts of stroke treatment, the consideration of a differential vascular pathophysiology along the cerebral vasculature is likely to allow development of novel effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krueger
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- 2 Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara Frydrychowicz
- 3 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf C Mueller
- 3 Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- 2 Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Pottier G, Gómez-Vallejo V, Padro D, Boisgard R, Dollé F, Llop J, Winkeler A, Martín A. PET imaging of cannabinoid type 2 receptors with [ 11C]A-836339 did not evidence changes following neuroinflammation in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1163-1178. [PMID: 28079433 PMCID: PMC5363492 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16685105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R) have emerged as promising targets for the diagnosis and therapy of brain pathologies. However, no suitable radiotracers for accurate CB2R mapping have been found to date, limiting the investigation of the CB2 receptor expression using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In this work, we report the evaluation of the in vivo expression of CB2R with [11C]A-836339 PET after cerebral ischemia and in two rat models of neuroinflammation, first by intrastriatal LPS and then by AMPA injection. PET images and in vitro autoradiography showed a lack of specific [11C]A-836339 uptake in these animal models demonstrating the limitation of this radiotracer to image CB2 receptor under neuroinflammatory conditions. Further, using immunohistochemistry, the CB2 receptor displayed a modest expression increase after cerebral ischemia, LPS and AMPA models. Finally, [18F]DPA-714-PET and immunohistochemistry demonstrated decreased neuroinflammation by a selective CB2R agonist, JWH133. Taken together, these findings suggest that [11C]A-836339 is not a suitable radiotracer to monitor in vivo CB2R expression by using PET imaging. Future studies will have to investigate alternative radiotracers that could provide an accurate binding to CB2 receptors following brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Pottier
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, Inserm, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA - Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | | | - Daniel Padro
- 3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Raphaël Boisgard
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, Inserm, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA - Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Dollé
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, Inserm, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA - Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Jordi Llop
- 2 Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- 1 Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, Inserm, CEA, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA - Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Abraham Martín
- 4 Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain
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35
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Hu Y, Xiong LL, Zhang P, Wang TH. Microarray expression profiles of genes in lung tissues of rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia-induced lung injury following bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Int J Mol Med 2016; 39:57-70. [PMID: 27922691 PMCID: PMC5179184 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-induced stroke is the most common disease of the nervous system and is associated with a high mortality rate worldwide. Cerebral ischemia may lead to remote organ dysfunction, particular in the lungs, resulting in lung injury. Nowadays, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are widely studied in clinical trials as they may provide an effective solution to the treatment of neurological and cardiac diseases; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, a model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia-induced lung injury was successfully established and confirmed by neurological evaluation and lung injury scores. We demonstrated that the transplantation of BMSCs (passage 3) via the tail vein into the lung tissues attenuated lung injury. In order to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in lung tissues from the rats with focal cerebral ischemia and transplanted with BMSCs using a Gene microarray. Moreover, the Gene Ontology database was employed to determine gene function. We found that the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were downregulated in the BMSC transplantation groups, compared with the control group. These results suggested that BMSC transplantation may attenuate lung injury following focal cerebral ischemia and that this effect is associated with the downregulation of TGF-β, PDGF and the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Piao Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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36
