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Slika H, Karimov Z, Alimonti P, Abou-Mrad T, De Fazio E, Alomari S, Tyler B. Preclinical Models and Technologies in Glioblastoma Research: Evolution, Current State, and Future Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16316. [PMID: 38003507 PMCID: PMC10671665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary central nervous system tumor and one of the most debilitating cancers. The prognosis of patients with glioblastoma remains poor, and the management of this tumor, both in its primary and recurrent forms, remains suboptimal. Despite the tremendous efforts that are being put forward by the research community to discover novel efficacious therapeutic agents and modalities, no major paradigm shifts have been established in the field in the last decade. However, this does not mirror the abundance of relevant findings and discoveries made in preclinical glioblastoma research. Hence, developing and utilizing appropriate preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the characteristics and behavior of human glioblastoma is of utmost importance. Herein, we offer a holistic picture of the evolution of preclinical models of glioblastoma. We further elaborate on the commonly used in vitro and vivo models, delving into their development, favorable characteristics, shortcomings, and areas of potential improvement, which aids researchers in designing future experiments and utilizing the most suitable models. Additionally, this review explores progress in the fields of humanized and immunotolerant mouse models, genetically engineered animal models, 3D in vitro models, and microfluidics and highlights promising avenues for the future of preclinical glioblastoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Ziya Karimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Tatiana Abou-Mrad
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emerson De Fazio
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Safwan Alomari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Betty Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
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2
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Umemura Y, Orringer D, Junck L, Varela ML, West MEJ, Faisal SM, Comba A, Heth J, Sagher O, Leung D, Mammoser A, Hervey-Jumper S, Zamler D, Yadav VN, Dunn P, Al-Holou W, Hollon T, Kim MM, Wahl DR, Camelo-Piragua S, Lieberman AP, Venneti S, McKeever P, Lawrence T, Kurokawa R, Sagher K, Altshuler D, Zhao L, Muraszko K, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Combined cytotoxic and immune-stimulatory gene therapy for primary adult high-grade glioma: a phase 1, first-in-human trial. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:1042-1052. [PMID: 37657463 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade gliomas have a poor prognosis and do not respond well to treatment. Effective cancer immune responses depend on functional immune cells, which are typically absent from the brain. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and activity of two adenoviral vectors expressing HSV1-TK (Ad-hCMV-TK) and Flt3L (Ad-hCMV-Flt3L) in patients with high-grade glioma. METHODS In this dose-finding, first-in-human trial, treatment-naive adults aged 18-75 years with newly identified high-grade glioma that was evaluated per immunotherapy response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria, and a Karnofsky Performance Status score of 70 or more, underwent maximal safe resection followed by injections of adenoviral vectors expressing HSV1-TK and Flt3L into the tumour bed. The study was conducted at the University of Michigan Medical School, Michigan Medicine (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The study included six escalating doses of viral particles with starting doses of 1×1010 Ad-hCMV-TK viral particles and 1×109 Ad-hCMV-Flt3L viral particles (cohort A), and then 1×1011 Ad-hCMV-TK viral particles and 1×109 Ad-hCMV-Flt3L viral particles (cohort B), 1×1010 Ad-hCMV-TK viral particles and 1×1010 Ad-hCMV-Flt3L viral particles (cohort C), 1×1011 Ad-hCMV-TK viral particles and 1×1010 Ad-hCMV-Flt3L viral particles (cohort D), 1×1010 Ad-hCMV-TK viral particles and 1×1011 Ad-hCMV-Flt3L viral particles (cohort E), and 1×1011 Ad-hCMV-TK viral particles and 1×1011 Ad-hCMV-Flt3L viral particles (cohort F) following a 3+3 design. Two 1 mL tuberculin syringes were used to deliver freehand a mix of Ad-hCMV-TK and Ad-hCMV-Flt3L vectors into the walls of the resection cavity with a total injection of 2 mL distributed as 0·1 mL per site across 20 locations. Subsequently, patients received two 14-day courses of valacyclovir (2 g orally, three times per day) at 1-3 days and 10-12 weeks after vector administration and standad upfront chemoradiotherapy. The primary endpoint was the maximum tolerated dose of Ad-hCMV-Flt3L and Ad-hCMV-TK. Overall survival was a secondary endpoint. Recruitment is complete and the trial is finished. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01811992. FINDINGS Between April 8, 2014, and March 13, 2019, 21 patients were assessed for eligibility and 18 patients with high-grade glioma were enrolled and included in the analysis (three patients in each of the six dose cohorts); eight patients were female and ten were male. Neuropathological examination identified 14 (78%) patients with glioblastoma, three (17%) with gliosarcoma, and one (6%) with anaplastic ependymoma. The treatment was well-tolerated, and no dose-limiting toxicity was observed. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The most common serious grade 3-4 adverse events across all treatment groups were wound infection (four events in two patients) and thromboembolic events (five events in four patients). One death due to an adverse event (respiratory failure) occurred but was not related to study treatment. No treatment-related deaths occurred during the study. Median overall survival was 21·3 months (95% CI 11·1-26·1). INTERPRETATION The combination of two adenoviral vectors demonstrated safety and feasibility in patients with high-grade glioma and warrants further investigation in a phase 1b/2 clinical trial. FUNDING Funded in part by Phase One Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, The Board of Governors at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, and The Rogel Cancer Center at The University of Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Umemura
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Orringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Larry Junck
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria L Varela
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Molly E J West
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Syed M Faisal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Comba
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason Heth
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oren Sagher
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Denise Leung
