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Nagata N, Kurosaka H, Higashi K, Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto S, Inubushi T, Nagata M, Ishihara Y, Yonei A, Miyashita Y, Asano Y, Sakai N, Sakata Y, Kawabata S, Yamashiro T. Characteristic craniofacial defects associated with a novel USP9X truncation mutation. Hum Genome Var 2024; 11:21. [PMID: 38755172 PMCID: PMC11099082 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-024-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Germline loss-of-function mutations in USP9X have been reported to cause a wide spectrum of congenital anomalies. Here, we report a Japanese girl with a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in USP9X who exhibited intellectual disability with characteristic craniofacial abnormalities, including hypotelorism, brachycephaly, hypodontia, micrognathia, severe dental crowding, and an isolated submucous cleft palate. Our findings provide further evidence that disruptions in USP9X contribute to a broad range of congenital craniofacial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namiki Nagata
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Higashi
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Gerodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Bioinformatics Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sayuri Yamamoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Miho Nagata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yonei
- Department of Genetic Counseling, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Child Healthcare and Genetic Science Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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2
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Ge R, Huang GM. Targeting transforming growth factor beta signaling in metastatic osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2023; 43:100513. [PMID: 38021074 PMCID: PMC10666000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2023.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a rare type of bone cancer, and half of the cases affect children and adolescents younger than 20 years of age. Despite intensive efforts to improve both chemotherapeutics and surgical management, the clinical outcome for metastatic osteosarcoma remains poor. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is one of the most abundant growth factors in bones. The TGF-β signaling pathway has complex and contradictory roles in the pathogenesis of human cancers. TGF-β is primarily a tumor suppressor that inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of premalignant epithelial cells. In the later stages of cancer progression, however, TGF-β functions as a metastasis promoter by promoting tumor growth, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), blocking antitumor immune responses, increasing tumor-associated fibrosis, and enhancing angiogenesis. In contrast with the dual effects of TGF-β on carcinoma (epithelial origin) progression, TGF-β seems to mainly have a pro-tumoral effect on sarcomas including osteosarcoma (mesenchymal origin). Many drugs that target TGF-β signaling have been developed: neutralizing antibodies that prevent TGF-β binding to receptor complexes; ligand trap employing recombinant Fc-fusion proteins containing the soluble ectodomain of either type II (TβRII) or the type III receptor ((TβRIII), preventing TGF-β from binding to its receptors; antisense nucleotides that reduce TGF-β expression at the transcriptional/translational level; small molecule inhibitors of serine/threonine kinases of the type I receptor (TβRI) preventing downstream signaling; and vaccines that contain cell lines transfected with TβRII antisense genes, or target furin convertase, resulting in reduced TGF-β signaling. TGF-β antagonists have been shown to have effects on osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. One of the small molecule TβRI inhibitors, Vactosertib, is currently undergoing a phase 1/2 clinical trial to evaluate its effect on osteosarcoma. Several phase 1/2/3 clinical trials have shown TGF-β antagonists are safe and well tolerated. For instance, Luspatercept, a TGF-β ligand trap, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of anemia associated with myeloid dysplastic syndrome (MDS) with ring sideroblasts/mutated SF3B1 with acceptable safety. Clinical trials evaluating the long-term safety of Luspatercept are in process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Ge
- Hillman Cancer Center at Central Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Harrisburg, PA, 17109, USA
| | - Gavin M. Huang
- Harrisburg Academy School, 10 Erford Rd, Wormleysburg, PA, 17043, USA
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3
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Wynsberghe JV, Vanakker OM. Significance of Premature Vertebral Mineralization in Zebrafish Models in Mechanistic and Pharmaceutical Research on Hereditary Multisystem Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1621. [PMID: 38002303 PMCID: PMC10669475 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly becoming an important model organism for studying the pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases and investigating how these mechanisms can be effectively targeted using compounds that may open avenues to novel treatments for patients. The zebrafish skeleton has been particularly instrumental in modeling bone diseases as-contrary to other model organisms-the lower load on the skeleton of an aquatic animal enables mutants to survive to early adulthood. In this respect, the axial skeletons of zebrafish have been a good read-out for congenital spinal deformities such as scoliosis and degenerative disorders such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, in which aberrant mineralization in humans is reflected in the respective zebrafish models. Interestingly, there have been several reports of hereditary multisystemic diseases that do not affect the vertebral column in human patients, while the corresponding zebrafish models systematically show anomalies in mineralization and morphology of the spine as their leading or, in some cases, only phenotype. In this review, we describe such examples, highlighting the underlying mechanisms, the already-used or potential power of these models to help us understand and amend the mineralization process, and the outstanding questions on how and why this specific axial type of aberrant mineralization occurs in these disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Van Wynsberghe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ectopic Mineralization Research Group, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier M Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ectopic Mineralization Research Group, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Zhao X, Erhardt S, Sung K, Wang J. FGF signaling in cranial suture development and related diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1112890. [PMID: 37325554 PMCID: PMC10267317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Suture mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) are a heterogeneous stem cell population with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. The cranial suture provides a niche for SMSCs to maintain suture patency, allowing for cranial bone repair and regeneration. In addition, the cranial suture functions as an intramembranous bone growth site during craniofacial bone development. Defects in suture development have been implicated in various congenital diseases, such as sutural agenesis and craniosynostosis. However, it remains largely unknown how intricate signaling pathways orchestrate suture and SMSC function in craniofacial bone development, homeostasis, repair and diseases. Studies in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis identified fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling as an important signaling pathway that regulates cranial vault development. A series of in vitro and in vivo studies have since revealed the critical roles of FGF signaling in SMSCs, cranial suture and cranial skeleton development, and the pathogenesis of related diseases. Here, we summarize the characteristics of cranial sutures and SMSCs, and the important functions of the FGF signaling pathway in SMSC and cranial suture development as well as diseases caused by suture dysfunction. We also discuss emerging current and future studies of signaling regulation in SMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Erhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kihan Sung