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Chen YJ, Nguyen HM, Maezawa I, Grössinger EM, Garing AL, Köhler R, Jin LW, Wulff H. The potassium channel KCa3.1 constitutes a pharmacological target for neuroinflammation associated with ischemia/reperfusion stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2146-2161. [PMID: 26661208 PMCID: PMC5363659 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15611434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia/macrophages significantly contribute to the secondary inflammatory damage in ischemic stroke. Cultured neonatal microglia express the K+ channels Kv1.3 and KCa3.1, both of which have been reported to be involved in microglia-mediated neuronal killing, oxidative burst and cytokine production. However, it is questionable whether neonatal cultures accurately reflect the K+ channel expression of activated microglia in the adult brain. We here subjected mice to middle cerebral artery occlusion with eight days of reperfusion and patch-clamped acutely isolated microglia/macrophages. Microglia from the infarcted area exhibited higher densities of K+ currents with the biophysical and pharmacological properties of Kv1.3, KCa3.1 and Kir2.1 than microglia from non-infarcted control brains. Similarly, immunohistochemistry on human infarcts showed strong Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 immunoreactivity on activated microglia/macrophages. We next investigated the effect of genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of KCa3.1 in reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion. KCa3.1-/- mice and wild-type mice treated with the KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 exhibited significantly smaller infarct areas on day-8 after middle cerebral artery occlusion and improved neurological deficit. Both manipulations reduced microglia/macrophage activation and brain cytokine levels. Our findings suggest KCa3.1 as a pharmacological target for ischemic stroke. Of potential, clinical relevance is that KCa3.1 blockade is still effective when initiated 12 h after the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Je Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Microsurgery Core, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Eva M Grössinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - April L Garing
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ralf Köhler
- Aragon Institute of Health Sciences/IIS and ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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37
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Kaiser M, Penk A, Franke H, Krügel U, Nörenberg W, Huster D, Schaefer M. Lack of functional P2X7 receptor aggravates brain edema development after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:453-63. [PMID: 27048203 PMCID: PMC5023626 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapeutic measures against the development of brain edema, a life-threatening complication of cerebral ischemia, are necessary to improve the functional outcome for the patient. Here, we identified a beneficial role of purinergic receptor P2X7 activation in acute ischemic stroke. Involvement of P2X7 in the development of neurological deficits, infarct size, brain edema, and glial responses after ischemic cerebral infarction has been analyzed. Neurologic evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging, and immunofluorescence assays were used to characterize the receptor's effect on the disease progress during 72 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Sham-operated animals were included in all experiments for control purposes. We found P2X7-deficient mice to develop a more prominent brain edema with a trend towards more severe neurological deficits 24 h after tMCAO. Infarct sizes, T2 times, and apparent diffusion coefficients did not differ significantly between wild-type and P2X7(-/-) animals. Our results show a characteristic spatial distribution of reactive glia cells with strongly attenuated microglia activation in P2X7(-/-) mice 72 h after tMCAO. Our data indicate that P2X7 exerts a role in limiting the early edema formation, possibly by modulating glial responses, and supports later microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kaiser
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Penk
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Nörenberg
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
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Domercq M, Szczupak B, Gejo J, Gómez-Vallejo V, Padro D, Gona KB, Dollé F, Higuchi M, Matute C, Llop J, Martín A. PET Imaging with [(18)F]FSPG Evidences the Role of System xc(-) on Brain Inflammation Following Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1753-67. [PMID: 27570548 PMCID: PMC4997234 DOI: 10.7150/thno.15616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the cystine-glutamate antiporter (system xc-) activity with [18F]FSPG is meant to be an attractive tool for the diagnosis and therapy evaluation of brain diseases. However, the role of system xc- in cerebral ischemia and its involvement in inflammatory reaction has been scarcely explored. In this work, we report the longitudinal investigation of the neuroinflammatory process following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats using PET with [18F]FSPG and the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [18F]DPA-714. In the ischemic territory, [18F]FSPG showed a progressive binding increase that peaked at days 3 to 7 and was followed by a progressive decrease from days 14 to 28 after reperfusion. In contrast, [18F]DPA-714 evidenced maximum binding uptake values over day 7 after reperfusion. Ex vivo immnunohistochemistry confirmed the up-regulation of system xc- in microglial cells and marginally in astrocytes. Inhibition of system xc- with sulfasalazine and S-4-CPG resulted in increased arginase (anti-inflammatory M2 marker) expression at day 7 after ischemia, together with a decrease in TSPO and microglial M1 proinflammatory markers (CCL2, TNF and iNOS) expression. Taken together, these results suggest that system xc- plays a key role in the inflammatory reaction underlying experimental stroke.