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron Mammoser
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shawn Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Viveka N Yadav
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wajd Al-Holou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Todd Hollon
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michelle M Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Wahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sandra Camelo-Piragua
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul McKeever
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Theodore Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryo Kurokawa
- Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen Sagher
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karin Muraszko
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan School of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Ren AL, Wu JY, Lee SY, Lim M. Translational Models in Glioma Immunotherapy Research. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5704-5718. [PMID: 37366911 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic domain for the treatment of gliomas. However, clinical trials of various immunotherapeutic modalities have not yielded significant improvements in patient survival. Preclinical models for glioma research should faithfully represent clinically observed features regarding glioma behavior, mutational load, tumor interactions with stromal cells, and immunosuppressive mechanisms. In this review, we dive into the common preclinical models used in glioma immunology, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and highlight examples of their utilization in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Ren
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Janet Y Wu
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Si Yeon Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
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4
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Svensson-Arvelund J, Cuadrado-Castano S, Pantsulaia G, Kim K, Aleynick M, Hammerich L, Upadhyay R, Yellin M, Marsh H, Oreper D, Jhunjhunwala S, Moussion C, Merad M, Brown BD, García-Sastre A, Brody JD. Expanding cross-presenting dendritic cells enhances oncolytic virotherapy and is critical for long-term anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7149. [PMID: 36418317 PMCID: PMC9684150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies directly enhancing anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses have yielded measurable but limited success, highlighting the need for alternatives. Anti-tumor T cell responses critically depend on antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC), and enhancing mobilization, antigen loading and activation of these cells represent an attractive possibility to potentiate T cell based therapies. Here we show that expansion of DCs by Flt3L administration impacts in situ vaccination with oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Mechanistically, NDV activates DCs and sensitizes them to dying tumor cells through upregulation of dead-cell receptors and synergizes with Flt3L to promote anti-tumor CD8+ T cell cross-priming. In vivo, Flt3L-NDV in situ vaccination induces parallel amplification of virus- and tumor-specific T cells, including CD8+ T cells reactive to newly-described neoepitopes, promoting long-term tumor control. Cross-presenting conventional Type 1 DCs are indispensable for the anti-tumor, but not anti-viral, T cell response, and type I IFN-dependent CD4+ Th1 effector cells contribute to optimal anti-tumor immunity. These data demonstrate that mobilizing DCs to increase tumor antigen cross-presentation improves oncolytic virotherapy and that neoepitope-specific T cells can be induced without individualized, ex vivo manufactured vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, 582 25, Sweden.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Sara Cuadrado-Castano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gvantsa Pantsulaia
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kristy Kim
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Mark Aleynick
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow- Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Ranjan Upadhyay
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Henry Marsh
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc, Needham, MA, 02494, USA
| | | | | | | | - Miriam Merad
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Brian D Brown
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Teserpaturev/G47Δ (Delytact®) is a third-generation (triple-mutated) recombinant oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 being developed by Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. for the treatment of certain solid cancers. Teserpaturev/G47Δ has been approved for the treatment of malignant glioma in Japan and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of prostate cancer (phase II), malignant pleural mesothelioma (phase I) and recurrent olfactory neuroblastoma (phase I). This article summarizes the milestones in the development of teserpaturev/G47Δ leading to this first approval for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Frampton
- Springer Nature, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 65901, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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6
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Fekrirad Z, Barzegar Behrooz A, Ghaemi S, Khosrojerdi A, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A, Arefian E, Ghavami S. Immunology Meets Bioengineering: Improving the Effectiveness of Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3698. [PMID: 35954362 PMCID: PMC9367505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) therapy has seen little change over the past two decades. Surgical excision followed by radiation and chemotherapy is the current gold standard treatment. Immunotherapy techniques have recently transformed many cancer treatments, and GBM is now at the forefront of immunotherapy research. GBM immunotherapy prospects are reviewed here, with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic viruses. Various forms of nanomaterials to enhance immunotherapy effectiveness are also discussed. For GBM treatment and immunotherapy, we outline the specific properties of nanomaterials. In addition, we provide a short overview of several 3D (bio)printing techniques and their applications in stimulating the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, the susceptibility of GBM cancer cells to the various immunotherapy methods will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran 18735-136, Iran;
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran;
| | - Shokoofeh Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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7