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center and UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Tokita M, Sato H. Creating morphological diversity in reptilian temporal skull region: A review of potential developmental mechanisms. Evol Dev 2023; 25:15-31. [PMID: 36250751 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reptilian skull morphology is highly diverse and broadly categorized into three categories based on the number and position of the temporal fenestrations: anapsid, synapsid, and diapsid. According to recent phylogenetic analysis, temporal fenestrations evolved twice independently in amniotes, once in Synapsida and once in Diapsida. Although functional aspects underlying the evolution of tetrapod temporal fenestrations have been well investigated, few studies have investigated the developmental mechanisms responsible for differences in the pattern of temporal skull region. To determine what these mechanisms might be, we first examined how the five temporal bones develop by comparing embryonic cranial osteogenesis between representative extant reptilian species. The pattern of temporal skull region may depend on differences in temporal bone growth rate and growth direction during ontogeny. Next, we compared the histogenesis patterns and the expression of two key osteogenic genes, Runx2 and Msx2, in the temporal region of the representative reptilian embryos. Our comparative analyses suggest that the embryonic histological condition of the domain where temporal fenestrations would form predicts temporal skull morphology in adults and regulatory modifications of Runx2 and Msx2 expression in osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells are likely involved in generating morphological diversity in the temporal skull region of reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromu Sato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Ang PS, Matrongolo MJ, Zietowski ML, Nathan SL, Reid RR, Tischfield MA. Cranium growth, patterning and homeostasis. Development 2022; 149:dev201017. [PMID: 36408946 PMCID: PMC9793421 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of multiple signaling pathways that crosstalk to coordinate the growth and patterning of the skull with surrounding tissues. Recent insights into these signaling pathways and previously uncharacterized progenitor cell populations have refined our understanding of skull patterning, bone mineralization and tissue homeostasis. Here, we touch upon classical studies and recent advances with an emphasis on developmental and signaling mechanisms that regulate the osteoblast lineage for the calvaria, which forms the roof of the skull. We highlight studies that illustrate the roles of osteoprogenitor cells and cranial suture-derived stem cells for proper calvarial growth and homeostasis. We also discuss genes and signaling pathways that control suture patency and highlight how perturbing the molecular regulation of these pathways leads to craniosynostosis. Finally, we discuss the recently discovered tissue and signaling interactions that integrate skull and cerebrovascular development, and the potential implications for both cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics and brain waste clearance in craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S. Ang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matt J. Matrongolo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Shelby L. Nathan
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Max A. Tischfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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7
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Vlashi R, Zhang X, Wu M, Chen G. Wnt signaling: essential roles in osteoblast differentiation, bone metabolism and therapeutic implications for bone and skeletal disorders. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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8
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Xu C, Xie X, Zhao H, Wu Y, Wang J, Feng JQ. TGF-Beta Receptor II Is Critical for Osteogenic Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Differentiation During Postnatal Alveolar Bone Formation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:721775. [PMID: 34630143 PMCID: PMC8497707 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.721775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling plays an important role during osteogenesis. However, most research in this area focuses on cortical and trabecular bone, whereas alveolar bone is largely overlooked. To address the role of TGFβR2 (the key receptor for TGFβ signaling) during postnatal alveolar bone development, we conditionally deleted Tgfβr2 in early mesenchymal progenitors by crossing Gli1-Cre ERT2; Tgfβr2 flox/flox ; R26R tdTomato mice (named early cKO) or in osteoblasts by crossing 3.2kb Col1-Cre ERT2 ; Tgfβr2 flox/flox ; R26R tdTomato mice (named late cKO). Both cKO lines were induced at postnatal day 5 (P5) and mice were harvested at P28. Compared to the control littermates, early cKO mice exhibited significant reduction in alveolar bone mass and bone mineral density, with drastic defects in the periodontal ligament (PDL); conversely, the late cKO mice displayed very minor changes in alveolar bone. Mechanism studies showed a significant reduction in PCNA+ PDL cell numbers and OSX+ alveolar bone cell numbers, as well as disorganized PDL fibers with a great reduction in periostin (the most abundant extracellular matrix protein) on both mRNA and protein levels. We also showed a drastic reduction in β-catenin in the early cKO PDL and a great increase in SOST (a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling). Based on these findings, we conclude that TGFβ signaling plays critical roles during early alveolar bone formation via the promotion of PDL mesenchymal progenitor proliferation and differentiation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Xudong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yafei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States
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9
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Bioactive Factors, and Scaffolds in Bone Repair: From Research Perspectives to Clinical Practice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081925. [PMID: 34440694 PMCID: PMC8392210 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies are promising tools for bone tissue regeneration. However, tracking cells and maintaining them in the site of injury is difficult. A potential solution is to seed the cells onto a biocompatible scaffold. Construct development in bone tissue engineering is a complex step-by-step process with many variables to be optimized, such as stem cell source, osteogenic molecular factors, scaffold design, and an appropriate in vivo animal model. In this review, an MSC-based tissue engineering approach for bone repair is reported. Firstly, MSC role in bone formation and regeneration is detailed. Secondly, MSC-based bone tissue biomaterial design is analyzed from a research perspective. Finally, examples of animal preclinical and human clinical trials involving MSCs and scaffolds in bone repair are presented.
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10
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Zhang A, Aslam H, Sharma N, Warmflash A, Fakhouri WD. Conservation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Process in Neural Crest Cells and Metastatic Cancer. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:151-172. [PMID: 34218225 DOI: 10.1159/000516466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved cellular process in several species, from worms to humans. EMT plays a fundamental role in early embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. For neural crest cell (NCC) development, EMT typically results in forming a migratory and potent cell population that generates a wide variety of cell and tissue, including cartilage, bone, connective tissue, endocrine cells, neurons, and glia amongst many others. The degree of conservation between the signaling pathways that regulate EMT during development and metastatic cancer (MC) has not been fully established, despite ample studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis dissects the major signaling pathways involved in EMT of NCC development and MC to unravel the similarities and differences. While the FGF, TGFβ/BMP, SHH, and NOTCH pathways have been rigorously investigated in both systems, the EGF, IGF, HIPPO, Factor Receptor Superfamily, and their intracellular signaling cascades need to be the focus of future NCC studies. In general, meta-analyses of the associated signaling pathways show a significant number of overlapping genes (particularly ligands, transcription regulators, and targeted cadherins) involved in each signaling pathway of both systems without stratification by body segments and cancer type. Lack of stratification makes it difficult to meaningfully evaluate the intracellular downstream effectors of each signaling pathway. Finally, pediatric neuroblastoma and melanoma are NCC-derived malignancies, which emphasize the importance of uncovering the EMT events that convert NCC into treatment-resistant malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hira Aslam
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neha Sharma
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Hong L, Sun H, Amendt BA. MicroRNA function in craniofacial bone formation, regeneration and repair. Bone 2021; 144:115789. [PMID: 33309989 PMCID: PMC7869528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation in the craniofacial complex is regulated by cranial neural crest (CNC) and mesoderm-derived cells. Different elements of the developing skull, face, mandible, maxilla (jaws) and nasal bones are regulated by an array of transcription factors, signaling molecules and microRNAs (miRs). miRs are molecular modulators of these factors and act to restrict their expression in a temporal-spatial mechanism. miRs control the different genetic pathways that form the craniofacial complex. By understanding how miRs function in vivo during development they can be adapted to regenerate and repair craniofacial genetic anomalies as well as bone diseases and defects due to traumatic injuries. This review will highlight some of the new miR technologies and functions that form new bone or inhibit bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hongli Sun
