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Matsumura K, Kumar TP, Guddanti T, Yan Y, Blackburn SL, McBride DW. Neurobehavioral Deficits After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice: Sensitivity Analysis and Development of a New Composite Score. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e011699. [PMID: 30971151 PMCID: PMC6507191 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Because of the failure of numerous clinical trials, various recommendations have been made to improve the usefulness of preclinical studies. Specifically, the STAIR (Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable) recommendations highlighted functional outcome as a critical measure. Recent reviews of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) studies have brought to light the numerous neurobehavioral scoring systems that are used in preclinical SAH studies. To gain insight into the utility of these scoring systems, as well as to identify a scoring system that best captures the deficits caused by SAH in mice, we designed the current study. Methods and Results Adult male C57BL/6J mice were used. One cohort of mice was randomly allocated to either sham or SAH and had functional testing performed on days 1 to 3 post‐SAH using the modified Bederson Score, Katz Score, Garcia Neuroscore, and Parra Neuroscore, as well as 21 individual subtests. A new composite neuroscore was developed using the 8 most diagnostically accurate subtests. To validate the use of the developed composite neuroscore, another cohort of mice was randomly assigned to either the sham or SAH group and neurobehavior was evaluated on days 1 to 3, 5, and 7 after injury. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to analyze the diagnostic accuracy of each scoring system, as well as the subtests. Of the 4 published scoring systems, the Parra Neuroscore was diagnostically accurate for SAH injury in mice versus the modified Bederson and Katz Scores, but not the Garcia Neuroscore. However, the newly developed composite neuroscore was found to be statistically more diagnostically accurate than even the Parra Neuroscore. Conclusions The findings of this study promote use of the newly developed composite neuroscore for experimental SAH studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Matsumura
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX
| | - T Peeyush Kumar
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX
| | - Tejesh Guddanti
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX
| | - Spiros L Blackburn
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX
| | - Devin W McBride
- 1 The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery McGovern Medical School The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX
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Wu W, Chen M, Luo T, Fan Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Sapin-Minet A, Gaucher C, Xia X. ROS and GSH-responsive S-nitrosoglutathione functionalized polymeric nanoparticles to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer. Acta Biomater 2020; 103:259-271. [PMID: 31846803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance of cancer cells is one of the major obstacle for chemotherapeutic efficiency. Nitric oxide (NO) has raised the potential to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) with low side effects. Herein, we report a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) responsive nanoparticle for the delivery of NO prodrug such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), which was chemically conjugated to an amphiphilic block copolymer. The GSNO functionalized nanoparticles show high NO loading capacity, good stability and sustained NO release with specific GSH activated NO-releasing kinetics. Such GSNO functionalized nanoparticles delivered doxorubicin (DOX) in a ROS triggered manner and increased the intracellular accumulation of DOX. However, in normal healthy cells, showing physiological concentrations of ROS, these nanoparticles presented good biocompatibility. The present work indicated that these multifunctional nanoparticles can serve as effective co-delivery platforms of NO and DOX to selectively kill chemo-resistant cancer cells through increasing chemo-sensitivity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this work, we constructed nitric oxide donor (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO) functionalized amphiphilic copolymer (PEG-PPS-GSNO) to deliver doxorubicin (DOX). The developed PEG-PPS-GSNO@DOX nanoparticles presented high NO capacity, ROS triggered DOX release and GSH triggered NO release. Thus NO reversed the chemo-resistance in HepG2/ADR cells increasing intrcellular accumulation of DOX. Furthermore, these PEG-PPS-GSNO@DOX nanoparticles exhibited biocompatibility to healthy cells and toxicity to cancer cells, due to elevated ROS.