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Todo T, Ino Y, Ohtsu H, Shibahara J, Tanaka M. A phase I/II study of triple-mutated oncolytic herpes virus G47∆ in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4119. [PMID: 35864115 PMCID: PMC9304402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the results of a phase I/II, single-arm study (UMIN-CTR Clinical Trial Registry UMIN000002661) assessing the safety (primary endpoint) of G47∆, a triple-mutated oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, in Japanese adults with recurrent/progressive glioblastoma despite radiation and temozolomide therapies. G47Δ was administered intratumorally at 3 × 108 pfu (low dose) or 1 × 109 pfu (set dose), twice to identical coordinates within 5–14 days. Thirteen patients completed treatment (low dose, n = 3; set dose, n = 10). Adverse events occurred in 12/13 patients. The most common G47Δ-related adverse events were fever, headache and vomiting. Secondary endpoint was the efficacy. Median overall survival was 7.3 (95%CI 6.2–15.2) months and the 1-year survival rate was 38.5%, both from the last G47∆ administration. Median progression-free survival was 8 (95%CI 7–34) days from the last G47∆ administration, mainly due to immediate enlargement of the contrast-enhanced area of the target lesion on MRI. Three patients survived >46 months. One complete response (low dose) and one partial response (set dose) were seen at 2 years. Based on biopsies, post-administration MRI features (injection site contrast-enhancement clearing and entire tumor enlargement) likely reflected tumor cell destruction via viral replication and lymphocyte infiltration towards tumor cells, the latter suggesting the mechanism for “immunoprogression” characteristic to this therapy. This study shows that G47Δ is safe for treating recurrent/progressive glioblastoma and warrants further clinical development. G47Δ is a third-generation, triple-mutated oncolytic HSV-1 that has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical studies. Here the authors report the results of a phase I/II study of G47Δ in patients with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Ino
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Department of Data Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Japan, Tokyo, Japan.,Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Advanced Clinical Research Center, and Department of Surgical Neuro-Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Eisemann T, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Coming in from the cold: overcoming the hostile immune microenvironment of medulloblastoma. Genes Dev 2022; 36:514-532. [PMID: 35680424 PMCID: PMC9186392 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349538.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor that occurs predominantly in children. Despite intensive therapy, many patients die of the disease, and novel therapies are desperately needed. Although immunotherapy has shown promise in many cancers, the low mutational burden, limited infiltration of immune effector cells, and immune-suppressive microenvironment of medulloblastoma have led to the assumption that it is unlikely to respond to immunotherapy. However, emerging evidence is challenging this view. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies that have identified mechanisms of immune evasion in medulloblastoma, and highlight possible therapeutic interventions that may give new hope to medulloblastoma patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Eisemann
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
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9
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Blitz SE, Kappel AD, Gessler FA, Klinger NV, Arnaout O, Lu Y, Peruzzi PP, Smith TR, Chiocca EA, Friedman GK, Bernstock JD. Tumor-Associated Macrophages/Microglia in Glioblastoma Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Double-Edged Sword. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1808. [PMID: 35163730 PMCID: PMC8836356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a rapidly progressing field that uses oncolytic viruses (OVs) to selectively infect malignant cells and cause an antitumor response through direct oncolysis and stimulation of the immune system. Despite demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy of OVs in many cancer types and some favorable clinical results in glioblastoma (GBM) trials, durable increases in overall survival have remained elusive. Recent evidence has emerged that tumor-associated macrophage/microglia (TAM) involvement is likely an important factor contributing to OV treatment failure. It is prudent to note that the relationship between TAMs and OV therapy failures is complex. Canonically activated TAMs (i.e., M1) drive an antitumor response while also inhibiting OV replication and spread. Meanwhile, M2 activated TAMs facilitate an immunosuppressive microenvironment thereby indirectly promoting tumor growth. In this focused review, we discuss the complicated interplay between TAMs and OV therapies in GBM. We review past studies that aimed to maximize effectiveness through immune system modulation-both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressant-and suggest future directions to maximize OV efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Blitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
| | - Ari D. Kappel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Florian A. Gessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Neil V. Klinger
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omar Arnaout
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Peruzzi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy R. Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ennio A. Chiocca
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (S.E.B.); (A.D.K.); (N.V.K); (O.A.); (Y.L.); (P.P.P.); (T.R.S.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Letchuman V, Ampie L, Shah AH, Brown DA, Heiss JD, Chittiboina P. Syngeneic murine glioblastoma models: reactionary immune changes and immunotherapy intervention outcomes. Neurosurg Focus 2022; 52:E5. [PMID: 35104794 PMCID: PMC10851929 DOI: 10.3171/2021.11.focus21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain neoplasm with dismal 10-year survival rates of < 1%. Despite promising preliminary results from several novel therapeutic agents, clinical responses have been modest due to several factors, including tumor heterogeneity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and treatment resistance. Novel immunotherapeutics have been developed to reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression in patients with glioblastomas. In order to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, reliable in vivo syngeneic murine models are critical for the development of new targeted agents as these models demonstrate rapid tumor induction and reliable tumor growth over multiple generations. Despite the clear advantages of murine models, choosing an appropriate model from an immunological perspective can be difficult and have significant ramifications on the translatability of the results from murine to human trials. Herein, the authors reviewed the 4 most commonly used immunocompetent syngeneic murine glioma models (GL261 [C57BL/6], SB28 [C57BL/6], CT-2A [C57BL/6], and SMA-560 [VM/Dk]) and compared their strengths and weaknesses from an immunological standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Letchuman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leonel Ampie
