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Chen Q, Zhang R, Li D, Wang F, Jiang S, Wang J. Trehalose in pine wood nematode participates in DJ3 formation and confers resistance to low-temperature stress. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:524. [PMID: 34243706 PMCID: PMC8268229 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) has been found in the extreme cold area of northeast China. The third-stage dispersal juvenile (DJ3) of PWN, which is a long-lived stress-resistant stage, plays an important role in the process of PWN spreading to low-temperature areas, as this stage can survive under unfavorable conditions. Results Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was used to analyze the expression patterns of 15,889 genes included in 21 RNA-Seq results of PWN at DJ3 and the other 6 different stages, and a total of 12 coexpression modules were obtained. Among them, the magenta module has the highest correlation with DJ3, which included a total of 652 genes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that most of the genes in the magenta module were involved in metabolic processes, which were related to autophagy and longevity regulation. These pathways included starch and sucrose metabolism, which contains trehalose metabolism. To explore the function of trehalose in DJ3 formation and survival under − 20 °C, a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase encoding gene (Bx-tps), a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase encoding gene (Bx-tpp) and 7 trehalase encoding genes (Bx-tres) were identified and investigated. The expression of these 9 genes was related to the formation of DJ3. A treatment under − 20 °C induced the accumulation of trehalose. The survival rate of DJ3 at -20 °C reduced after silencing of any of these trehalose metabolism genes. Further analysis suggested that two trehalose synthesis genes were highly correlated with DJ3 and might be involved in autophagy by regulating with energy conversion related genes. Conclusions The above results indicated that trehalose metabolism promotes DJ3 formation and helps DJ3 survive at -20 °C. Although trehalose accumulation is favorable for DJ3 to cope with low-temperature stress, multiple trehalose metabolism genes need to work together. There may be a multi-path regulated physiological process involving trehalose synthesis genes under low-temperature stress resistance. This physiological process may regulate the formation and maintenance of DJ3 through autophagy and energy conversion. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07839-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Danlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Shengwei Jiang
- Station of Forest and Grassland Pest Control and Quarantine, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pests Monitoring and Control-Heilongjiang Province, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
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Genetic characteristics of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus third-stage dispersal juveniles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3908. [PMID: 33594100 PMCID: PMC7887269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The third-stage dispersal juvenile (DJ3) of pinewood nematode (PWN) is highly associated with low-temperature survival and spread of the nematode. Oil-Red-O staining showed that its lipid content was significantly higher compared with other PWN stages. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified that genes in the pink module were highly related to DJ3 induced in the laboratory (DJ3-lab). These genes were arranged according to their gene significance (GS) to DJ3-lab. Of the top 30 genes with the highest GS, seven were found to be highly homologous to the cysteine protease family cathepsin 1 (CATH1). The top 30 genes with the highest weight value to each of the seven genes in the pink module were selected, and finally 35 genes were obtained. Between these seven CATH1 homologous genes and their 35 highly related genes, 15 were related to fat metabolism or autophagy. These autophagy-related genes were also found to be highly correlated with other genes in the pink module, suggesting that autophagy might be involved in the mechanism of longevity in DJ3 and the formation of DJ3 by regulating genes related to fat metabolism.