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; The University of Iowa, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Iowa City, IA, USA; Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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12
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Wang Y, Ping L, Luan X, Chen Y, Fan X, Li L, Liu Y, Wang P, Zhang S, Zhang B, Chen X. A Mutation in VWA1, Encoding von Willebrand Factor A Domain-Containing Protein 1, Is Associated With Hemifacial Microsomia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571004. [PMID: 33015062 PMCID: PMC7509151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a type of rare congenital syndrome caused by developmental disorders of the first and second pharyngeal arches that occurs in one out of 5,600 live births. There are significant gaps in our knowledge of the pathogenic genes underlying this syndrome. Methods Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on five patients, one asymptomatic carrier, and two marry-in members of a five-generation pedigree. Structure of WARP (product of VWA1) was predicted using the Phyre2 web portal. In situ hybridization and vwa1-knockdown/knockout studies in zebrafish using morpholino and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques were performed. Cartilage staining and immunofluorescence were carried out. Results Through WES and a set of filtration, we identified a c.G905A:p.R302Q point mutation in a novel candidate pathogenic gene, VWA1. The Phyre2 web portal predicted alterations in secondary and tertiary structures of WARP, indicating changes in its function as well. Predictions of protein-to-protein interactions in five pathways related to craniofacial development revealed possible interactions with four proteins in the FGF pathway. Knockdown/knockout studies of the zebrafish revealed deformities of pharyngeal cartilage. A decrease of the proliferation of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and alteration of the structure of pharyngeal chondrocytes were observed in the morphants as well. Conclusion Our data suggest that a mutation in VWA1 is functionally linked to HFM through suppression of CNCC proliferation and disruption of the organization of pharyngeal chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ping
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Luan
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xinmiao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Siismets EM, Hatch NE. Cranial Neural Crest Cells and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Craniofacial Anomalies and Coronal Craniosynostosis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030018. [PMID: 32916911 PMCID: PMC7558351 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common of birth defects. The pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies frequently involves defects in the migration, proliferation, and fate of neural crest cells destined for the craniofacial skeleton. Genetic mutations causing deficient cranial neural crest migration and proliferation can result in Treacher Collins syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, and cleft palate. Defects in post-migratory neural crest cells can result in pre- or post-ossification defects in the developing craniofacial skeleton and craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial bones/cranial sutures). The coronal suture is the most frequently fused suture in craniosynostosis syndromes. It exists as a biological boundary between the neural crest-derived frontal bone and paraxial mesoderm-derived parietal bone. The objective of this review is to frame our current understanding of neural crest cells in craniofacial development, craniofacial anomalies, and the pathogenesis of coronal craniosynostosis. We will also discuss novel approaches for advancing our knowledge and developing prevention and/or treatment strategies for craniofacial tissue regeneration and craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Siismets
- Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA;
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-647-6567
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14
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Kidwai F, Mui BWH, Arora D, Iqbal K, Hockaday M, de Castro Diaz LF, Cherman N, Martin D, Myneni VD, Ahmad M, Futrega K, Ali S, Merling RK, Kaufman DS, Lee J, Robey PG. Lineage-specific differentiation of osteogenic progenitors from pluripotent stem cells reveals the FGF1-RUNX2 association in neural crest-derived osteoprogenitors. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1107-1123. [PMID: 32442326 PMCID: PMC7484058 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide a platform to model bone organogenesis and disease. To reflect the developmental process of the human skeleton, hPSC differentiation methods should include osteogenic progenitors (OPs) arising from three distinct embryonic lineages: the paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest. Although OP differentiation protocols have been developed, the lineage from which they are derived, as well as characterization of their genetic and molecular differences, has not been well reported. Therefore, to generate lineage-specific OPs from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, we employed stepwise differentiation of paraxial mesoderm-like cells, lateral plate mesoderm-like cells, and neural crest-like cells toward their respective OP subpopulation. Successful differentiation, confirmed through gene expression and in vivo assays, permitted the identification of transcriptomic signatures of all three cell populations. We also report, for the first time, high FGF1 levels in neural crest-derived OPs-a notable finding given the critical role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in osteogenesis and mineral homeostasis. Our results indicate that FGF1 influences RUNX2 levels, with concomitant changes in ERK1/2 signaling. Overall, our study further validates hPSCs' power to model bone development and disease and reveals new, potentially important pathways influencing these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Kidwai
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Byron W. H. Mui
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Deepika Arora
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- Biosystems and Biomaterials DivisionNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Kulsum Iqbal
- Department of Health and Human ServicesDental Consult Services, National Institute of Health Dental ClinicBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Madison Hockaday
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro Diaz
- Department of Health and Human ServicesSkeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Natasha Cherman
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Department of Health and Human ServicesGenomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Vamsee D. Myneni
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch/Adult Stem Cell Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Moaz Ahmad
- Department of Health and Human ServicesMolecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Katarzyna Futrega
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Sania Ali
- Biology of Global Health, Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Randall K. Merling
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Dan S. Kaufman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Janice Lee
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Department of Health and Human ServicesCraniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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15
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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16
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang N, Li Z, Heller R, Liu R, Zhao Y, Han J, Pan X, Zheng Z, Dai X, Chen C, Dou M, Peng S, Chen X, Liu J, Li M, Wang K, Liu C, Lin Z, Chen L, Hao F, Zhu W, Song C, Zhao C, Zheng C, Wang J, Hu S, Li C, Yang H, Jiang L, Li G, Liu M, Sonstegard TS, Zhang G, Jiang Y, Wang W, Qiu Q. Genetic basis of ruminant headgear and rapid antler regeneration. Science 2020; 364:364/6446/eaav6335. [PMID: 31221830 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav6335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants are the only extant mammalian group possessing bony (osseous) headgear. We obtained 221 transcriptomes from bovids and cervids and sequenced three genomes representing the only two pecoran lineages that convergently lack headgear. Comparative analyses reveal that bovid horns and cervid antlers share similar gene expression profiles and a common cellular basis developed from neural crest stem cells. The rapid regenerative properties of antler tissue involve exploitation of oncogenetic pathways, and at the same time some tumor suppressor genes are under strong selection in deer. These results provide insights into the evolutionary origin of ruminant headgear as well as mammalian organ regeneration and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenzhou Zhang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Nini Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Special Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiangang Han