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Neulen A, Kosterhon M, Pantel T, Kirschner S, Goetz H, Brockmann MA, Kantelhardt SR, Thal SC. A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30102288 PMCID: PMC6126573 DOI: 10.3791/57997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor determining patient outcome and is therefore frequently taken as a study endpoint. However, in small animal studies on SAH, quantification of cerebral vasospasm is a major challenge. Here, an ex vivo method is presented that allows quantification of volumes of entire vessel segments, which can be used as an objective measure to quantify cerebral vasospasm. In a first step, endovascular casting of the cerebral vasculature is performed using a radiopaque casting agent. Then, cross-sectional imaging data are acquired by micro computed tomography. The final step involves 3-dimensional reconstruction of the virtual vascular tree, followed by an algorithm to calculate center lines and volumes of the selected vessel segments. The method resulted in a highly accurate virtual reconstruction of the cerebrovascular tree shown by a diameter-based comparison of anatomical samples with their virtual reconstructions. Compared with vessel diameters alone, the vessel volumes highlight the differences between vasospastic and non-vasospastic vessels shown in a series of SAH and sham-operated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Neulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University;
| | - Michael Kosterhon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University
| | - Tobias Pantel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University
| | - Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University
| | - Hermann Goetz
- Platform for Biomaterial Research, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University
| | - Marc A Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University
| | - Sven R Kantelhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg - University;
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Neulen A, Meyer S, Kramer A, Pantel T, Kosterhon M, Kunzelmann S, Goetz H, Thal SC. Large Vessel Vasospasm Is Not Associated with Cerebral Cortical Hypoperfusion in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:10.1007/s12975-018-0647-6. [PMID: 30003500 PMCID: PMC6526146 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have shown discrepancies between large vessel vasospasm, cerebral perfusion, and clinical outcome. We set out to analyze the contribution of large vessel vasospasm to impaired cerebral perfusion and neurological impairment in a murine model of SAH. SAH was induced in C57BL/6 mice by endovascular filament perforation. Vasospasm was analyzed with microcomputed tomography, cortical perfusion by laser SPECKLE contrast imaging, and functional impairment with a quantitative neuroscore. SAH animals developed large vessel vasospasm, as shown by significantly lower vessel volumes of a 2.5-mm segment of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) (SAH 5.6 ± 0.6 nL, sham 8.3 ± 0.5 nL, p < 0.01). Induction of SAH significantly reduced cerebral perfusion of the corresponding left MCA territory compared to values before SAH, which only recovered partly (SAH vs. sham, 15 min 35.7 ± 3.1 vs. 101.4 ± 10.2%, p < 0.01; 3 h, 85.0 ± 8.6 vs. 121.9 ± 13.4, p < 0.05; 24 h, 75.3 ± 4.6 vs. 110.6 ± 11.4%, p < 0.01; 72 h, 81.8 ± 4.8 vs. 108.5 ± 14.5%, n.s.). MCA vessel volume did not correlate significantly with MCA perfusion after 72 h (r = 0.34, p = 0.25). Perfusion correlated moderately with neuroscore (24 h: r = - 0.58, p < 0.05; 72 h: r = - 0.44, p = 0.14). There was no significant correlation between vessel volume and neuroscore after 72 h (r = - 0.21, p = 0.50). In the murine SAH model, cerebral hypoperfusion occurs independently of large vessel vasospasm. Neurological outcome is associated with cortical hypoperfusion rather than large vessel vasospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Neulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Simon Meyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Kramer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Pantel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Kosterhon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja Kunzelmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hermann Goetz
- Platform for Biomaterial Research, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Effects of Tenascin-C Knockout on Cerebral Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1951-1958. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Neulen A, Pantel T, Kosterhon M, Kirschner S, Brockmann MA, Kantelhardt SR, Giese A, Thal SC. A segmentation-based volumetric approach to localize and quantify cerebral vasospasm based on tomographic imaging data. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172010. [PMID: 28199398 PMCID: PMC5310853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Quantification of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is crucial in animal studies as well as clinical routine. We have developed a method for computer-based volumetric assessment of intracranial blood vessels from cross-sectional imaging data. Here we demonstrate the quantification of vasospasm from micro computed tomography (micro-CT) data in a rodent SAH model and the transferability of the volumetric approach to clinical data. Methods We obtained rodent data by performing an ex vivo micro-CT of murine brains after sham surgery or SAH by endovascular filament perforation on day 3 post hemorrhage. Clinical CT angiography (CTA) was performed for diagnostic reasons unrelated to this study. We digitally reconstructed and segmented intracranial vascular trees, followed by calculating volumes of defined vessel segments by standardized protocols using Amira® software. Results SAH animals demonstrated significantly smaller vessel diameters compared with sham (MCA: 134.4±26.9μm vs.165.0±18.7μm, p<0.05). We could highlight this difference by analyzing vessel volumes of a defined MCA-ICA segment (SAH: 0.044±0.017μl vs. sham: 0.07±0.006μl, p<0.001). Analysis of clinical CTA data allowed us to detect and volumetrically quantify vasospasm in a series of 5 SAH patients. Vessel diameters from digital reconstructions correlated well with those measured microscopically (rodent data, correlation coefficient 0.8, p<0.001), or angiographically (clinical data, 0.9, p<0.001). Conclusions Our methodological approach provides accurate anatomical reconstructions of intracranial vessels from cross-sectional imaging data. It allows volumetric assessment of entire vessel segments, hereby highlighting vasospasm-induced changes objectively in a murine SAH model. This method could also be a helpful tool for analysis of clinical CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Neulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (AN); (SCT)
