1
|
Hosokawa Y, Casa DJ, Trtanj JM, Belval LN, Deuster PA, Giltz SM, Grundstein AJ, Hawkins MD, Huggins RA, Jacklitsch B, Jardine JF, Jones H, Kazman JB, Reynolds ME, Stearns RL, Vanos JK, Williams AL, Williams WJ. Activity modification in heat: critical assessment of guidelines across athletic, occupational, and military settings in the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:405-427. [PMID: 30710251 PMCID: PMC10041407 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exertional heat illness (EHI) risk is a serious concern among athletes, laborers, and warfighters. US Governing organizations have established various activity modification guidelines (AMGs) and other risk mitigation plans to help ensure the health and safety of their workers. The extent of metabolic heat production and heat gain that ensue from their work are the core reasons for EHI in the aforementioned population. Therefore, the major focus of AMGs in all settings is to modulate the work intensity and duration with additional modification in adjustable extrinsic risk factors (e.g., clothing, equipment) and intrinsic risk factors (e.g., heat acclimatization, fitness, hydration status). Future studies should continue to integrate more physiological (e.g., valid body fluid balance, internal body temperature) and biometeorological factors (e.g., cumulative heat stress) to the existing heat risk assessment models to reduce the assumptions and limitations in them. Future interagency collaboration to advance heat mitigation plans among physically active population is desired to maximize the existing resources and data to facilitate advancement in AMGs for environmental heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hosokawa
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Juli M Trtanj
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington DC, USA
| | - Luke N Belval
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah M Giltz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington DC, USA
- Louisiana Sea Grant, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert A Huggins
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Brenda Jacklitsch
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John F Jardine
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Hunter Jones
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington DC, USA
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Josh B Kazman
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark E Reynolds
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Stearns
- Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alan L Williams
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Jon Williams
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Binns CW, Lee MK, Lee AH. Problems and Prospects: Public Health Regulation of Dietary Supplements. Annu Rev Public Health 2018; 39:403-420. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin W. Binns
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia;,
| | - Mi Kyung Lee
- School of Health Professions, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Andy H. Lee
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia;,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Havenetidis K. The use of creatine supplements in the military. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2015; 162:242-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2014-000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
4
|
|
5
|
Tan CW, Hae Tha M, Joo Ng H. Creatine supplementation and venous thrombotic events. Am J Med 2014; 127:e7-8. [PMID: 24769023 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuen Wen Tan
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Mya Hae Tha
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Heng Joo Ng
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jordan K. A 34-year-old triathlete with hyperthermia. J Emerg Nurs 2013; 39:623-4. [PMID: 24054731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Lopez RM, Casa DJ. The influence of nutritional ergogenic aids on exercise heat tolerance and hydration status. Curr Sports Med Rep 2009; 8:192-9. [PMID: 19584606 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181ae4f66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise in the heat may predispose an athlete to an exertional heat illness. It is imperative to be knowledgeable on the influence of various nutritional supplements on exercise tolerance and hydration status. Because of the variety of nutritional ergogenic aids that are easily accessible to athletes, medical and health professionals must rely on empirical evidence when making conclusions about the efficacy of a supplement while not ignoring significant anecdotal reports that may resemble real-life situations more closely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Lopez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ganio MS, Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Maresh CM. Evidence-Based Approach to Lingering Hydration Questions. Clin Sports Med 2007; 26:1-16. [PMID: 17241912 DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies related to fundamental hydration issues have required clinicians to re-examine certain practices and concepts. The ingestion of substances such as creatine, caffeine, and glycerol has been questioned in regards to safety and hydration status. Reports of overdrinking (hyponatremia) also have brought into question the practices of drinking appropriate fluid amounts and the role that fluid-electrolyte balance has in the etiology of heat illnesses such as heat cramps. This article offers a fresh perspective on timely topics related to hydration, fluid balance, and exercise in the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Ganio
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a serious medical condition that can have a tragic outcome if proper assessment and treatment are not initiated rapidly. This article focuses on critical misconceptions that pertain to the prevention, recognition, and treatment of EHS, including 1) the randomness of EHS cases, 2) the role of nutritional supplements in EHS, 3) temperature assessment, 4) onset of EHS and the possible lucid interval, 5) rapid cooling, and 6) return to play. Exploration of these topics will enhance the medical care regarding EHS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Casa