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ashish H. Shah
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Desmond A. Brown
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John D. Heiss
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Prashant Chittiboina
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Singh K, Hotchkiss KM, Patel KK, Wilkinson DS, Mohan AA, Cook SL, Sampson JH. Enhancing T Cell Chemotaxis and Infiltration in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5367. [PMID: 34771532 PMCID: PMC8582389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an immunologically 'cold' tumor, which are characterized by absent or minimal numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). For those tumors that have been invaded by lymphocytes, they are profoundly exhausted and ineffective. While many immunotherapy approaches seek to reinvigorate immune cells at the tumor, this requires TILs to be present. Therefore, to unleash the full potential of immunotherapy in glioblastoma, the trafficking of lymphocytes to the tumor is highly desirable. However, the process of T cell recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS) is tightly regulated. Naïve T cells may undergo an initial licensing process to enter the migratory phenotype necessary to enter the CNS. T cells then must express appropriate integrins and selectin ligands to interact with transmembrane proteins at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Finally, they must interact with antigen-presenting cells and undergo further licensing to enter the parenchyma. These T cells must then navigate the tumor microenvironment, which is rich in immunosuppressive factors. Altered tumoral metabolism also interferes with T cell motility. In this review, we will describe these processes and their mediators, along with potential therapeutic approaches to enhance trafficking. We also discuss safety considerations for such approaches as well as potential counteragents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirit Singh
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (K.M.H.); (K.K.P.); (D.S.W.); (A.A.M.); (S.L.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John H. Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (K.M.H.); (K.K.P.); (D.S.W.); (A.A.M.); (S.L.C.)
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12
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Nguyen HM, Saha D. The Current State of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus for Glioblastoma Treatment. Oncolytic Virother 2021; 10:1-27. [PMID: 33659221 PMCID: PMC7917312 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s268426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal primary malignant brain tumor with no current effective treatments. The recent emergence of immuno-virotherapy and FDA approval of T-VEC have generated a great expectation towards oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) as a promising treatment option for GBM. Since the generation and testing of the first genetically engineered oHSV in glioma in the early 1990s, oHSV-based therapies have shown a long way of great progress in terms of anti-GBM efficacy and safety, both preclinically and clinically. Here, we revisit the literature to understand the recent advancement of oHSV in the treatment of GBM. In addition, we discuss current obstacles to oHSV-based therapies and possible strategies to overcome these pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-My Nguyen
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Abilene, TX, 79601, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Abilene, TX, 79601, USA
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13
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Abstract
Tumors represent a hostile environment for the effector cells of cancer immunosurveillance. Immunosuppressive receptors and soluble or membrane-bound ligands are abundantly exposed and released by malignant entities and their stromal accomplices. As a consequence, executioners of antitumor immunity inefficiently navigate across cancer tissues and fail to eliminate malignant targets. By inducing immunogenic cancer cell death, oncolytic viruses profoundly reshape the tumor microenvironment. They trigger the local spread of danger signals and tumor-associated (as well as viral) antigens, thus attracting antigen-presenting cells, promoting the activation and expansion of lymphocytic populations, facilitating their infiltration in the tumor bed, and reinvigorating cytotoxic immune activity. The present review recapitulates key chemokines, growth factors and other cytokines that orchestrate this ballet of antitumoral leukocytes upon oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France.
| | - Samuel T Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Zhang Q, Liu F. Advances and potential pitfalls of oncolytic viruses expressing immunomodulatory transgene therapy for malignant gliomas. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:485. [PMID: 32587256 PMCID: PMC7316762 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an immunosuppressive, lethal brain tumor. Despite advances in molecular understanding and therapies, the clinical benefits have remained limited, and the life expectancy of patients with GBM has only been extended to ~15 months. Currently, genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OV) that express immunomodulatory transgenes constitute a research hot spot in the field of glioma treatment. An oncolytic virus is designed to selectively target, infect, and replicate in tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. Moreover, many studies have shown therapeutic advantages, and recent clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of their usage. However, the therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic viruses alone is limited, while oncolytic viruses expressing immunomodulatory transgenes are more potent inducers of immunity and enhance immune cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in GBM. An increasing number of basic studies on oncolytic viruses encoding immunomodulatory transgene therapy for malignant gliomas have yielded beneficial outcomes. Oncolytic viruses that are armed with immunomodulatory transgenes remain promising as a therapy against malignant gliomas and will undoubtedly provide new insights into possible clinical uses or strategies. In this review, we summarize the research advances related to oncolytic viruses that express immunomodulatory transgenes, as well as potential treatment pitfalls in patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing, 100070, China.