| | - Tobias Pantel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Kosterhon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kirschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc A. Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven R. Kantelhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alf Giese
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Serge C. Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (AN); (SCT)
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Kamp MA, Lieshout JHV, Dibué-Adjei M, Weber JK, Schneider T, Restin T, Fischer I, Steiger HJ. A Systematic and Meta-Analysis of Mortality in Experimental Mouse Models Analyzing Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:206-219. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Burrell C, Avalon NE, Siegel J, Pizzi M, Dutta T, Charlesworth MC, Freeman WD. Precision medicine of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1251-1262. [PMID: 27314601 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1203257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Precision medicine provides individualized treatment of diseases through leveraging patient-to-patient variation. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage carries tremendous morbidity and mortality with cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia proving devastating and unpredictable. Lack of treatment measures for these conditions could be improved through precision medicine. Areas covered: Discussed are the pathophysiology of CV and DCI, treatment guidelines, and evidence for precision medicine used for prediction and prevention of poor outcomes following aSAH. A PubMed search was performed using keywords cerebral vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia and either biomarkers, precision medicine, metabolomics, proteomics, or genomics. Over 200 peer-reviewed articles were evaluated. The studies presented cover biomarkers identified as predictive markers or therapeutic targets following aSAH. Expert commentary: The biomarkers reviewed here correlate with CV, DCI, and neurologic outcomes after aSAH. Though practical use in clinical management of aSAH is not well established, using these biomarkers as predictive tools or therapeutic targets demonstrates the potential of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole E Avalon
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Jason Siegel
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Michael Pizzi
- a Department of Neurology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Tumpa Dutta
- b Endocrine Research Unit , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT New neuroprotective treatments aimed at preventing or minimizing "delayed brain injury" are attractive areas of investigation and hold the potential to have substantial beneficial effects on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) survivors. The underlying mechanisms for this "delayed brain injury" are multi-factorial and not fully understood. The most ideal treatment strategies would have the potential for a pleotropic effect positively modulating multiple implicated pathophysiological mechanisms at once. My personal management (RFJ) of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage closely follows those treatment recommendations contained in modern published guidelines. However, over the last 5 years, I have also utilized a novel treatment strategy, originally developed at the University of Maryland, which consists of a 14-day continuous low-dose intravenous heparin infusion (LDIVH) beginning 12 h after securing the ruptured aneurysm. In addition to its well-known anti-coagulant properties, unfractionated heparin has potent anti-inflammatory effects and through multiple mechanisms may favorably modulate the neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory processes prominent in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In my personal series of patients treated with LDIVH, I have found significant preservation of neurocognitive function as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) compared to a control cohort of my patients treated without LDIVH (RFJ unpublished data presented at the 2015 AHA/ASA International Stroke Conference symposium on neuroinflammation in aSAH and in abstract format at the 2015 AANS/CNS Joint Cerebrovascular Section Annual Meeting). It is important for academic physicians involved in the management of these complex patients to continue to explore new treatment options that may be protective against the potentially devastating "delayed brain injury" following cerebral aneurysm rupture. Several of the treatment options included in this review show promise and could be carefully adopted as the level of evidence for each improves. Other proposed neuroprotective treatments like statins and magnesium sulfate were previously thought to be very promising and to varying degrees were adopted at numerous institutions based on somewhat limited human evidence. Recent clinical trials and meta-analysis have shown no benefit for these treatments, and I currently no longer utilize either treatment as prophylaxis in my practice.