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhuqing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xueqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Mingle Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shujun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xianqing Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zeshan Lin
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chengchuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chengli Zheng
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Shengwei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Cunyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Special Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Xinjiang, Urumqi 830026, China
| | | | - Guojie Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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17
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Lu Y, Liang M, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Song Y, Lai L, Li Z. Mutations of GADD45G in rabbits cause cleft lip by the disorder of proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2356-2367. [PMID: 31150757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital defects in humans. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been widely used for identifying candidate genes, and different genes or chromosomal regions have shown strong evidence for the presence of causal genes in CL/P. To date, two independent GWAS have identified GADD45G as influencing risk for CL/P. However, there is no animal model evidence about GADD45G related to CL/P. Here, we reported the generation of a novel GADD45G mutated rabbit model by CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-based BE4-Gam systems. The homozygous (GADD45G-/-) while not heterozygous (GADD45G+/-) pups died after birth due to severe craniofacial defects of unilateral or bilateral cleft lip (CL). Moreover, the disorder of proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were also determined in the medial and lateral nasal processes (MNP and LNP) of the embryonic day 13 (E13) GADD45G-/- rabbits, which compared with the normal wild type (WT) rabbits. Thus, our study confirmed for the first time that loss of GADD45G lead to CL at the animal level and provided new insights into the crucial role of GADD45G for upper lip formation and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingming Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Quanjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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18
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Defining a critical period in calvarial development for Hedgehog pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone dysplasia in mice. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:3. [PMID: 30783111 PMCID: PMC6381108 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is essential for cellular proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development. Gain and loss of function of Hh signalling are known to result in an array of craniofacial malformations. To determine the critical period for Hh pathway antagonist-induced frontal bone hypoplasia, we examined patterns of dysmorphology caused by Hh signalling inhibition. Pregnant mice received a single oral administration of Hh signalling inhibitor GDC-0449 at 100 mg•kg−1 or 150 mg•kg−1 body weight at preselected time points between embryonic days (E)8.5 and 12.5. The optimal teratogenic concentration of GDC-0449 was determined to be 150 mg•kg−1. Exposure between E9.5 and E10.5 induced frontal bone dysplasia, micrognathia and limb defects, with administration at E10.5 producing the most pronounced effects. This model showed decreased ossification of the frontal bone with downregulation of Hh signalling. The osteoid thickness of the frontal bone was significantly reduced. The amount of neural crest-derived frontal bone primordium was reduced after GDC-0449 exposure owing to a decreased rate of cell proliferation and increased cell death. During embryonic development, the Hedgehog signalling pathway regulates the migration, proliferation and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells in the early frontal bone. The Hedgehog signalling pathway transmits information to embryonic cells for their proper cell differentiation, and increased or reduced function of that signalling results in various craniofacial malformations. A team headed by Weihui Chen at Fujian Medical University in China investigated the patterns of abnormalities caused by inhibition of Hedgehog signalling in pregnant mice at preselected embryonic time points. The team was able to identify the critical period for sensitivity to GDC-0449, a potent Hedgehog signalling inhibitor. The authors believe that their mouse model can be effective in further investigating the mechanisms of craniofacial malformations and will have a profound impact on identifying candidate human disease genes and associated environmental factors.
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19
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Ferguson J, Atit RP. A tale of two cities: The genetic mechanisms governing calvarial bone development. Genesis 2019; 57:e23248. [PMID: 30155972 PMCID: PMC7433025 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The skull bones must grow in a coordinated, three-dimensional manner to coalesce and form the head and face. Mammalian skull bones have a dual embryonic origin from cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) and paraxial mesoderm (PM) and ossify through intramembranous ossification. The calvarial bones, the bones of the cranium which cover the brain, are derived from the supraorbital arch (SOA) region mesenchyme. The SOA is the site of frontal and parietal bone morphogenesis and primary center of ossification. The objective of this review is to frame our current in vivo understanding of the morphogenesis of the calvarial bones and the gene networks regulating calvarial bone initiation in the SOA mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
| | - Radhika P. Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106
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20
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Role of FGF signalling in neural crest cell migration during early chick embryo development. ZYGOTE 2018; 26:457-464. [DOI: 10.1017/s096719941800045x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryFibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling acts as one of modulators that control neural crest cell (NCC) migration, but how this is achieved is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of FGF signalling on NCC migration by blocking this process. Constructs that were capable of inducing Sprouty2 (Spry2) or dominant-negative FGFR1 (Dn-FGFR1) expression were transfected into the cells making up the neural tubes. Our results revealed that blocking FGF signalling at stage HH10 (neurulation stage) could enhance NCC migration at both the cranial and trunk levels in the developing embryos. It was established that FGF-mediated NCC migration was not due to altering the expression of N-cadherin in the neural tube. Instead, we determined that cyclin D1 was overexpressed in the cranial and trunk levels when Sprouty2 was upregulated in the dorsal neural tube. These results imply that the cell cycle was a target of FGF signalling through which it regulates NCC migration at the neurulation stage.
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21
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The characterization of human oral mucosal fibroblasts and their use as feeder cells in cultivated epithelial sheets. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO243. [PMID: 29134127 PMCID: PMC5674271 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To characterize human oral mucosa middle interstitial tissue fibroblasts (hOMFs) and their application in the cultivation of epithelial sheets. Methodology hOMFs were cultured with methylcellulose to form cell clusters. hOMFs amplified in adhesive culture were analyzed by flow cytometry, and were found to differentiate into multiple cell types suitable for the cultivation of human corneal epithelial sheets. hOMFs were expanded from clusters to analyze CD56 and PDGFRα expression. Results These cells showed similar differentiation patterns as keratocytes, and similar expression patterns as mesenchymal and neural cells. Furthermore, we established human corneal epithelial sheets using hOMFs. Conclusion hOMFs may be of neural crest origin and possess multipotent differentiation capacity, and are suitable for use as an autologous cell source for corneal regeneration.