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15
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Ajina A, Maher J. Synergistic combination of oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 164:217-292. [PMID: 31383406 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For patients with advanced hematological malignancies the therapeutic landscape has been transformed by the emergence of adoptive cell transfer utilizing autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells. However, solid tumors have proved far more resistant to this approach. Here, we summarize the numerous challenges faced by CAR T-cells designed to target solid tumors, highlighting, in particular, issues related to impaired trafficking, expansion, and persistence. In parallel, we draw attention to exciting developments in the burgeoning field of oncolytic virotherapy and posit strategies for the synergistic combination of oncolytic viruses with CAR T-cells to improve outcomes for patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Maher
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, United Kingdom
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16
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Kahramanian A, Kuroda T, Wakimoto H. Construction of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus with Therapeutic Genes of Interest. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1937:177-188. [PMID: 30706396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9065-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most extensively studied oncolytic virus platforms. The recent FDA approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) has been accelerating translational research of oncolytic HSV (oHSV) as a promising therapeutic for refractory cancers such as glioblastoma, the deadliest primary malignancy in the brain. The large genome size of HSV readily allows arming of oHSV by incorporating therapeutic transgenes within the virus, as exemplified by T-VEC carrying GM-CSF, thereby enhancing the anticancer activity of oHSV. Here we describe a bacterial artificial chromosome-based method for construction of an oHSV expressing a transgene, which we routinely use in the laboratory to create a number of different recombinant oHSV bearing either therapeutic or reporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andranik Kahramanian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toshihiko Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Congdon KL, Sanchez-Perez LA, Sampson JH. Effective effectors: How T cells access and infiltrate the central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 197:52-60. [PMID: 30557632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several Phase II and III clinical trials have demonstrated that immunotherapy can induce objective responses in otherwise refractory malignancies in tumors outside the central nervous system. In large part, effector T cells mediate much of the antitumor efficacy in these trials, and potent antitumor T cells can be generated through vaccination, immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive transfer, and genetic manipulation. However, activated T cells must still traffic to, infiltrate, and persist within tumor in order to mediate tumor lysis. These requirements for efficacy pose unique challenges for brain tumor immunotherapy, due to specific anatomical barriers and populations of specialized immune cells within the central nervous system that function to constrain immunity. Both autoimmune and infectious diseases of the central nervous system provide a wealth of information on how T cells can successfully migrate to the central nervous system and then engender sustained immune responses. In this review, we will examine the commonalities in the efferent arm of immunity to the brain for autoimmunity, infection, and tumor immunotherapy to identify key factors underlying potent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Congdon
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Luis A Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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18
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Chabeda A, Yanez RJR, Lamprecht R, Meyers AE, Rybicki EP, Hitzeroth II. Therapeutic vaccines for high-risk HPV-associated diseases. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 5:46-58. [PMID: 29277575 PMCID: PMC5887015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated that Human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers account for 5% of all human cancers. Current HPV vaccines are extremely effective at preventing infection and neoplastic disease; however, they are prophylactic and do not clear established infections. Therapeutic vaccines which trigger cell-mediated immune responses for the treatment of established infections and malignancies are therefore required. The E6 and E7 early genes are ideal targets for vaccine therapy due to their role in disruption of the cell cycle and their constitutive expression in premalignant and malignant tissues. Several strategies have been investigated for the development of therapeutic vaccines, including live-vector, nucleic acid, peptide, protein-based and cell-based vaccines as well as combinatorial approaches, with several vaccine candidates progressing to clinical trials. With the current understanding of the HPV life cycle, molecular mechanisms of infection, carcinogenesis, tumour biology, the tumour microenvironment and immune response mechanisms, an approved HPV therapeutic vaccine seems to be a goal not far from being achieved. In this article, the status of therapeutic HPV vaccines in clinical trials are reviewed, and the potential for plant-based vaccine production platforms described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyo Chabeda
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Romana J R Yanez
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Renate Lamprecht
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ann E Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Inga I Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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19
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Gardeck AM, Sheehan J, Low WC. Immune and viral therapies for malignant primary brain tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:457-474. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1296132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Gardeck
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jordan Sheehan
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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20