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Arctigenin, a Potent Ingredient of Arctium lappa L., Induces Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Attenuates Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Vasospasm through PI3K/Akt Pathway in a Rat Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:490209. [PMID: 26539501 PMCID: PMC4619842 DOI: 10.1155/2015/490209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) is observed within the cerebral arteries of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) animals. This study is of interest to examine Arctigenin, a potent antioxidant, on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt pathways in a SAH in vitro study. Basilar arteries (BAs) were obtained to examine phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-PI3K, Akt, phospho-Akt (Western blot) and morphological examination. Endothelins (ETs) and eNOS evaluation (Western blot and immunostaining) were also determined. Arctigenin treatment significantly alleviates disrupted endothelial cells and tortured internal elastic layer observed in the SAH groups (p < 0.01). The reduced eNOS protein and phospho-Akt expression in the SAH groups were relieved by the treatment of Arctigenin (p < 0.01). This result confirmed that Arctigenin might exert dural effects in preventing SAH-induced vasospasm through upregulating eNOS expression via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and attenuate endothelins after SAH. Arctigenin shows therapeutic promise in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm following SAH.
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Lin CL, Kwan AL. Valproic acid attenuates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin through a chemokine ligand 5 dependent mechanism and subarachnoid hemorrhage induced vasospasm in a rat model. J Inflamm (Lond) 2015; 12:27. [PMID: 25908928 PMCID: PMC4407545 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up-regulation of regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) and adhesion molecules is observed in the serum of animals following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The present study was to examine the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on RANTES and alternation of adhesion molecules in this model. METHODS A rodent SAH model was employed. Animals were randomly assigned into six groups. Basilar artery (BA) was harvested for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin evaluation (western blotting) and RANTES (rt-PCR). 1 ng CCL5 recombinant protein intrathecal injection was performed in the VPA + SAH groups. (N = 5). RESULTS Convoluted internal elastic lamina, distorted endothelial wall, and smooth muscle micro-necrosis was prominently observed in the SAH groups, which is absent in the VPA treatment and the healthy controls. Treatment with VPA dose-dependently reduced the ICAM-1, E-selectin and RANTES level, compared with the SAH group (p <0.01). The administration of CCL5 significantly increased CD45(+) glia and ICAM-1 level in the VPA treatment groups. CONCLUSION VPA exerts its anti-vasospastic effect through the dual effect of inhibiting RANTES expression and reduced adhesion molecules. Besides, VPA also decreased CD45(+) cells transmigrated to the vascular wall. The administration of CCL5 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of this compound on CD45(+) monocytes, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 level. This study also lends credence to support this compound could attenuate SAH induced adhesion molecules and neuro-inflammation in a CCL5 dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- />Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Wu
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- />Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- />Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- />Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Duong HTT, Adnan NNM, Barraud N, Basuki JS, Kutty SK, Jung K, Kumar N, Davis TP, Boyer C. Functional gold nanoparticles for the storage and controlled release of nitric oxide: applications in biofilm dispersal and intracellular delivery. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5003-5011. [PMID: 32261833 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (size 10 nm) were designed to store and release nitric oxide (NO), by functionalizing their surfaces with functional polymers modified with NO-donor molecules. Firstly, block copolymer chains consisting of poly(oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-b-poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) (P(OEGMA)-b-PVBC)) were prepared using RAFT polymerization. The chloro-functional groups were then reacted with hexylamine, to introduce secondary amine groups to the copolymer chains. The block copolymers were then grafted onto the surface of gold nanoparticles, exploiting the end-group affinity for gold - attaining grafting densities of 0.6 chain per nm2. The secondary amine functional groups were then converted to N-diazeniumdiolate NO donor molecules via exposure to NO gas at high pressure (5 atm). The NO-bearing, gold nanoparticles were characterized using a range of techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanoparticles displayed slow release of the nitric oxide in biological media. Proof of potential utility was then demonstrated in two different application areas: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm dispersal and cancer cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien T T Duong
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052.