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22
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Li J, Cui Y, Xu J, Wang Q, Yang X, Li Y, Zhang X, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Suppressor of Fused restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for osteogenic proliferation and differentiation during calvarial bone development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15814-15825. [PMID: 28794157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays crucial roles in the development of calvarial bone, relying on the activation of Gli transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanism of the role of regulated Gli protein level in osteogenic specification of mesenchyme still remains elusive. Here, we show by conditionally inactivating Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a critical repressor of Hedgehog signaling, in Wnt1-Cre-mediated cranial neural crest (CNC) or Dermo1-Cre-mediated mesodermal lineages that Sufu restraint of Hedgehog activity level is critical for differentiation of preosteogenic mesenchyme. Ablation of Sufu results in failure of calvarial bone formation, including CNC-derived bones and mesoderm-derived bones, depending on the Cre line being used. Although mesenchymal cells populate to frontonasal destinations, where they are then condensed, Sufu deletion significantly inhibits the proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells, and these cells no longer differentiate into osteoblasts. We show that there is suppression of Runx2 and Osterix, the osteogenic regulators, in calvarial mesenchyme in the Sufu mutant. We show that down-regulation of several genes upstream to Runx2 and Osterix is manifested within the calvarial primordia, including Bmp2 and its downstream genes Msx1/2 and Dlx5 By contrast, we find that Gli1, the Hedgehog activity readout gene, is excessively activated in mesenchyme. Deletion of Sufu in CNC leads to a discernible decrease in the repressive Gli3 form and an increase in the full-length Gli2. Finally, we demonstrate that simultaneous deletion of Gli2 and Sufu in CNC completely restores calvarial bone formation, suggesting that a sustained level of Hedgehog activity is critical in specification of the osteogenic mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ying Cui
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Jie Xu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Qihui Wang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xueqin Yang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Yan Li
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
| | - Ze Zhang
- the Department of Ophthamology, Tulane Medical Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- From the Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regenerative Technology, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China and
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Feger M, Hase P, Zhang B, Hirche F, Glosse P, Lang F, Föller M. The production of fibroblast growth factor 23 is controlled by TGF-β2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4982. [PMID: 28694529 PMCID: PMC5503987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine produced by many cell types and implicated in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation. It stimulates store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through the calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel Orai1/Stim1 in endometrial Ishikawa cells. Bone cells generate fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23, which inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption and 1,25(OH)2D3 formation in concert with its co-receptor Klotho. Moreover, Klotho and FGF23 counteract aging and age-related clinical conditions. FGF23 production is dependent on Orai1-mediated SOCE and inflammation. Here, we explored a putative role of TGF-β2 in FGF23 synthesis. To this end, UMR106 osteoblast-like cells were cultured, Fgf23 transcript levels determined by qRT-PCR, FGF23 protein measured by ELISA, and SOCE analyzed by fluorescence optics. UMR106 cells expressed TGF-β receptors 1 and 2. TGF-β2 enhanced SOCE and potently stimulated the production of FGF23, an effect significantly attenuated by SB431542, an inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type I receptor activin receptor-like kinases ALK5, ALK4, and ALK7. Furthermore, the TGF-β2 effect on FGF23 production was blunted by SOCE inhibitor 2-APB. We conclude that TGF-β2 induces FGF23 production, an effect involving up-regulation of SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Feger
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Philipp Hase
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Philipp Glosse
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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24
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Biology of Bone Formation, Fracture Healing, and Distraction Osteogenesis. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28:1380-1389. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000003625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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25
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Peters SB, Wang Y, Serra R. Tgfbr2 is required in osterix expressing cells for postnatal skeletal development. Bone 2017; 97:54-64. [PMID: 28043895 PMCID: PMC5368008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is known to play an important role in early skeletal development. We previously demonstrated that loss of TGFβ receptor II (Tgfbr2) in Prx1-Cre-expressing mesenchyme results in defects in long bones, joints, and the skull vault in mice resulting from reduced naïve mesenchymal proliferation and condensation that interrupted osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, others have shown that the loss of Tgfbr2 in fully differentiated mature osteoblasts results in increased bone volume. To study the role of Tgfbr2 in immature osteoblasts, we generated Osx-Cre;Tgfbr2fl/fl mice and found defects in the postnatal development of the skull vault and long bones as compared to controls. No discernible skeletal defects were observed in newborn mice; however, at postnatal day 24 (P24), Tgfbr2-deleted mice demonstrated short stature that correlated with reduced proliferation in the growth plate. X-ray and microCT analysis of long bone and skull from P24 mice showed reduced bone volume. Histomorphometry indicated reductions in osteoblast number but not osteoclast number. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated mRNA levels for the osteoblast marker, Runx2, were not altered but mRNA levels of a marker for mature osteoblasts, Bglap, were down in mutant calvaria relative to controls. The mRNA of a proliferation marker, proliferative nuclear cell antigen (PCNA), was also reduced whereas the ratio of Bax2:Bcl2 was unaltered to demonstrate no change in apoptosis. These results suggest proliferation and maturation of immature osteoblasts requires Tgfbr2 signaling and that decreased bone volume in Osx-Cre;Tgfbr2fl/fl mice is likely due to fewer mature osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Peters
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Boulevard, Birmingham AL 35294, USA.
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26
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Wei W, Li J, Chen S, Chen M, Xie Q, Sun H, Ruan J, Zhou H, Bi X, Zhuang A, You Z, Gu P, Fan X. In vitro osteogenic induction of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with a decellularized matrix derived from human adipose stem cells and in vivo implantation for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2468-2482. [PMID: 32264553 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology that adopts mesenchymal stem cells combined with scaffolds presents a promising strategy for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Mingjiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Ai Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Donghua University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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27
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Ahi EP. Signalling pathways in trophic skeletal development and morphogenesis: Insights from studies on teleost fish. Dev Biol 2016; 420:11-31. [PMID: 27713057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the vertebrate feeding apparatus, a variety of complicated cellular and molecular processes participate in the formation and integration of individual skeletal elements. The molecular mechanisms regulating the formation of skeletal primordia and their development into specific morphological structures are tightly controlled by a set of interconnected signalling pathways. Some of these pathways, such as Bmp, Hedgehog, Notch and Wnt, are long known for their pivotal roles in craniofacial skeletogenesis. Studies addressing the functional details of their components and downstream targets, the mechanisms of their interactions with other signals as well as their potential roles in adaptive morphological divergence, are currently attracting considerable attention. An increasing number of signalling pathways that had previously been described in different biological contexts have been shown to be important in the regulation of jaw skeletal development and morphogenesis. In this review, I provide an overview of signalling pathways involved in trophic skeletogenesis emphasizing studies of the most species-rich group of vertebrates, the teleost fish, which through their evolutionary history have undergone repeated episodes of spectacular trophic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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28