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Michalski D, Preißler H, Hofmann S, Kacza J, Härtig W. Decline of microtubule-associated protein tau after experimental stroke in differently aged wild-type and 3xTg mice with Alzheimer-like alterations. Neuroscience 2016; 330:1-11. [PMID: 27189884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stroke therapies are still limited to a minority of patients. Considering time-dependent aspects of stroke, the penumbra concept describes the transition from functional to permanent tissue damage. Thereby, the role of cytoskeletal elements, as for instance microtubules with associated tau remains poorly understood and is therefore not yet considered for therapeutic approaches. This study explored the expression of microtubule-associated protein tau related to neuronal damage in stroke-affected brain regions. Wild-type and triple-transgenic mice of 3, 7 and 12months of age and with an Alzheimer-like background underwent experimental stroke. After 24h, brain sections were used for immunofluorescence labeling of tau and Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN). Potential functional consequences of cellular alterations were explored by statistical relationships to the general health condition, i.e. neurobehavioral deficits and loss of body weight. Immunoreactivity for whole tau decreased significantly in ischemic areas, while the decline at the border zone was more drastic for tau-immunoreactivity compared with the diminished NeuN labeling. Quantitative analyses confirmed pronounced sensitivity for tau-immunoreactivity in the ischemic border zone. Decline of tau- as well as NeuN-immunoreactivity correlated with body weight loss during the 24-h observation period. In conclusion, microtubule-associated protein tau was robustly identified as a highly sensitive cytoskeletal constitute under ischemic conditions, suggesting a pivotal role during the transition process toward long-lasting tissue damage. Consequently, cytoskeletal elements appear as promising targets for novel therapeutic approaches with the objective to impede ischemia-induced irreversible cellular degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Preißler
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Kacza
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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A novel approach for mechanical tissue characterization indicates decreased elastic strength in brain areas affected by experimental thromboembolic stroke. Neuroreport 2016; 26:583-7. [PMID: 26053700 PMCID: PMC4461357 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As treatment of ischemic stroke remains a challenge with respect to the failure of numerous neuroprotective attempts, there is an ongoing need for better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms causing tissue damage. Although ischemic outcomes have been studied extensively at the cellular and molecular level using histological and biochemical methods, properties of ischemia-affected brain tissue with respect to mechanical integrity have not been addressed so far. As a novel approach, this study used fluorescence-based detection of regions affected by experimental thromboembolic stroke in combination with scanning force microscopy to examine mechanical alterations in selected rat brain areas. Twenty-five hours after onset of ischemia, a decreased elastic strength in the striatum as the region primarily affected by ischemia was found compared with the contralateral nonaffected hemisphere. Additional intrahemispheric analyses showed decreased elastic strength in the ischemic border zone compared with the more severely affected striatum. In conclusion, these data strongly indicate a critical alteration in mechanical tissue integrity caused by focal cerebral ischemia. Further, on the basis of data that have been obtained in relation to the ischemic border zone, a shell-like pattern of mechanical tissue damage was found in good accordance with the penumbra concept. These findings might enable the development of specific therapeutic interventions to protect affected areas from critical loss of mechanical integrity.
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Experimental animal models and inflammatory cellular changes in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:717-34. [PMID: 26625873 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, is the leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide. Animal models have greatly contributed to our understanding of the risk factors and the pathophysiology of stroke, as well as the development of therapeutic strategies for its treatment. Further development and investigation of experimental models, however, are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of stroke and to enhance and expand novel therapeutic targets. In this article, we provide an overview of the characteristics of commonly-used animal models of stroke and focus on the inflammatory responses to cerebral stroke, which may provide insights into a framework for developing effective therapies for stroke in humans.