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Ma J, Gao B, Wang R, Li X, Chen S. Transcriptome analyses of Ditylenchus destructor in responses to cold and desiccation stress. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20180057. [PMID: 32232317 PMCID: PMC7198036 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2018-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify molecular responses in Ditylenchus destructor to cold and desiccation by means of transcriptomes analyses. A total of 102,517 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 1,076 bp, in which 58,453 (57%) had a functional annotation. A total of 1154 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) distributed over 1078 unigenes were detected. Gene expression profiles in response to cold and desiccation stress and the expression of specific stress-related genes were compared. Gene ontology analysis and pathway-based analysis were used to further investigate the functions of the differentially expressed genes. The reliability of the sequencing data was verified through quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 19 stress-related genes. RNA interference used to further assess the functions of the cold-related unigenes 15628 and 15596 showed that the knockdown of each of these genes led to decreased cold tolerance of D. destructor. Hence, this study revealed molecular processes and pathways active in cold- or dessication-treated nematodes. The transcriptome profiles presented in this study provide insight into the transcriptome complexity and will contribute to further understand stress tolerance in D. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences /IPM centre of Hebei Province/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences /IPM centre of Hebei Province/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, China
| | - Rongyan Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences /IPM centre of Hebei Province/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuhua Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences /IPM centre of Hebei Province/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, China
| | - Shulong Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences /IPM centre of Hebei Province/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Baoding, China
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Wang B, Hao X, Xu J, Ma Y, Ma L. Transcriptome-Based Analysis Reveals a Crucial Role of BxGPCR17454 in Low Temperature Response of Pine Wood Nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122898. [PMID: 31197083 PMCID: PMC6628231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The causal agent of pine wilt disease is the pine wood nematode (PWN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), whose ability to adapt different ecological niches is a crucial determinant of their invasion to colder regions. To discover the molecular mechanism of low temperature response mechanism, we attempted to study the molecular response patterns under low temperature from B. xylophilus with a comprehensive RNA sequencing analysis and validated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Bioinformatic software was utilized to isolate and identify the low-temperature-related BxGPCR genes. Transcript abundance of six low-temperature-related BxGPCR genes and function of one of the BxGPCR genes are studied by qRT-PCR and RNA interference. Results: The results showed that we detected 432 DEGs through RNA sequencing between low-temperature-treated and ambient-temperature-treated groups nematodes. The transcript level of 6 low-temperature-related BxGPCR genes increased at low temperature. And, the survival rates of BxGPCR17454 silenced B. xylophilus revealed a significant decrease at low temperature. Conclusion: in conclusion, this transcriptome-based study revealed a crucial role of BxGPCR17454 in low temperature response process of pine wood nematode. These discoveries would assist the development of management and methods for efficient control of this devastating pine tree pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xin Hao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jiayao Xu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Management, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Łopieńska-Biernat E, Paukszto Ł, Jastrzębski JP, Makowczenko K, Stryiński R. Genes expression and in silico studies of functions of trehalases, a highly dispersed Anisakis simplex s. l. specific gene family. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:957-964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang Y, Wang F, Feng Q, Wang H, Tang T, Huang D, Liu F. Involvement of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in innate immunity of Musca domestica. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:85-92. [PMID: 30385314 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is responsible for synthesizing trehalose, which is prevalent in crustaceans and insects as blood-sugar. In this paper, a TPS gene from Musca domestica(MdTPS)has been cloned and characterized. MdTPS promoter was analyzed, and its transcriptional activity was verified in vitro by Sf9 cell. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the MdTPS transcription was up-regulated following bacterial challenge by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, trehalose is accumulated in larvae upon bacterial challenge. Significantly increased mortality can be observed in MdTPS depleted (RNA interference, RNAi) larvae under bacterial infection. Interestingly, feeding trehalose led to increasing trehalose content in larvae, and the effects of RNAi targeting MdTPS on host survival against bacterial challenge was partly counteracted. Taken together, these results suggest that MdTPS acts as an inducible anti-stress gene that takes part in immune defense in M. domestica via synthesizing its product trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Dawei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Fengsong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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Chen Q, Wang F, Li D, Zhang R, Ling Y. Trehalose metabolism genes render rice white tip nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) resistant to an anaerobic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.171413. [PMID: 29158222 PMCID: PMC5868927 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.171413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After experiencing