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Duong HTT, Jung K, Kutty SK, Agustina S, Adnan NNM, Basuki JS, Kumar N, Davis TP, Barraud N, Boyer C. Nanoparticle (Star Polymer) Delivery of Nitric Oxide Effectively Negates Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Formation. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2583-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500422v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne Victoria, Australia, 3052
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Muroi C, Fujioka M, Okuchi K, Fandino J, Keller E, Sakamoto Y, Mishima K, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M. Filament perforation model for mouse subarachnoid hemorrhage: Surgical-technical considerations. Br J Neurosurg 2014; 28:722-32. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2014.918579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Duong HTT, Ho A, Davis TP, Boyer C. Organic nitrate functional nanoparticles for the glutathione-triggered slow-release of nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hien T. T. Duong
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine; School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Amy Ho
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville 3052 Melbourne
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine; School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney 2052 Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD); School of Chemical Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney 2052 Australia
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Garzon-Muvdi T, Pradilla G, Ruzevick JJ, Bender M, Edwards L, Grossman R, Zhao M, Rudek MA, Riggins G, Levy A, Tamargo RJ. A glutamate receptor antagonist, S-4-carboxyphenylglycine (S-4-CPG), inhibits vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in haptoglobin 2-2 mice [corrected]. Neurosurgery 2014; 73:719-28; discussion 729. [PMID: 23842553 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasospasm contributes to delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Glutamate concentrations increase after SAH and correlate with vasospasm in experimental SAH. The haptoglobin (Hp) 2-2 genotype is associated with higher risk of vasospasm after SAH. We tested the efficacy of (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine (S-4-CPG), a metabotropic glutamate receptor inhibitor, for the treatment of vasospasm after SAH in Hp 2-2 and Hp 1-1 mice. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect on vasospasm and neurobehavioral scores after SAH of systemic S-4-CPG, as well as its toxicity, and phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in Hp 2-2 mice. METHODS Western blot was used to assess changes in VASP phosphorylation in response to glutamate with and without S-4-CPG. A pharmacokinetics study was done to evaluate S-4-CPG penetration through the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Toxicity was assessed by administering increasing S-4-CPG doses. Efficacy of S-4-CPG assessed the effect of S-4-CPG on lumen patency of the basilar artery and animal behavior after SAH in Hp 1-1 and Hp 2-2 mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the presence of neutrophils surrounding the basilar artery after SAH. RESULTS Exposure of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to glutamate decreased phosphorylation of VASP, but glutamate treatment in the presence of S-4-CPG maintains phosphorylation of VASP. S-4-CPG crosses the blood-brain barrier and was not toxic to mice. S-4-CPG treatment significantly prevents vasospasm after SAH. S-4-CPG administered after SAH resulted in a trend toward improvement of animal behavior. CONCLUSION S-4-CPG prevents vasospasm after experimental SAH in Hp2-2 mice. S-4-CPG was not toxic and is a potential therapeutic agent for vasospasm after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Garzon-Muvdi
- Department of †Neurosurgery; ‡Oncology Center-Chemical Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; §Technion Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Li T, Wang H, Ding Y, Zhou M, Zhou X, Zhang X, Ding K, He J, Lu X, Xu J, Wei W. Genetic elimination of Nrf2 aggravates secondary complications except for vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Brain Res 2014; 1558:90-9. [PMID: 24576487 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key endogenous protective regulator in the body. This study aimed to explore the role of Nrf2 in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced secondary complications. Wild type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to experimental SAH by injecting fresh autologous blood into pre-chiasmatic cistern. The absence of Nrf2 function in mice resulted in exacerbated brain injury with increased brain edema, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neural apoptosis, and severe neurological deficits at 24h after SAH. Moreover, cerebral vasospasm was severe at 24h after SAH, but not significantly different between WT and Nrf2 KO mice after SAH. Meanwhile, Molondialdehyde (MDA) was increased and GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in Nrf2 KO mice after SAH. Furthermore, higher expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was also found after SAH in Nrf2 KO mice. In conclusion, our results revealed that Nrf2 plays an important role in attenuating SAH-induced secondary complications by regulating excessive oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210089, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Neurosurgical Institution of People's Liberation Army of China, PR China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Neurosurgical Institution of People's Liberation Army of China, PR China.
