1
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Guo Y, Zeng Q, Brooks D, Geisbrecht ER. A conserved STRIPAK complex is required for autophagy in muscle tissue. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar91. [PMID: 37379167 PMCID: PMC10398890 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is important for cellular homeostasis and to prevent the abnormal accumulation of proteins. While many proteins that comprise the canonical autophagy pathway have been characterized, the identification of new regulators may help understand tissue and/or stress-specific responses. Using an in-silico approach, we identified Striatin interacting protein (Strip), MOB kinase activator 4, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 oncogene partner 2 as conserved mediators of muscle tissue maintenance. We performed affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) experiments with Drosophila melanogaster Strip as a bait protein and copurified additional Striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complex members from larval muscle tissue. NUAK family kinase 1 (NUAK) and Starvin (Stv) also emerged as Strip-binding proteins and these physical interactions were verified in vivo using proximity ligation assays. To understand the functional significance of the STRIPAK-NUAK-Stv complex, we employed a sensitized genetic assay combined with RNA interference (RNAi) to demonstrate that both NUAK and stv function in the same biological process with genes that encode for STRIPAK complex proteins. RNAi-directed knockdown of Strip in muscle tissue led to the accumulation of ubiquitinated cargo, p62, and Autophagy-related 8a, consistent with a block in autophagy. Indeed, autophagic flux was decreased in Strip RNAi muscles, while lysosome biogenesis and activity were unaffected. Our results support a model whereby the STRIPAK-NUAK-Stv complex coordinately regulates autophagy in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Qiling Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - David Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Erika R. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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2
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The exquisite structural biophysics of the Golgi Reassembly and Stacking Proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3632-3644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Zhang X, Wang Y. Nonredundant Roles of GRASP55 and GRASP65 in the Golgi Apparatus and Beyond. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1065-1079. [PMID: 32893104 PMCID: PMC7641999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that two Golgi stacking proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65, self-interact to form trans-oligomers that tether adjacent Golgi membranes into stacks and ribbons in mammalian cells. This ensures proper functioning of the Golgi apparatus in protein trafficking and processing. More recently, GRASP proteins have drawn extensive attention from researchers due to their diverse and essential roles in and out of the Golgi in different organisms. In this review, we summarize their established roles in Golgi structure formation and function under physiological conditions. We then highlight the emerging and divergent roles for individual GRASP proteins, focusing on GRASP65 in cell migration and apoptosis and GRASP55 in unconventional protein secretion and autophagy under stress or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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4
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Sheard KM, Thibault-Sennett SA, Sen A, Shewmaker F, Cox RT. Clueless forms dynamic, insulin-responsive bliss particles sensitive to stress. Dev Biol 2019; 459:149-160. [PMID: 31837288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila Clueless (Clu) is a ribonucleoprotein that directly affects mitochondrial function. Loss of clu causes mitochondrial damage, and Clu associates with proteins on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Clu's subcellular pattern is diffuse throughout the cytoplasm, but Clu also forms large mitochondria-associated particles. Clu particles are reminiscent of ribonucleoprotein particles such as stress granules and processing bodies. Ribonucleoprotein particles play critical roles in the cell by regulating mRNAs spatially and temporally. Here, we show that Clu particles are unique, highly dynamic and rapidly disperse in response to stress in contrast to processing bodies and autophagosomes. In addition, Clu particle formation is dependent on diet as ovaries from starved females no longer contain Clu particles, and insulin signaling is necessary and sufficient for Clu particle formation. Oxidative stress also disperses particles. Since Clu particles are only present under optimal conditions, we have termed them "bliss particles". We also demonstrate that many aspects of Clu function are conserved in the yeast homolog Clu1p. These observations identify Clu particles as stress-sensitive cytoplasmic particles whose absence corresponds with altered cell stress and mitochondrial localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sheard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - S A Thibault-Sennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - A Sen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - F Shewmaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - R T Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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5