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Neuroprotective effect of phytoceramide against transient focal ischemia-induced brain damage in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:2241-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Comparison between single and combined post-treatment with S-Methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide and taurine following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain. Neuroscience 2015; 300:460-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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In vivo PET imaging of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a marker for brain inflammation after cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5998-6009. [PMID: 25878273 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3670-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PET imaging of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) could become an effective tool for the diagnosis and therapy evaluation of neurologic diseases. Despite this, the role of nAChRs α4β2 receptors after brain diseases such as cerebral ischemia and its involvement in inflammatory reaction is still largely unknown. To investigate this, we performed in parallel in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) with 2[(18)F]-fluoro-A85380 and [(11)C]PK11195 at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. In the ischemic territory, PET with 2[(18)F]-fluoro-A85380 and [(11)C]PK11195 showed a progressive binding increase from days 3-7, followed by a progressive decrease from days 14-28 after cerebral ischemia onset. Ex vivo immunohistochemistry for the nicotinic α4β2 receptor and the mitochondrial translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) confirmed the PET findings and demonstrated the overexpression of α4β2 receptors in both microglia/macrophages and astrocytes from days 7-28 after experimental ischemic stroke. Likewise, the role played by α4β2 receptors on neuroinflammation was supported by the increase of [(11)C]PK11195 binding in ischemic rats treated with the α4β2 antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide (DHBE) at day 7 after MCAO. Finally, both functional and behavioral testing showed major impaired outcome at day 1 after ischemia onset, followed by a recovery of the sensorimotor function and dexterity from days 21-28 after experimental stroke. Together, these results suggest that the nicotinic α4β2 receptor could have a key role in the inflammatory reaction underlying cerebral ischemia in rats.
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Blood-brain barrier breakdown involves four distinct stages of vascular damage in various models of experimental focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:292-303. [PMID: 25425076 PMCID: PMC4426746 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke not only impairs neuronal function but also affects the cerebral vasculature as indicated by loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Therefore, therapeutical recanalization includes an enhanced risk for hemorrhagic transformation and bleeding, traditionally attributed to a 'reperfusion injury'. To investigate the mechanisms underlying ischemia-/reperfusion-related BBB opening, we applied multiple immunofluorescence labeling and electron microscopy in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke as well as mouse models of permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia. In these models, areas exhibiting BBB breakdown were identified by extravasation of intravenously administered fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-albumin. After 24 hours, expression of markers for tight and adherens junctions in areas of FITC-albumin leakage consistently remained unaltered in the applied models. However, lectin staining with isolectin B4 indicated structural alterations in the endothelium, which were confirmed by electron microscopy. While ultrastructural alterations in endothelial cells did not differ between the applied models including the reperfusion scenario, we regularly identified vascular alterations, which we propose to reflect four distinct stages of BBB breakdown with ultimate loss of endothelial cells. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that ischemia-related BBB failure is predominantly caused by endothelial degeneration. Thus, protecting endothelial cells may represent a promising therapeutical approach in addition to the established recanalizing strategies.
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46
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Ji H, Yu L, Liu K, Yu Z, Zhang Q, Zou F, Liu B. Mechanisms of Nattokinase in protection of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745:144-51. [PMID: 25446567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, the level of cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) and the pathway of the Janus Kinase1/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription1 (JAK1/STAT1) were studied. In vitro, the Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelet stimulated by thrombin was observed. In addition, vasomotion of vascular smooth muscle was measured by adding KCl or norepinephrine(NE) under the Ca(2+) contained bath solutions. The effect induced by NE in the presence of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or indometacin (Indo) was also detected. At last, the levels of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in cultured supernatans in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Huvecs) were measured by means of ELISA kit. Results showed that Nattokinase (NK) significantly increased the cAMP level, activated the signal passage of JAK1/STAT1 in injured part and inhibited remarkably the rise of platelet intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) in human platelet. Furthermore, NK relaxed rat thoracic aortic artery in the dose-dependent manner and in the endothelium dependent manner and its effect could be attenuated by L-NAME. Also, the secretion of t-PA and PAI-1 were reduced stimulated by Adr on Huvecs. These data indicated that the neuroprotective effect of NK was associated with its antiplatelet activity by elevating cAMP level and attenuating the calcium release from calcium stores; with its anti-apoptotic effect through the activation of JAK1/STAT1 pathway; with its relaxing vascular smooth muscle by promoting synthesis and release of NO, reducing ROC calcium ion influx and with its protection on endothelial cells through increasing fibrinolytic activity and facilitating spontaneous thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Liang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Keyu Liu