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210089, PR China
| | - Mengliang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Neurosurgical Institution of People's Liberation Army of China, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Neurosurgical Institution of People's Liberation Army of China, PR China
| | - Xiangshen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Neurosurgical Institution of People's Liberation Army of China, PR China
| | - Ke Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Neurosurgical Institution of People's Liberation Army of China, PR China
| | - Jin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Neurosurgical Institution of People's Liberation Army of China, PR China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210089, PR China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210089, PR China
| | - Wuting Wei
- Neurosurgery Department of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
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Cox SE, Makani J, Soka D, L'Esperence VS, Kija E, Dominguez-Salas P, Newton CRJ, Birch AA, Prentice AM, Kirkham FJ. Haptoglobin, alpha-thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase polymorphisms and risk of abnormal transcranial Doppler among patients with sickle cell anaemia in Tanzania. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:699-706. [PMID: 24666344 PMCID: PMC4154124 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography measures cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) of basal intracranial vessels and is used clinically to detect stroke risk in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Co‐inheritance in SCA of alpha‐thalassaemia and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) polymorphisms is reported to associate with high CBFv and/or risk of stroke. The effect of a common functional polymorphism of haptoglobin (HP) is unknown. We investigated the effect of co‐inheritance of these polymorphisms on CBFv in 601 stroke‐free Tanzanian SCA patients aged <24 years. Homozygosity for alpha‐thalassaemia 3·7 deletion was significantly associated with reduced mean CBFv compared to wild‐type (β‐coefficient −16·1 cm/s, P = 0·002) adjusted for age and survey year. Inheritance of 1 or 2 alpha‐thalassaemia deletions was associated with decreased risk of abnormally high CBFv, compared to published data from Kenyan healthy control children (Relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0·53 [95% confidence interval (CI):0·35–0·8] & RRR = 0·43 [95% CI:0·23–0·78]), and reduced risk of abnormally low CBFv for 1 deletion only (RRR = 0·38 [95% CI:0·17–0·83]). No effects were observed for G6PD or HP polymorphisms. This is the first report of the effects of co‐inheritance of common polymorphisms, including the HP polymorphism, on CBFv in SCA patients resident in Africa and confirms the importance of alpha‐thalassaemia in reducing risk of abnormal CBFv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Cox
- MRC International Nutrition Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Muhimbili Wellcome Programme, Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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19
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Kantor E, Bayır H, Ren D, Provencio JJ, Watkins L, Crago E, Horowitz MB, Ferrell RE, Conley YP, Alexander SA. Haptoglobin genotype and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2013; 120:386-90. [PMID: 24286153 DOI: 10.3171/2013.10.jns13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Haptoglobin allele heterogeneity has been implicated in differential reactive oxidant inhibition and inflammation. Haptoglobin α2-α2 has a lower affinity for binding hemoglobin, and when bound to hemoglobin, is cleared less easily by the body. The authors hypothesized that haptoglobin α2-α2 genotype should be less protective for downstream injury after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and should portend a worse outcome. METHODS Patients with Fisher Grade 2 or higher aSAH were enrolled in the study. Genotyping for haptoglobin genotype was performed from blood and/or CSF. Demographic information, medical condition variables, and hospital course were abstracted from the medical record upon enrollment into the study. Outcome data (modified Rankin Scale score, Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and mortality) were collected at 3 months posthemorrhage. RESULTS The authors enrolled 193 patients who ranged in age from 18 to 75 years. Only Caucasians were used in this analysis to minimize bias from variable haptoglobin allele frequencies in populations of different ancestral backgrounds. The sample had more women than men (overall mean age 54.45 years). Haptoglobin α2 homozygotes were older than the other individuals in the study sample (57.27 vs 53.2 years, respectively; p = 0.02) and were more likely to have Fisher Grade 3 SAH (p = 0.02). Haptoglobin α2-α2 genotype, along with Fisher grade and Hunt and Hess grade, was associated with a worse 3-month outcome compared to those with the haptoglobin α1-α1 genotype according to modified Rankin Scale score after controlling for covariates (OR 4.138, p = 0.0463). CONCLUSIONS Patients with aSAH who carry the haptoglobin α2-α2 genotype had a worse outcome. Interestingly, the presence of a single α-2 allele was associated with worse outcome, suggesting that the haptoglobin α-2 protein may play a role in the pathology of brain injury following aSAH, although the mechanism for this finding requires further research. The haptoglobin genotype may provide additional information on individual risk of secondary injury and recovery to guide care focused on improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kantor
- Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, School of Nursing
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20
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Inflammation, cerebral vasospasm, and evolving theories of delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurol Res Int 2013; 2013:506584. [PMID: 24058736 PMCID: PMC3766617 DOI: 10.1155/2013/506584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is a potentially lethal complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Recently, the symptomatic presentation of CVS has been termed delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), occurring as early as 3-4 days after the sentinel bleed. For the past 5-6 decades, scientific research has promulgated the theory that cerebral vasospasm plays a primary role in the pathology of DCI and subsequently delayed ischemic neurological decline (DIND). Approximately 70% of patients develop CVS after aSAH with 50% long-term morbidity rates. The exact etiology of CVS is unknown; however, a well-described theory involves an antecedent inflammatory cascade with alterations of intracellular calcium dynamics and nitric oxide fluxes, though the intricacies of this inflammatory theory are currently unknown. Consequently, there have been few advances in the clinical treatment of this patient cohort, and morbidity remains high. Identification of intermediaries in the inflammatory cascade can provide insight into newer clinical interventions in the prevention and management of cerebral vasospasm and will hopefully prevent neurological decline. In this review, we discuss current theories implicating the inflammatory cascade in the development of CVS and potential treatment targets.
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21
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Early brain injury: a common mechanism in subarachnoid hemorrhage and global cerebral ischemia. Stroke Res Treat 2013; 2013:394036. [PMID: 23533958 PMCID: PMC3603523 DOI: 10.1155/2013/394036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) has become an area of extreme interest in the recent years and seems to be a common denominator in the pathophysiology of global transient ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this paper, we highlight the importance of cerebral hypoperfusion and other mechanisms that occur in tandem in both pathologies and underline their possible roles in triggering brain injury after hemorrhagic or ischemic strokes.
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22
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Duong HTT, Kamarudin ZM, Erlich RB, Li Y, Jones MW, Kavallaris M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Intracellular nitric oxide delivery from stable NO-polymeric nanoparticle carriers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4190-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37181b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Duan S, Cai S, Xie Y, Bagby T, Ren S, Forrest ML. Synthesis and characterization of a multi-arm poly(acrylic acid) star polymer for application in sustained delivery of cisplatin and a nitric oxide prodrug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 50:2715-2724. [PMID: 26549934 DOI: 10.1002/pola.26059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized polymeric nanocarriers have been recognized as drug delivery platforms for delivering therapeutic concentrations of chemotherapies. Of this category, star-shaped multiarm polymers are emerging candidates for targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs, due to their compact structure, narrow size distribution, large surface area and high water solubility. In this study, we synthesized a multi-arm poly(acrylic acid) star polymer via MADIX/RAFT polymerization and characterized it using NMR and size exclusion chromatography. The poly(acrylic acid) star polymer demonstrated excellent water solubility and extremely low viscosity, making it highly suited for targeted drug delivery. Subsequently, we selected a hydrophilic drug, cisplatin, and a hydrophobic nitric oxide-donating prodrug, O2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1-[4-(2-hydroxy)ethyl]-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, as two model compounds to evaluate the feasibility of using poly(acrylic acid) star polymers for delivery of chemotherapeutics. After synthesizing and characterizing two poly(acrylic acid) star polymer-based nanoconjugates, poly(acrylic acid)-cisplatin (acid-Pt) and poly(acrylic acid)-nitric oxide prodrug (acid-NO), the in vitro drug release kinetics of both acid-Pt and acid-NO were determined at physiological conditions. In summary, we have designed and evaluated a polymeric nanocarrier for sustained-delivery of chemotherapies, either as a single treatment or a combination therapy regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Duan
- University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Shuang Cai
- University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Yumei Xie
- University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Taryn Bagby
- University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047
| | - Shenqiang Ren