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van Ziel AM, Largo-Barrientos P, Wolzak K, Verhage M, Scheper W. Unconventional secretion factor GRASP55 is increased by pharmacological unfolded protein response inducers in neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1567. [PMID: 30733486 PMCID: PMC6367349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), defined as ER stress, results in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR activation is commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases. ER stress can trigger unconventional secretion mediated by Golgi reassembly and stacking proteins (GRASP) relocalization in cell lines. Here we study the regulation of GRASP55 by the UPR upon pharmacological induction of ER stress in primary mouse neurons. We demonstrate that UPR activation induces mRNA and protein expression of GRASP55, but not GRASP65, in cortical neurons. UPR activation does not result in relocalization of GRASP55. UPR-induced GRASP55 expression is reduced by inhibition of the PERK pathway of the UPR and abolished by inhibition of the endonuclease activity of the UPR transducer IRE1. Expression of the IRE1 target XBP1s in the absence of ER stress is not sufficient to increase GRASP55 expression. Knockdown of GRASP55 affects neither induction nor recovery of the UPR. We conclude that the UPR regulates the unconventional secretion factor GRASP55 via a mechanism that requires the IRE1 and the PERK pathway of the UPR in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria van Ziel
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo Largo-Barrientos
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Wolzak
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiep Scheper
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Gee HY, Kim J, Lee MG. Unconventional secretion of transmembrane proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 83:59-66. [PMID: 29580969 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years it has become evident that eukaryotic cells utilize both conventional and unconventional pathways to deliver proteins to their target sites. Most proteins with a signal peptide and/or a transmembrane domain are conventionally transported through the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and then to the plasma membrane. However, an increasing number of both soluble cargos (Type I, II, and III) and integral membrane proteins (Type IV) have been found to reach the plasma membrane via unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways that bypass the Golgi apparatus under certain conditions, such as cellular stress or development. Well-known examples of transmembrane proteins that undergo Type IV UPS pathways are position-specific antigen subunit alpha 1 integrin, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene, and pendrin. Although we collectively refer to all Golgi-bypassing routes as UPS, individual trafficking pathways are diverse compared to the conventional pathways, and the molecular mechanisms of UPS pathways are not yet completely defined. This review summarizes the intracellular trafficking pathways of UPS cargo proteins, particularly those with transmembrane domains, and discusses the molecular machinery involved in the UPS of transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Álvarez A, Uribe F, Canales J, Romero C, Soza A, Peña MA, Antonelli M, Almarza O, Cerda O, Toledo H. KCTD5 and Ubiquitin Proteasome Signaling Are Required for Helicobacter pylori Adherence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:450. [PMID: 29114497 PMCID: PMC5660694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish infection, bacterial pathogens modulate host cellular processes by using virulence factors, which are delivered from the bacteria to the host cell leading to cellular reprogramming. In this context, several pathogens regulate the ubiquitin proteasome system in order to regulate the cellular effectors required for their successful colonization and persistance. In this study, we investigated how Helicobacter pylori affect the ubiquitination of the host proteins to achieve the adherence to the cells, using AGS gastric epithelial cells cultured with H. pylori strains, H. pylori 26695 and two isogenic mutants H. pylori cag::cat and vacA::apha3, to characterize the ability of