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Wu M, Chen G, Li YP. TGF-β and BMP signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and bone formation, homeostasis and disease. Bone Res 2016; 4:16009. [PMID: 27563484 PMCID: PMC4985055 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1031] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling has fundamental roles in both embryonic skeletal development and postnatal bone homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs, acting on a tetrameric receptor complex, transduce signals to both the canonical Smad-dependent signaling pathway (that is, TGF-β/BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical-Smad-independent signaling pathway (that is, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/p38 MAPK) to regulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation during skeletal development, bone formation and bone homeostasis. Both the Smad and p38 MAPK signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, for example, Runx2 to promote osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte differentiation from mesenchymal precursor cells. TGF-β and BMP signaling is controlled by multiple factors, including the ubiquitin–proteasome system, epigenetic factors, and microRNA. Dysregulated TGF-β and BMP signaling result in a number of bone disorders in humans. Knockout or mutation of TGF-β and BMP signaling-related genes in mice leads to bone abnormalities of varying severity, which enable a better understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone and the signaling networks underlying osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. There is also crosstalk between TGF-β/BMP signaling and several critical cytokines’ signaling pathways (for example, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, PTHrP, and FGF) to coordinate osteogenesis, skeletal development, and bone homeostasis. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation, chondrocyte differentiation, skeletal development, cartilage formation, bone formation, bone homeostasis, and related human bone diseases caused by the disruption of TGF-β/BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrui Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, USA
| | - Guiqian Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA; Department of neurology, Bruke Medical Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, White Plains, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, USA
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29
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Higa A, Oka K, Kira-Tatsuoka M, Tamura S, Itaya S, Toda M, Ozaki M, Sawa Y. Intracellular Signaling Pathway Activation via TGF-β Differs in the Anterior and Posterior Axis During Palatal Development. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.25.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Higa
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Kyoko Oka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Michiko Kira-Tatsuoka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Shougo Tamura
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Satoshi Itaya
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Masako Toda
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Masao Ozaki
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Fukuoka Dental College
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30
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Conte F, Oti M, Dixon J, Carels CEL, Rubini M, Zhou H. Systematic analysis of copy number variants of a large cohort of orofacial cleft patients identifies candidate genes for orofacial clefts. Hum Genet 2015; 135:41-59. [PMID: 26561393 PMCID: PMC4698300 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) represent a large fraction of human birth defects and are one of the most common phenotypes affected by large copy number variants (CNVs). Due to the limited number of CNV patients in individual centers, CNV analyses of a large number of OFC patients are challenging. The present study analyzed 249 genomic deletions and 226 duplications from a cohort of 312 OFC patients reported in two publicly accessible databases of chromosome imbalance and phenotype in humans, DECIPHER and ECARUCA. Genomic regions deleted or duplicated in multiple patients were identified, and genes in these overlapping CNVs were prioritized based on the number of genes encompassed by the region and gene expression in embryonic mouse palate. Our analyses of these overlapping CNVs identified two genes known to be causative for human OFCs, SATB2 and MEIS2, and 12 genes (DGCR6, FGF2, FRZB, LETM1, MAPK3, SPRY1, THBS1, TSHZ1, TTC28, TULP4, WHSC1, WHSC2) that are associated with OFC or orofacial development. Additionally, we report 34 deleted and 24 duplicated genes that have not previously been associated with OFCs but are associated with the BMP, MAPK and RAC1 pathways. Statistical analyses show that the high number of overlapping CNVs is not due to random occurrence. The identified genes are not located in highly variable genomic regions in healthy populations and are significantly enriched for genes that are involved in orofacial development. In summary, we report a CNV analysis pipeline of a large cohort of OFC patients and identify novel candidate OFC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conte
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Medical Genetic Unit, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martin Oti
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Carine E L Carels
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Rubini
- Medical Genetic Unit, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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31
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The Development of the Calvarial Bones and Sutures and the Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:131-56. [PMID: 26589924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The skull vault is a complex, exquisitely patterned structure that plays a variety of key roles in vertebrate life, ranging from the acquisition of food to the support of the sense organs for hearing, smell, sight, and taste. During its development, it must meet the dual challenges of protecting the brain and accommodating its growth. The bones and sutures of the skull vault are derived from cranial neural crest and head mesoderm. The frontal and parietal bones develop from osteogenic rudiments in the supraorbital ridge. The coronal suture develops from a group of Shh-responsive cells in the head mesoderm that are collocated, with the osteogenic precursors, in the supraorbital ridge. The osteogenic rudiments and the prospective coronal suture expand apically by cell migration. A number of congenital disorders affect the skull vault. Prominent among these is craniosynostosis, the fusion of the bones at the sutures. Analysis of the pathophysiology underling craniosynostosis has identified a variety of cellular mechanisms, mediated by a range of signaling pathways and effector transcription factors. These cellular mechanisms include loss of boundary integrity, altered sutural cell specification in embryos, and loss of a suture stem cell population in adults. Future work making use of genome-wide transcriptomic approaches will address the deep structure of regulatory interactions and cellular processes that unify these seemingly diverse mechanisms.
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32
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Hegarty SV, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW. Zeb2: A multifunctional regulator of nervous system development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:81-95. [PMID: 26193487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (Zeb) 2 is a transcription factor, identified due its ability to bind Smad proteins, and consists of multiple functional domains which interact with a variety of transcriptional co-effectors. The complex nature of the Zeb2, both at its genetic and protein levels, underlie its multifunctional properties, with Zeb2 capable of acting individually or as part of a transcriptional complex to repress, and occasionally activate, target gene expression. This review introduces Zeb2 as an essential regulator of nervous system development. Zeb2 is expressed in the nervous system throughout its development, indicating its importance in neurogenic and gliogenic processes. Indeed, mutation of Zeb2 has dramatic neurological consequences both in animal models, and in humans with Mowat-Wilson syndrome, which results from heterozygous ZEB2 mutations. The mechanisms by which Zeb2 regulates the induction of the neuroectoderm (CNS primordium) and the neural crest (PNS primordium) are reviewed herein. We then describe how Zeb2 acts to direct the formation, delamination, migration and specification of neural crest cells. Zeb2 regulation of the development of a number of cerebral regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, are then described. The diverse molecular mechanisms mediating Zeb2-directed development of various neuronal and glial populations are reviewed. The role of Zeb2 in spinal cord and enteric nervous system development is outlined, while its essential function in CNS myelination is also described. Finally, this review discusses how the neurodevelopmental defects of Zeb2 mutant mice delineate the developmental dysfunctions underpinning the multiple neurological defects observed in Mowat-Wilson syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V Hegarty
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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33