- University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 3012 Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045
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Pradilla G, Garzon-Muvdi T, Ruzevick JJ, Bender M, Edwards L, Momin EN, Thompson RC, Tamargo RJ. Systemic L-Citrulline Prevents Cerebral Vasospasm in Haptoglobin 2-2 Transgenic Mice After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:747-56; discussion 756-7. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182363c2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Jen MC, Serrano MC, van Lith R, Ameer GA. Polymer-Based Nitric Oxide Therapies: Recent Insights for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2012; 22:239-260. [PMID: 25067935 PMCID: PMC4111277 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) in the 1980s, this cellular messenger has been shown to participate in diverse biological processes such as cardiovascular homeostasis, immune response, wound healing, bone metabolism, and neurotransmission. Its beneficial effects have prompted increased research in the past two decades, with a focus on the development of materials that can locally release NO. However, significant limitations arise when applying these materials to biomedical applications. This Feature Article focuses on the development of NO-releasing and NO-generating polymeric materials (2006-2011) with emphasis on recent in vivo applications. Results are compared and discussed in terms of NO dose, release kinetics, and biological effects, in order to provide a foundation to design and evaluate new NO therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C Jen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - María C Serrano
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Robert van Lith
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, 60208, USA
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Kwan AL, Lin CL, Hwang SL. 6-Mercaptopurine reverses experimental vasospasm and alleviates the production of endothelins in NO-independent mechanism-a laboratory study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2011; 153:939-49. [PMID: 21170559 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) production and diminished nitric oxide synthase (NOS) bioavailability has been observed in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors previously found that 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) is effective in preventing and reversing arterial narrowing in a rodent SAH model. This present study is of interest to examine the effect of 6-mp on ET-1/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in this animal model. METHODS A rodent double hemorrhage SAH model was employed. Animals were randomly assigned to six groups (sham, SAH only, vehicle, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp treatment). Monoclonal CD45 immunostaining was utilized to evaluate monocytes and microglia. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α(RT-PCR), and ET-1 (ELISA) was measured. The basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested and sliced, and their cross-sectional areas were determined. Radiolabeled NOS assay kit was applied to detect eNOS. RESULTS Morphologically, convolution of internal elastic lamina, endothelial cells distortion, and necrotic smooth muscle were prevalently present in the basilar artery of SAH groups, which was absent in the 1 and 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp plus SAH group or the healthy controls. Significant vasospasm was noted in the vehicle group (lumen patency, 54.6%, p ≤ 0.01 compared with the sham group), but it was less prominent in the 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp treatment group (lumen patency, 87.6%, p < 0.05). In addition, administration with 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp reduced cytokine levels by 11%, 47%, and 34% for IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, respectively, and increased ET-1 levels were found in all the animals subject to SAH (SAH only, SAH plus vehicle, SAH plus 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp) except in the 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp SAH group, when compared with the healthy controls (no SAH). Meanwhile, treatment with 6-mp did not induce the levels of expressed eNOS in BAs in the 6-mp groups (0.5, 1.0, and 2 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 6-mp plus SAH) when compared with that in the SAH groups (p > 0.1). CONCLUSION In summary, treatment with 6-mp decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and diminished experimental vasospasm. This study offered first evidence that 6-mp dose-dependently reduces the level of ET-1 in a NO-independent mechanism, which corresponds to its antivasospastic effect in the condition of chronic vasospasm.
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MESH Headings
- Aneurysm, Ruptured/pathology
- Aneurysm, Ruptured/physiopathology
- Animals
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Connective Tissue/drug effects
- Connective Tissue/pathology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intracranial Aneurysm/pathology
- Intracranial Aneurysm/physiopathology
- Male
- Mercaptopurine/pharmacology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/pathology
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/physiopathology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/pathology
- Vasospasm, Intracranial/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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