H. pylori to reprogram the ubiquitin proteasome systems. The infection assays suggest that the ubiquitination of the total proteins does not change when cells were co-culture with H. pylori. We also found that the proteasome activity is necessary for H. pylori adhesion to AGS cells and the adherence increases when the level of KCTD5, an adaptor of Cullin-3, decrease. Moreover, we found that KCTD5 is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome system and that CagA and VacA played no role on reducing KCTD5 levels. Furthermore, H. pylori impaired KCTD5 ubiquitination and did not increase global proteasome function. These results suggest that H. pylori affect the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to facilitate the adhesion of this microorganism to establish stable colonization in the gastric epithelium and improve our understanding of how H. pylori hijack host systems to establish the adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhejandra Álvarez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Uribe
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Canales
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Romero
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - María A Peña
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Antonelli
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Almarza
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Toledo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Tang BL. Sec16 in conventional and unconventional exocytosis: Working at the interface of membrane traffic and secretory autophagy? J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3234-3243. [PMID: 28160489 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sec16 is classically perceived to be a scaffolding protein localized to the transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER) or the ER exit sites (ERES), and has a conserved function in facilitating coat protein II (COPII) complex-mediated ER exit. Recent findings have, however, pointed toward a role for Sec16 in unconventional exocytosis of certain membrane proteins, such as the Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in mammalian cells, and possibly also α-integrin in certain contexts of Drosophila development. In this regard, Sec16 interacts with components of a recently deciphered pathway of stress-induced unconventional exocytosis, which is dependent on the tether protein Golgi reassembly stacking proteins (GRASPs) and the autophagy pathway. Intriguingly, Sec16 also appears to be post-translationally modified by autophagy-related signaling processes. Sec16 is known to be phosphorylated by the atypical extracellular signal regulated kinase 7 (Erk7) upon serum and amino acid starvation, both represent conditions that trigger autophagy. Recent work has also shown that Sec16 is phosphorylated, and thus regulated by the prominent autophagy-initiating Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (Ulk1), as well as another autophagy modulator Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (Lrrk2). The picture emerging from Sec16's network of physical and functional interactors allows the speculation that Sec16 is situated (and may in yet undefined ways function) at the interface between COPII-mediated exocytosis of conventional vesicular traffic and the GRASP/autophagy-dependent mode of unconventional exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Departmentof Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Piao H, Kim J, Noh SH, Kweon HS, Kim JY, Lee MG. Sec16A is critical for both conventional and unconventional secretion of CFTR. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39887. [PMID: 28067262 PMCID: PMC5220342 DOI: 10.1038/srep39887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CFTR is a transmembrane protein that reaches the cell surface via the conventional Golgi mediated secretion pathway. Interestingly, ER-to-Golgi blockade or ER stress induces alternative GRASP-mediated, Golgi-bypassing unconventional trafficking of wild-type CFTR and the disease-causing ΔF508-CFTR, which has folding and trafficking defects. Here, we show that Sec16A, the key regulator of conventional ER-to-Golgi transport, plays a critical role in the ER exit of protein cargos during unconventional secretion. In an initial gene silencing screen, Sec16A knockdown abolished the unconventional secretion of wild-type and ΔF508-CFTR induced by ER-to-Golgi blockade, whereas the knockdown of other COPII-related components did not. Notably, during unconventional secretion, Sec16A was redistributed to cell periphery and associated with GRASP55 in mammalian cells. Molecular and morphological analyses revealed that IRE1α-mediated signaling is an upstream regulator of Sec16A during ER-to-Golgi blockade or ER stress associated unconventional secretion. These findings highlight a novel function of Sec16A as an essential mediator of ER stress-associated unconventional secretion.