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Fan J, Jiang H, Cheng L, Liu R. The oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector, G47Δ, effectively targets tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1741-9. [PMID: 26718317 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish a tamoxifen-resistant cell line (MCF-7/TAM-R) and to investigate the therapeutic effect of G47Δ on this cell line both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the MCF-7/TAM-R monoclonal subline was established after exposing MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen for 21 days. Then, it was compared with a wild-type MCF-7 subline (MCF-7W), which was not treated with tamoxifen. Cell proliferation, viability, cell cycle and apoptosis analyses were carried out to examine the characteristics of the MCF-7/TAM-R cells. Both in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies were conducted to investigate the therapeutic effect of G47Δ on the MCF-7/TAM-R cells. Compared to the MCF-7W cells, we found that the MCF-7/TAM-R cells exhibited a higher proliferation ability (P<0.05) and a stronger resistance to the cytotoxic effects induced by 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) (P<0.05). G47Δ demonstrated a high cytotoxic effect on both the MCF-7/TAM-R and MCF-7W cell lines. After being infected with G47Δ at an MOI of 0.01, >90% of the MCF-7/TAM-R and MCF-7W cells died on day 5. G47Δ induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, G47Δ inhibited tumor growth in subcutaneous tumor models of both MCF-7/TAM-R and MCF-7W. Thus, we conclude that G47Δ, a third generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus, is highly sensitive and safe in targeting tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
| | - Renbin Liu
- Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, P.R. China
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21
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Sokolowski NA, Rizos H, Diefenbach RJ. Oncolytic virotherapy using herpes simplex virus: how far have we come? Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:207-19. [PMID: 27512683 PMCID: PMC4918397 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy exploits the properties of human viruses to naturally cytolysis of cancer cells. The human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV) has proven particularly amenable for use in oncolytic virotherapy. The relative safety of HSV coupled with extensive knowledge on how HSV interacts with the host has provided a platform for manipulating HSV to enhance the targeting and killing of human cancer cells. This has culminated in the approval of talimogene laherparepvec for the treatment of melanoma. This review focuses on the development of HSV as an oncolytic virus and where the field is likely to head in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas As Sokolowski
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell J Diefenbach
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wang W, Liu F, Xiang B, Xiang C, Mou X. Stem cells as cellular vehicles for gene therapy against glioblastoma. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:17102-17109. [PMID: 26770303 PMCID: PMC4694203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadliest primary tumor in adults, with current treatments having limited specific and efficient delivery of therapeutic drugs to tumor sites or cells. Therefore, the development of alternative treatment options is urgently needed. Stem cells are considered as ideal cellular vehicles for gene therapy against glioblastoma. In this paper, we reviewed the recent studies investigating the use of different types of stem cells as cellular vehicles and the gene of interests against the glioblastoma, as well as the future directions of the application of cellular vehicles mediated therapy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s HospitalHangzhou 310014, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fanlong Liu
- Department of Anus, Rectum & Colon Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310003, China
| | - Bingyu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310003, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s HospitalHangzhou 310014, China
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MicroRNA-Attenuated Clone of Virulent Semliki Forest Virus Overcomes Antiviral Type I Interferon in Resistant Mouse CT-2A Glioma. J Virol 2015; 89:10637-47. [PMID: 26269187 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01868-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glioblastoma is a terminal disease with no effective treatment currently available. Among the new therapy candidates are oncolytic viruses capable of selectively replicating in cancer cells, causing tumor lysis and inducing adaptive immune responses against the tumor. However, tumor antiviral responses, primarily mediated by type I interferon (IFN-I), remain a key problem that severely restricts viral replication and oncolysis. We show here that the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) strain SFV4, which causes lethal encephalitis in mice, is able to infect and replicate independent of the IFN-I defense in mouse glioblastoma cells and cell lines originating from primary human glioblastoma patient samples. The ability to tolerate IFN-I was retained in SFV4-miRT124 cells, a derivative cell line of strain SFV4 with a restricted capacity to replicate in neurons due to insertion of target sites for neuronal microRNA 124. The IFN-I tolerance was associated with the viral nsp3-nsp4 gene region and distinct from the genetic loci responsible for SFV neurovirulence. In contrast to the naturally attenuated strain SFV A7(74) and its derivatives, SFV4-miRT124 displayed increased oncolytic potency in CT-2A murine astrocytoma cells and in the human glioblastoma cell lines pretreated with IFN-I. Following a single intraperitoneal injection of SFV4-miRT124 into C57BL/6 mice bearing CT-2A orthotopic gliomas, the virus homed to the brain and was amplified in the tumor, resulting in significant tumor growth inhibition and improved survival. IMPORTANCE Although progress has been made in development of replicative oncolytic viruses, information regarding their overall therapeutic potency in a clinical setting is still lacking. This could be at least partially dependent on the IFN-I sensitivity of the viruses used. Here, we show that the conditionally replicating SFV4-miRT124 virus shares the IFN-I tolerance of the pathogenic wild-type SFV, thereby allowing efficient targeting of a glioma that is refractory to naturally attenuated therapy vector strains sensitive to IFN-I. This is the first evidence of orthotopic syngeneic mouse glioma eradication following peripheral alphavirus administration. Our findings indicate a clear benefit in harnessing the wild-type virus replicative potency in development of next-generation oncolytic alphaviruses.