anaerobic environments, Aphelenchoides besseyi will enter a state of suspended animation known as anoxybiosis, during which it may use trehalose as an energy supply to survive. To explore the function of trehalose metabolism, two trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) genes (Ab-tps1 and Ab-tps2) encoding enzymes catalysing trehalose synthesis, and three trehalase (TRE) genes (Ab-ntre1, Ab-ntre2 and Ab-atre) encoding enzymes catalysing the hydrolysis of trehalose, were identified and investigated. Ab-tps1 and Ab-tps2 were active during certain periods of anoxybiosis for A. besseyi, and Ab-tps2, Ab-ntre1, Ab-ntre2 and Ab-atre were active during certain periods of recovery. The results of RNA interference experiments suggested that TRE genes regulated each other and both TPS genes, while a single TPS gene only regulated the other TPS gene. However, two TPS genes together could regulate TRE genes, which indicated a feedback mechanism between these genes. All these genes also positively regulated the survival and resumption of active metabolism of the nematode. Genes functioning at re-aeration have a greater impact on nematode survival, suggesting that these genes could play roles in anoxybiosis regulation, but may function within restricted time frames. Changes in trehalose levels matched changes in TRE activity during the anoxybiosis–re-aeration process, suggesting that trehalose may act as an energy supply source. The observation of up-regulation of TPS genes during anoxybiosis suggested a possible signal role of trehalose. Trehalose metabolism genes could also work together to control trehalose levels at a certain level when the nematode is under anaerobic conditions. Summary: To ensure survival, nematodes utilize both extracellular and intracellular trehalose, and trehalose metabolism genes regulate each other to keep trehalose and trehalase activity at certain levels during the anoxybiosis–re-aeration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Danlei Li
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Yaming Ling
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
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Tang B, Wang S, Wang SG, Wang HJ, Zhang JY, Cui SY. Invertebrate Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase Gene: Genetic Architecture, Biochemistry, Physiological Function, and Potential Applications. Front Physiol 2018; 9:30. [PMID: 29445344 PMCID: PMC5797772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-reducing disaccharide trehalose is widely distributed among various organisms. It plays a crucial role as an instant source of energy, being the major blood sugar in insects. In addition, it helps countering abiotic stresses. Trehalose synthesis in insects and other invertebrates is thought to occur via the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) pathways. In many insects, the TPP gene has not been identified, whereas multiple TPS genes that encode proteins harboring TPS/OtsA and TPP/OtsB conserved domains have been found and cloned in the same species. The function of the TPS gene in insects and other invertebrates has not been reviewed in depth, and the available information is quite fragmented. The present review discusses the current understanding of the trehalose synthesis pathway, TPS genetic architecture, biochemistry, physiological function, and potential sensitivity to insecticides. We note the variability in the number of TPS genes in different invertebrate species, consider whether trehalose synthesis may rely only on the TPS gene, and discuss the results of in vitro TPS overexpression experiment. Tissue expression profile and developmental characteristics of the TPS gene indicate that it is important in energy production, growth and development, metamorphosis, stress recovery, chitin synthesis, insect flight, and other biological processes. We highlight the molecular and biochemical properties of insect TPS that make it a suitable target of potential pest control inhibitors. The application of trehalose synthesis inhibitors is a promising direction in insect pest control because vertebrates do not synthesize trehalose; therefore, TPS inhibitors would be relatively safe for humans and higher animals, making them ideal insecticidal agents without off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Su Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhang
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science and Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shuai-Ying Cui
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Wang B, Ma L, Wang F, Wang B, Hao X, Xu J, Ma Y. Low Temperature Extends the Lifespan of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus through the cGMP Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2320. [PMID: 29099744 PMCID: PMC5713289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal agent of pine wilt disease, pine wood nematode (PWN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), revealed extended lifespan at low temperature. To discover the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon, we attempted to study the molecular characterization, transcript abundance, and functions of three genes of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway from B. xylophilus. Three cGMP pathway genes were identified from B. xylophilus. Bioinformatic software was utilized to analyze the characteristics of the three putative proteins. Function of the three genes in cold tolerance was studied with RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the deduced protein of Bx-DAF-11 has an adenylate and guanylate cyclase catalytic domain, indicating an ability to bind to extracellular ligands and synthesizing cGMP. Both Bx-TAX-2 and Bx-TAX-4 have cyclic nucleotide-binding domains and ion transport protein domains, illustrating that they are cGMP-gated ion channels. The transcript level of Bx-daf-11, Bx-tax-2, and Bx-tax-4 increased at low temperature. The survival rates of three gene silenced B. xylophilus revealed a significant decrease at low temperature. This study illustrated that the cGMP pathway plays a key role in low-temperature-induced lifespan extension in B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Buyong Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xin Hao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jiayao Xu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Management, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China.
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