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10
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Brooks DS, Vishal K, Kawakami J, Bouyain S, Geisbrecht ER. Optimization of wrMTrck to monitor Drosophila larval locomotor activity. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93-94:11-17. [PMID: 27430166 PMCID: PMC5722213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and low-cost method of examining larval movement in Drosophila melanogaster is needed to study how mutations and/or alterations in the muscular, neural, and olfactory systems affect locomotor behavior. Here, we describe the implementation of wrMTrck, a freely available ImageJ plugin originally developed for examining multiple behavioral parameters in the nematode C. elegans. Our optimized method is rapid, reproducible and does not require automated microscope setups or the purchase of proprietary software. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we analyzed the velocity and crawling paths of two Drosophila mutants that affect muscle structure and/or function. Additionally, we show that this approach is useful for tracking the behavior of adult insects, including Tribolium castaneum and Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Kumar Vishal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Jessica Kawakami
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Samuel Bouyain
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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11
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Kim J, Noh SH, Piao H, Kim DH, Kim K, Cha JS, Chung WY, Cho HS, Kim JY, Lee MG. Monomerization and ER Relocalization of GRASP Is a Requisite for Unconventional Secretion of CFTR. Traffic 2016; 17:733-53. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - Shin Hye Noh
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - He Piao
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology; Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Cha
- Department of Systems Biology; Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Woo Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Systems Biology; Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute; Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
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12
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Wang ZH, Clark C, Geisbrecht ER. Drosophila clueless is involved in Parkin-dependent mitophagy by promoting VCP-mediated Marf degradation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1946-1964. [PMID: 26931463 PMCID: PMC5062585 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial quality control (MQC) requires valosin-containing protein (VCP)-dependent Mitofusin/Marf degradation to prevent damaged organelles from fusing with the healthy mitochondrial pool, facilitating mitochondrial clearance by autophagy. Drosophila clueless (clu) was found to interact genetically with PINK1 and parkin to regulate mitochondrial clustering in germ cells. However, whether Clu acts in MQC has not been investigated. Here, we show that overexpression of Drosophila Clu complements PINK1, but not parkin, mutant muscles. Loss of clu leads to the recruitment of Parkin, VCP/p97, p62/Ref(2)P and Atg8a to depolarized swollen mitochondria. However, clearance of damaged mitochondria is impeded. This paradox is resolved by the findings that excessive mitochondrial fission or inhibition of fusion alleviates mitochondrial defects and impaired mitophagy caused by clu depletion. Furthermore, Clu is upstream of and binds to VCP in vivo and promotes VCP-dependent Marf degradation in vitro Marf accumulates in whole muscle lysates of clu-deficient flies and is destabilized upon Clu overexpression. Thus, Clu is essential for mitochondrial homeostasis and functions in concert with Parkin and VCP for Marf degradation to promote damaged mitochondrial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Heng Wang
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and
| | - Cheryl Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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13
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Abstract
Originally identified as Golgi stacking factors in vitro, the Golgi reassembly stacking protein (GRASP) family has been shown to act as membrane tethers with multiple cellular roles. As an update to previous comprehensive reviews of the GRASP family (Giuliani et al., 2011; Vinke et al., 2011; Jarvela and Linstedt, 2012), we outline here the latest findings concerning their diverse roles. New insights into the mechanics of GRASP-mediated tethering come from recent crystal structures. The models of how GRASP65 and GRASP55 tether membranes relate directly to their role in Golgi ribbon formation in mammalian cells and the unlinking of the ribbon at the onset of mitosis. However, it is also clear that GRASPs act outside the Golgi with roles at the ER and ER exit sites (ERES). Furthermore, the proteins of this family display other roles upon cellular stress, especially in mediating unconventional secretion of both transmembrane proteins (Golgi bypass) and cytoplasmic proteins (through secretory autophagosomes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rabouille
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands; The Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Adam D Linstedt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Wang ZH, Clark C, Geisbrecht ER. Analysis of mitochondrial structure and function in the Drosophila larval musculature. Mitochondrion 2015; 26:33-42. [PMID: 26611999 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that change their architecture in normal physiological conditions. Mutations in genes that control mitochondrial fission or fusion, such as dynamin-related protein (Drp1), Mitofusins 1 (Mfn1) and 2 (Mfn2), and Optic atrophy 1 (Opa1), result in neuropathies or neurodegenerative diseases. It is increasingly clear that altered mitochondrial dynamics also underlie the pathology of other degenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, understanding mitochondrial distribution, shape, and dynamics in all cell types is a prerequisite for developing and defining treatment regimens that may differentially affect tissues. The majority of Drosophila genes implicated in mitochondrial dynamics have been studied in the adult indirect flight muscle (IFM). Here, we discuss the utility of Drosophila third instar larvae (L3) as an alternative model to analyze and quantify mitochondrial behaviors. Advantages include large muscle cell size, a stereotyped arrangement of mitochondria that is conserved in mammalian muscles, and the ability to analyze muscle-specific gene function in mutants that are lethal prior to adult stages. In particular, we highlight methods for sample preparation and analysis of mitochondrial morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Heng Wang
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States
| | - Cheryl Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64110, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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