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Kanai R, Rabkin SD. Combinatorial strategies for oncolytic herpes simplex virus therapy of brain tumors. CNS Oncol 2015; 2:129-42. [PMID: 23687568 DOI: 10.2217/cns.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses, such as the oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV), are an exciting new therapeutic strategy for cancer as they are replication competent in tumor cells but not normal cells. In order to engender herpes simplex virus with oncolytic activity and make it safe for clinical application, mutations are engineered into the virus. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly primary brain tumor in adults. Despite many advances in therapy, overall survival has not been substantially improved over the last several decades. A number of different oHSVs have been tested as monotherapy in early-phase clinical trials for GBM and have demonstrated safety and anecdotal evidence of efficacy. However, strategies to improve efficacy are likely to be necessary to successfully treat GBM. Cancer treatment usually involves multimodal approaches, so the standard of care for GBM includes surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In preclinical GBM models, combinations of oHSV with other types of therapy have exhibited markedly improved activity over individual treatments alone. In this review, we will discuss the various combination strategies that have been employed with oHSV, including chemotherapy, small-molecule inhibitors, antiangiogenic agents, radiotherapy and expression of therapeutic transgenes. Effective combinations, especially synergistic ones, are clinically important not just for improved efficacy but also to permit lower and less-toxic doses and potentially overcome resistance.
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Saha D, Ahmed SS, Rabkin SD. EXPLORING THE ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF VIRUS IN MALIGNANT GLIOMA. DRUG FUTURE 2015; 40:739-749. [PMID: 26855472 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2015.040.11.2383070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor with no effective treatments. Current conventional therapies (surgical resection, radiation therapy, temozolomide (TMZ), and bevacizumab administration) typically fail to eradicate the tumors resulting in the recurrence of treatment-resistant tumors. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to improve therapeutic outcomes. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are excellent candidates as a more effective therapeutic strategy for aggressive cancers like malignant gliomas since OVs have a natural preference or have been genetically engineered to selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells. OVs have been used in numerous preclinical studies in malignant glioma, and a large number of clinical trials using OVs have been completed or are underway that have demonstrated safety, as well as provided indications of effective antiglioma activity. In this review, we will focus on those OVs that have been used in clinical trials for the treatment of malignant gliomas (herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, parvovirus, reovirus, poliovirus, Newcastle disease virus, measles virus, and retrovirus) and OVs examined preclinically (vesicular stomatitis virus and myxoma virus), and describe how these agents are being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipongkor Saha
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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26
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Ning J, Wakimoto H. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based strategies: toward a breakthrough in glioblastoma therapy. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:303. [PMID: 24999342 PMCID: PMC4064532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are a class of antitumor agents that selectively kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) has been investigated in clinical trials for patients with the malignant brain tumor glioblastoma for more than a decade. These clinical studies have shown the safety of oHSV administration to the human brain, however, therapeutic efficacy of oHSV as a single treatment remains unsatisfactory. Factors that could hamper the anti-glioblastoma efficacy of oHSV include: attenuated potency of oHSV due to deletion or mutation of viral genes involved in virulence, restricting viral replication and spread within the tumor; suboptimal oHSV delivery associated with intratumoral injection; virus infection-induced inflammatory and cellular immune responses which could inhibit oHSV replication and promote its clearance; lack of effective incorporation of oHSV into standard-of-care, and poor knowledge about the ability of oHSV to target glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). In an attempt to address these issues, recent research efforts have been directed at: (1) design of new engineered viruses to enhance potency, (2) better understanding of the role of the cellular immunity elicited by oHSV infection of tumors, (3) combinatorial strategies with different antitumor agents with a mechanistic rationale, (4) “armed” viruses expressing therapeutic transgenes, (5) use of GSC-derived models in oHSV evaluation, and (6) combinations of these. In this review, we will describe the current status of oHSV clinical trials for glioblastoma, and discuss recent research advances and future directions toward successful oHSV-based therapy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Nguyen A, Ho L, Wan Y. Chemotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy: Advanced Tactics in the War against Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:145. [PMID: 24967214 PMCID: PMC4052116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a traitorous archenemy that threatens our survival. Its ability to evade detection and adapt to various cancer therapies means that it is a moving target that becomes increasingly difficult to attack. Through technological advancements, we have developed sophisticated weapons to fight off tumor growth and invasion. However, if we are to stand a chance in this war against cancer, advanced tactics will be required to maximize the use of our available resources. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are multi-functional cancer-fighters that can be engineered to suit many different strategies; in particular, their retooling can facilitate increased capacity for direct tumor killing (oncolytic virotherapy) and elicit adaptive antitumor immune responses (oncolytic immunotherapy). However, administration of these modified OVs alone, rarely induces successful regression of established tumors. This may be attributed to host antiviral immunity that acts to eliminate viral particles, as well as the capacity for tumors to adapt to therapeutic selective pressure. It has been shown that various chemotherapeutic drugs with distinct functional properties can potentiate the antitumor efficacy of OVs. In this review, we summarize the chemotherapeutic combinatorial strategies used to optimize virally induced destruction of tumors. With a particular focus on pharmaceutical immunomodulators, we discuss how specific therapeutic contexts may alter the effects of these synergistic combinations and their implications for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Louisa Ho