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Xie Q, Wang Z, Huang Y, Bi X, Zhou H, Lin M, Yu Z, Wang Y, Ni N, Sun J, Wu S, You Z, Guo C, Sun H, Wang Y, Gu P, Fan X. Characterization of human ethmoid sinus mucosa derived mesenchymal stem cells (hESMSCs) and the application of hESMSCs cell sheets in bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2015. [PMID: 26196534 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively applied in the field of tissue regeneration. MSCs derived from various tissues exhibit different characteristics. In this study, a cluster of cells were isolated from human ethmoid sinus mucosa membrane and termed as hESMSCs. hESMSCs was demonstrated to have MSC-specific characteristics of self-renewal and tri-lineage differentiation. In particular, hESMSCs displayed strong osteogenic differentiation potential, and also remarkably promoted the proliferation and osteogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in vitro. Next, hESMSCs were prepared into a cell sheet and combined with a PSeD scaffold seeded with rBMSCs to repair critical-sized calvarial defects in rats, which showed excellent reparative effects. Additionally, ELISA assays revealed that secreted cytokines, such as BMP-2, BMP-4 and bFGF, were higher in the hESMSCs conditioned medium, and immunohistochemistry validated that hESMSCs cell sheet promoted the expression of BMP signaling downstream genes in newly formed bone. In conclusion, hESMSCs were demonstrated to be a class of mesenchymal stem cells that possessed high self-renewal capacity along with strong osteogenic potential, and the cell sheet of hESMSCs could remarkably promote new bone regeneration, indicating that hESMSCs cell sheet could serve as a novel and promising alternative strategy in the management of bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yazhuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Zhang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yefei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Chunyu Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Surgery, and the McGowan Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
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34
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Matsumura S, Higa K, Igarashi T, Takaichi S, Tonogi M, Shinozaki N, Shimazaki J, Yamane GY. Characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cell populations from non-epithelial oral mucosa. Oral Dis 2014; 21:361-72. [PMID: 25180458 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The characteristics of cell populations extracted from oral mucosal non-epithelial tissues and their ability to differentiate were evaluated in vitro as a potential source of cells for mandibular and corneal regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral mucosal non-epithelial cells (OMNECs) were extracted from tissue samples and were studied by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Cells differentiating into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, neurocytes, or keratocytes were characterized by RT-PCR and cell staining. RESULTS OMNECs expressed CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, and STRO-1 antigens, which are markers for mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, Oct3/4, c-Myc, Nanog, KLF4, and Rex, which are expressed by embryonic or pluripotent stem cells, were detected by RT-PCR. Expression of CD49d, CD56, and PDGFRα, proteins closely associated with the neural crest, was observed in OMNECs, as was expression of Twist1, Sox9, Snail1 and Snail2, which are early neural crest and neural markers. Specific differentiation markers were expressed in OMNECs after differentiation into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, or keratocytes. CONCLUSIONS Populations of OMNECs may contain both mesenchymal stem cells and neural crest origin cells and are a potential cell source for autologous regeneration of mandibular or corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsumura
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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35
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Hewitt PG, Singh PK, Kumar A, Gnewuch C, Liebisch G, Schmitz G, Borlak J. A rat toxicogenomics study with the calcium sensitizer EMD82571 reveals a pleiotropic cause of teratogenicity. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 47:89-101. [PMID: 24977338 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The calcium sensitizer and PDEIII inhibitor EMD82571 caused exencephaly, micrognathia, agnathia and facial cleft in 58% of fetuses. In pursue of mechanisms and to define adverse outcome pathways pregnant Wistar rats were dosed daily with either EMD82571 (50 or 150mg/kg/day) or retinoic acid (12mg/kg/day) on gestational days 6-11 and 6-17, respectively. Hypothesis driven and whole genome microarray experiments were performed with whole embryo, maternal liver, embryonic liver and malformed bone at gestational days 12 and 20. This revealed regulation of genes critically involved in osteogenesis, odontogenesis, differentiation and development and extracellular matrix. Importantly, repression of osteocalcin and members of TGF-β/BMP signaling hampered osteo- and odontogenesis. Furthermore, EMD82571 impaired neurulation by inhibiting mid hinge point formation to cause neural tube defects. Taken collectively, a molecular rationale for the observed teratogenicity induced by EMD82571 is presented that links molecular initiating events with AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Hewitt
- Non-Clinical Safety, Merck Serono, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Prafull Kumar Singh
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Carsten Gnewuch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Juergen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Agas D, Sabbieti MG, Marchetti L, Xiao L, Hurley MM. FGF-2 enhances Runx-2/Smads nuclear localization in BMP-2 canonical signaling in osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2149-58. [PMID: 23559326 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is one of the most potent regulators of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. R-Smads (Smads 1/5/8) are the major transducers for BMPs receptors and, once activated, they are translocated in the nucleus regulating transcription target genes by interacting with various transcription factors. Runx-2 proteins have been shown to interact through their C-terminal segment with Smads and this interaction is required for in vivo osteogenesis. In particular, recruitment of Smads to intranuclear sites is Runx-2 dependent, and Runx-2 factor may accommodate the dynamic targeting of signal transducer to active transcription sites. Previously, we have shown, by in vitro and in vivo experiments, that BMP-2 up-regulated FGF-2 which is important for the maximal responses of BMP-2 in bone. In this study, we found that endogenous FGF2 is necessary for BMP-2 induced nuclear accumulation and co-localization of Runx-2 and phospho-Smads1/5/8, while Runx/Smads nuclear accumulation and co-localization was reduced in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. Based on these novel data, we conclude that the impaired nuclear accumulation of Runx-2 in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts reduces R-Smads sub-nuclear targeting with a consequent decreased expression of differentiating markers and impaired bone formation in Fgf2 null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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38
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Maruyama T, Jiang M, Hsu W. Gpr177, a novel locus for bone mineral density and osteoporosis, regulates osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in skeletal development. J Bone Miner Res 2013. [PMID: 23188710 PMCID: PMC3593783 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human genetic analysis has recently identified Gpr177 as a susceptibility locus for bone mineral density and osteoporosis. Determining the unknown function of this gene is therefore extremely important to furthering our knowledge base of skeletal development and disease. The protein encoded by Gpr177 exhibits an ability to modulate the trafficking of Wnt, similar to the Drosophila Wls/Evi/Srt. Because it plays a critical role in Wnt regulation, Gpr177 might be required for several key steps of skeletogenesis. To overcome the early lethality associated with the inactivation of Gpr177 in mice, conditional gene deletion is used to assess its functionality. Here we report the generation of four different mouse models with Gpr177 deficiency in various skeletogenic cell types. The loss of Gpr177 severely impairs development of the craniofacial and body skeletons, demonstrating its requirement for intramembranous and endochondral ossifications, respectively. Defects in the expansion of skeletal precursors and their differentiation into osteoblasts and chondrocytes suggest that Wnt production and signaling mediated by Gpr177 cannot be substituted. Because the Gpr177 ablation impairs Wnt secretion, we therefore identify the sources of Wnt proteins essential for osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. The intercross of Wnt signaling between distinct cell types is carefully orchestrated and necessary for skeletogenesis. Our findings lead to a proposed mechanism by which Gpr177 controls skeletal development through modulation of autocrine and paracrine Wnt signals in a lineage-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Maruyama
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Requirement for Dlgh-1 in planar cell polarity and skeletogenesis during vertebrate development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54410. [PMID: 23349879 PMCID: PMC3551758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of specialized organs is tightly linked to the regulation of cell growth, orientation, migration and adhesion during embryogenesis. In addition, the directed movements of cells and their orientation within the plane of a tissue, termed planar cell polarity (PCP), appear to be crucial for the proper formation of the body plan. In Drosophila embryogenesis, Discs large (dlg) plays a critical role in apical-basal cell polarity, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Craniofacial defects in mice carrying an insertional mutation in Dlgh-1 suggest that Dlgh-1 is required for vertebrate development. To determine what roles Dlgh-1 plays in vertebrate development, we generated mice carrying a null mutation in Dlgh-1. We found that deletion of Dlgh-1 caused open eyelids, open neural tube, and misorientation of cochlear hair cell stereociliary bundles, indicative of defects in planar cell polarity (PCP). Deletion of Dlgh-1 also caused skeletal defects throughout the embryo. These findings identify novel roles for Dlgh-1 in vertebrates that differ from its well-characterized roles in invertebrates and suggest that the Dlgh-1 null mouse may be a useful animal model to study certain human congenital birth defects.