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Colapso pelo calor esforço induzido: reconhecimento para salvar vidas e tratamento imediato em instalações atléticas. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922005000600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O prognóstico do colapso pelo calor esforço induzido depende do produto do tempo de duração em que a temperatura central ficou elevada e do grau da elevação. O atleta com EHS que tem pronta descoberta e que é resfriado de maneira eficiente, muito provavelmente irá sobreviver ao episódio com pouco ou nenhum efeito residual. Em contraste, o atleta com apresentação atrasada para o tratamento, especialmente se a área sob a curva de resfriamento for > 60 graus-minuto (centígrados) terá um curso complicado e geralmente fatal. Os métodos de condução do resfriamento com imersão em gelo ou água gelada ou envolvimento em toalhas com água gelada proporcionarão uma rápida e consistente redução da temperatura de todo o corpo, que irá salvar tanto os órgãos quanto a vida. O reconhecimento depende em alto grau da suspeita por parte dos próprios atletas, treinadores e pessoal médico local. Em condições de alto risco, os atletas devem se supervisionar, procurando por mudanças sutis que podem ser sinais de EHS.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gordon CJ, Leon LR. Thermal stress and the physiological response to environmental toxicants. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2005; 20:235-63. [PMID: 16422347 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2005.20.4.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Most toxicological and pharmacological studies are performed in laboratory animals maintained under comfortable environmental conditions. Yet, the exposure to environmental toxicants as well as many drugs can occur under stressful environmental conditions during rest or while exercising. The intake and biological efficacy of many toxicants is exacerbated by exposure to heat stress, which can occur in several ways. The increase in pulmonary ventilation during exposure to hot environments results in an increase in the uptake of airborne toxicants. Furthermore, the transcutaneous absorption of pesticides on the skin as well as drugs delivered by skin patches is increased during heat stress because of the combined elevation in skin blood flow coupled with moist skin from sweat. The thermoregulatory response to toxicant exposure, such as hypothermia in relatively small rodents and fever in humans, also modulates the physiological response to most chemical agents. This paper endeavors to review the issue of environmental heat stress and exercise and how they influence thermoregulatory and related pathophysiological responses to environmental toxicants, as well as exposure to drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gordon
- Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kwok JSS, Chan TYK. Recurrent heat-related illnesses during antipsychotic treatment. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39:1940-2. [PMID: 16174785 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1g130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case of recurrent heat-related illnesses associated with the use of benzhexol, chlorpromazine, and zuclopenthixol decanoate. CASE SUMMARY During the summer of 2004, a 48-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia was twice admitted to the hospital because of heat-related illnesses. On both occasions, he had been working under the sun in an open car park. His medications included benzhexol 2 mg twice daily, chlorpromazine 650 mg at bedtime, and zuclopenthixol decanoate intramuscular injection 600 mg every 4 weeks. In the first admission, the clinical diagnosis was heat stroke. He was discharged home on day 14, with precautionary advice against heat stroke. In the second admission, the clinical diagnosis was heat exhaustion. He was discharged home on day 4 and reminded of the precautions against heat stroke. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse event was possibly drug related in the first admission and probably drug related in the second admission. DISCUSSION Several drugs can impair thermoregulation during exercise or under conditions of environmental heat stress. Anticholinergic drugs or drugs with anticholinergic effects can inhibit sweating and reduce heat elimination. Neuroleptics (antipsychotics), such as phenothiazines, have combined anticholinergic and central thermoregulatory effects. The set point of the temperature regulation center can be elevated by the antidopaminergic effect of antipsychotics, such as phenothiazines and thioxanthenes. CONCLUSIONS Certain drugs may induce or worsen heat-related illnesses. During a heat wave, special attention should be given to those most at risk, and the importance of preventive measures should be emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S S Kwok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leon LR, DuBose DA, Mason CW. Heat stress induces a biphasic thermoregulatory response in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288:R197-204. [PMID: 15331376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00046.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous animal models of heat stress have been compromised by methodologies, such as restraint and anesthesia, that have confounded our understanding of the core temperature (Tc) responses elicited by heat stress. Using biotelemetry, we developed a heat stress model to examine Tcresponses in conscious, unrestrained C57BL/6J male mice. Before heat stress, mice were acclimated for >4 wk to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 25°C. Mice were exposed to Taof 39.5 ± 0.2°C, in the absence of food and water, until they reached maximum Tcof 42.4 ( n = 11), 42.7 ( n = 12), or 43.0°C ( n = 11), defined as mild, moderate, and extreme heat stress, respectively. Heat stress induced an ∼13% body weight loss that did not differ by final group Tc; however, survival rate was affected by final Tc(100% at 42.4°C, 92% at 42.7°C, and 46% at 43°C). Hypothermia (Tc< 34.5°C) developed after heat stress, with the depth and duration of hypothermia significantly enhanced in the moderate and extreme compared with the mild group. Regardless of heat stress severity, every mouse that transitioned out of hypothermia (survivors only) developed a virtually identical elevation in Tcthe next day, but not night, compared with nonheated controls. To test the effect of the recovery Ta, a group of mice ( n = 5) were acclimated for >4 wk and recovered at Taof 30°C after moderate heat stress. Recovery at 30°C resulted in 0% survival within ∼2 h after cessation of heat stress. Using biotelemetry to monitor Tcin the unrestrained mouse, we show that recovery from acute heat stress is associated with prolonged hypothermia followed by an elevation in daytime Tcthat is dependent on Ta. These thermoregulatory responses to heat stress are key biomarkers that may provide insight into heat stroke pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Leon
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, 42 Kansas St., Natick, Massachusetts 01760-5007, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|