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
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28
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Atherton MJ, Lichty BD. Evolution of oncolytic viruses: novel strategies for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1191-206. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses have documented oncolytic activity, with the first evidence observed clinically over a decade ago. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the field of oncolytic viruses. Viruses may be innately oncotropic, lacking the ability to cause disease in people or they may require engineering to allow selective tumor targeting and attenuation of pathogenicity. Following infection of a neoplastic cell, several events may occur, including direct viral oncolysis, apoptosis, necrotic cell death and autophagic cellular demise. Of late, a large body of work has recognized the ability of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to activate the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as directly killing tumors. The production of viruses expressing transgenes encoding for cytokines, colony-stimulating factors, costimulatory molecules and tumor-associated antigens has been able to further incite immune responses against target tumors. Multiple OVs are now in the advanced stages of clinical trials, with several individual viruses having completed their respective trials with positive results. This review introduces the multiple mechanisms by which OVs are able to act as an antineoplastic therapy, either on their own or in combination with other more traditional treatment modalities. The full benefit and the place where OVs will be integrated into standard-of-care therapies will be determined with ongoing studies ranging from the laboratory to the patient. With various different viruses now in the clinic this therapeutic option is beginning to prove its worth, and the versatility of these agents means further innovative and novel applications will continue to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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Current status of gene therapy for brain tumors. Transl Res 2013; 161:339-54. [PMID: 23246627 PMCID: PMC3733107 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadliest primary brain tumor in adults, with current treatments having limited impact on disease progression. Therefore the development of alternative treatment options is greatly needed. Gene therapy is a treatment strategy that relies on the delivery of genetic material, usually transgenes or viruses, into cells for therapeutic purposes, and has been applied to GBM with increasing promise. We have included selectively replication-competent oncolytic viruses within this strategy, although the virus acts directly as a complex biologic anti-tumor agent rather than as a classic gene delivery vehicle. GBM is a good candidate for gene therapy because tumors remain locally within the brain and only rarely metastasize to other tissues; the majority of cells in the brain are post-mitotic, which allows for specific targeting of dividing tumor cells; and tumors can often be accessed neurosurgically for administration of therapy. Delivery vehicles used for brain tumors include nonreplicating viral vectors, normal adult stem/progenitor cells, and oncolytic viruses. The therapeutic transgenes or viruses are typically cytotoxic or express prodrug activating suicide genes to kill glioma cells, immunostimulatory to induce or amplify anti-tumor immune responses, and/or modify the tumor microenvironment such as blocking angiogenesis. This review describes current preclinical and clinical gene therapy strategies for the treatment of glioma.
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FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand treatment of mice aggravates acute lung injury in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae: role of pneumolysin. Infect Immun 2012; 80:4281-90. [PMID: 23006850 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00854-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) is a dendritic cell (DC) growth and differentiation factor with potential in antitumor therapies and antibacterial immunization strategies. However, the effect of systemic Flt3L treatment on lung-protective immunity against bacterial infection is incompletely defined. Here, we examined the impact of deficient (in Flt3L knockout [KO] mice), normal (in wild-type [WT] mice), or increased Flt3L availability (in WT mice pretreated with Flt3L for 3, 5, or 7 days) on lung DC subset profiles and lung-protective immunity against the major lung-tropic pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although in Flt3L-deficient mice the numbers of DCs positive for CD11b (CD11b(pos) DCs) and for CD103 (CD103(pos) DCs) were diminished, lung permeability, a marker of injury, was unaltered in response to S. pneumoniae. In contrast, WT mice pretreated with Flt3L particularly responded with increased numbers of CD11b(pos) DCs and with less pronounced numbers of CD103(pos) DCs and impaired bacterial clearance and with increased lung permeability following S. pneumoniae challenge. Notably, infection of Flt3L-pretreated mice with S. pneumoniae lacking the pore-forming toxin, pneumolysin (PLY), resulted in substantially less lung CD11b(pos) DCs activation and reduced lung permeability. Collectively, this study establishes that Flt3L treatment enhances the accumulation of proinflammatory activated lung CD11b(pos) DCs which contribute to acute lung injury in response to PLY released by S. pneumoniae.
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