- Harbin Hematology & Oncology Institute, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengjuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,Harbin University of Science and Technology Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
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Lehmann J, Härtig W, Seidel A, Füldner C, Hobohm C, Grosche J, Krueger M, Michalski D. Inflammatory cell recruitment after experimental thromboembolic stroke in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 279:139-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Jeon JH, Jung HW, Jang HM, Moon JH, Park KT, Lee HC, Lim HY, Sur JH, Kang BT, Ha J, Jung DI. Canine model of ischemic stroke with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion: clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:75-85. [PMID: 25269716 PMCID: PMC4367152 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify time-related changes in clinical, MRI, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings associated with ischemic stroke in dogs. Additionally, the association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-6 with clinical prognosis was assessed. Ischemic stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in nine healthy experimental dogs. The dogs were divided into three groups according to survival time and duration of the experimental period: group A (survived only 1 day), group B (1-week experimental period), and group C (2-week experimental period). Neurologic status was evaluated daily. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed according to a predetermined schedule. Concentration of IL-6 in CSF was measured serially after ischemic stroke. Postmortem examination was performed for all experimental dogs. During histopathological examination, variable degrees of cavitation and necrosis due to neuronal cytopathic effects, such as pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic shrinkage, were observed on the affected side of the cerebral cortex in all dogs. Immunohistochemistry specific for IL-6 showed increased expression in the ischemic lesions. CSF IL-6 concentrations and ischemic lesion volumes 1 day after ischemic stroke were significantly higher in group A compared to groups B and C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyeok Jeon
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Smith RN, Agharkar AS, Gonzales EB. A review of creatine supplementation in age-related diseases: more than a supplement for athletes. F1000Res 2014; 3:222. [PMID: 25664170 PMCID: PMC4304302 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5218.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is an endogenous compound synthesized from arginine, glycine and methionine. This dietary supplement can be acquired from food sources such as meat and fish, along with athlete supplement powders. Since the majority of creatine is stored in skeletal muscle, dietary creatine supplementation has traditionally been important for athletes and bodybuilders to increase the power, strength, and mass of the skeletal muscle. However, new uses for creatine have emerged suggesting that it may be important in preventing or delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. On average, 30% of muscle mass is lost by age 80, while muscular weakness remains a vital cause for loss of independence in the elderly population. In light of these new roles of creatine, the dietary supplement's usage has been studied to determine its efficacy in treating congestive heart failure, gyrate atrophy, insulin insensitivity, cancer, and high cholesterol. In relation to the brain, creatine has been shown to have antioxidant properties, reduce mental fatigue, protect the brain from neurotoxicity, and improve facets/components of neurological disorders like depression and bipolar disorder. The combination of these benefits has made creatine a leading candidate in the fight against age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, long-term memory impairments associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. In this review, we explore the normal mechanisms by which creatine is produced and its necessary physiology, while paying special attention to the importance of creatine supplementation in improving diseases and disorders associated with brain aging and outlining the clinical trials involving creatine to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Amruta S. Agharkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Eric B. Gonzales
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, TX, 76107, USA
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50
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The influence of aging on poststroke depression using a rat model via middle cerebral artery occlusion. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 13:847-59. [PMID: 23761136 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poststroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent psychological sequela following stroke. While previous studies describe the impact of age on brain infarct volume, brain edema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown following ischemia, the role of age on PSD has yet to be described. Here, we examine the influence of age on PSD progression in a rat model of PSD by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). One hundred forty-three rats were divided into three groups. 48 rats 20 weeks of age underwent a sham procedure, 51 rats 20 weeks of age had MCAO, and 44 rats 22-26 months of age had MCAO. Groups were further divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup was used to measure infarct lesion volume, brain edema, and BBB breakdown at 24 h. In the second subgroup at 3 weeks after MCAO, rats were subjected to a sucrose preference test, two-way shuttle avoidance task, forced swimming test, and a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein level measurement. Total and striatal infarct volume, brain edema, and BBB breakdown in the striatum were increased in older rats, as compared with younger rats. While both old and young rats exhibited depressive-like behaviors on each of the behavioral tests and lower BDNF levels post-MCAO, as compared with control rats, there were no differences between old and young rats. Although older rats suffered from larger infarct volumes, increased brain edema and more BBB disruption following MCAO, the lack of behavioral differences between young and old rats suggests that there was no effect of rat age on the incidence of PSD.
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