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40
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Baek WY, Kim YJ, de Crombrugghe B, Kim JE. Osterix is required for cranial neural crest-derived craniofacial bone formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:188-92. [PMID: 23313488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Osx plays essential roles in regulating osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation, and bone formation during mouse skeletal development. However, many questions remain regarding the requirement for Osx in different cell lineages. In this study, we asked whether Osx is required for craniofacial bone formation derived from cranial neural crest (CNC) cells. The Osx gene was conditionally inactivated in CNC-derived cells using a Wnt1-Cre recombination system. Neural crest-specific inactivation of Osx resulted in the complete absence of intramembranous skeletal elements derived from the CNC, and CNC-derived endochondral skeletal elements were also affected by Osx inactivation. Interestingly, Osx inactivated CNC-derived cells, which were recapitulated by lacZ expression, occupied the same regions of craniofacial skeletal elements as observed for controls. However, cells lost their osteogenic ability to differentiate into functional osteoblasts by Osx inactivation. These results suggest that Osx is important for craniofacial bone formation by CNC-derived cells. This finding provides novel insights of the regulation of craniofacial development by the gene network and transcription factors, and the understanding of human diseases caused by neural crest developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Young Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Medical Education Program for Human Resources, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Estarás C, Akizu N, García A, Beltrán S, de la Cruz X, Martínez-Balbás MA. Genome-wide analysis reveals that Smad3 and JMJD3 HDM co-activate the neural developmental program. Development 2012; 139:2681-91. [PMID: 22782721 DOI: 10.1242/dev.078345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural development requires crosstalk between signaling pathways and chromatin. In this study, we demonstrate that neurogenesis is promoted by an interplay between the TGFβ pathway and the H3K27me3 histone demethylase (HDM) JMJD3. Genome-wide analysis showed that JMJD3 is targeted to gene promoters by Smad3 in neural stem cells (NSCs) and is essential to activate TGFβ-responsive genes. In vivo experiments in chick spinal cord revealed that the generation of neurons promoted by Smad3 is dependent on JMJD3 HDM activity. Overall, these findings indicate that JMJD3 function is required for the TGFβ developmental program to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conchi Estarás
- Department of Molecular Genomics, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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Iwata JI, Hacia JG, Suzuki A, Sanchez-Lara PA, Urata M, Chai Y. Modulation of noncanonical TGF-β signaling prevents cleft palate in Tgfbr2 mutant mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:873-85. [PMID: 22326956 DOI: 10.1172/jci61498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations in either TGF-β receptor type I (TGFBR1) or TGF-β receptor type II (TGFBR2), such as those with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, have craniofacial defects and signs of elevated TGF-β signaling. Similarly, mutations in TGF-β receptor gene family members cause craniofacial deformities, such as cleft palate, in mice. However, it is unknown whether TGF-β ligands are able to elicit signals in Tgfbr2 mutant mice. Here, we show that loss of Tgfbr2 in mouse cranial neural crest cells results in elevated expression of TGF-β2 and TGF-β receptor type III (TβRIII); activation of a TβRI/TβRIII-mediated, SMAD-independent, TRAF6/TAK1/p38 signaling pathway; and defective cell proliferation in the palatal mesenchyme. Strikingly, Tgfb2, Tgfbr1 (also known as Alk5), or Tak1 haploinsufficiency disrupted TβRI/TβRIII-mediated signaling and rescued craniofacial deformities in Tgfbr2 mutant mice, indicating that activation of this noncanonical TGF-β signaling pathway was responsible for craniofacial malformations in Tgfbr2 mutant mice. Thus, modulation of TGF-β signaling may be beneficial for the prevention of congenital craniofacial birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Iwata
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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43
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Chen G, Deng C, Li YP. TGF-β and BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:272-88. [PMID: 22298955 PMCID: PMC3269610 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1222] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in a vast majority of cellular processes and is fundamentally important throughout life. TGF-β/BMPs have widely recognized roles in bone formation during mammalian development and exhibit versatile regulatory functions in the body. Signaling transduction by TGF-β/BMPs is specifically through both canonical Smad-dependent pathways (TGF-β/BMP ligands, receptors and Smads) and non-canonical Smad-independent signaling pathway (e.g. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, MAPK). Following TGF-β/BMP induction, both the Smad and p38 MAPK pathways converge at the Runx2 gene to control mesenchymal precursor cell differentiation. The coordinated activity of Runx2 and TGF-β/BMP-activated Smads is critical for formation of the skeleton. Recent advances in molecular and genetic studies using gene targeting in mice enable a better understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone and in the signaling networks underlying osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone from studies of genetic mouse models and human diseases caused by the disruption of TGF-β/BMP signaling. This review also highlights the different modes of cross-talk between TGF-β/BMP signaling and the signaling pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and FGF in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Chen
- Institute of Genetics, Life Science College, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Iwata JI, Tung L, Urata M, Hacia JG, Pelikan R, Suzuki A, Ramenzoni L, Chaudhry O, Parada C, Sanchez-Lara PA, Chai Y. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9)-pituitary homeobox 2 (PITX2) pathway mediates transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling to regulate cell proliferation in palatal mesenchyme during mouse palatogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:2353-63. [PMID: 22123828 PMCID: PMC3268397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.280974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate represents one of the most common congenital birth defects. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling plays crucial functions in regulating craniofacial development, and loss of TGFβ receptor type II in cranial neural crest cells leads to craniofacial malformations, including cleft palate in mice (Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mice). Here we have identified candidate target genes of TGFβ signaling during palatal formation. These target genes were selected based on combining results from gene expression profiles of embryonic day 14.5 palates from Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mice and previously identified cleft palate phenotypes in genetically engineered mouse models. We found that fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9) and transcription factor pituitary homeobox 2 (Pitx2) expressions are significantly down-regulated in the palate of Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mice, and Fgf9 and Pitx2 loss of function mutations result in cleft palate in mice. Pitx2 expression is down-regulated by siRNA knockdown of Fgf9, suggesting that Fgf9 is upstream of Pitx2. We detected decreased expression of both cyclins D1 and D3 in the palates of Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mice, consistent with the defect in cell proliferation. Significantly, exogenous FGF9 restores expression of cyclins D1 and D3 in a Pitx2-dependent manner and rescues the cell proliferation defect in the palatal mesenchyme of Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mice. Our study indicates that a TGFβ-FGF9-PITX2 signaling cascade regulates cranial neural crest cell proliferation during palate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Iwata
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
| | - Lily Tung
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
- Division of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, and
| | - Mark Urata
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
- Division of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, and
| | - Joseph G. Hacia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Richard Pelikan
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
| | - Liza Ramenzoni
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
| | - Obaid Chaudhry
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
- Division of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, and
| | - Carolina Parada
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- the Department of Pediatrics and
- the Division of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Yang Chai
- From the Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, and
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Ramachandran A, Ravindran S, George A. Localization of transforming growth factor beta receptor II interacting protein-1 in bone and teeth: implications in matrix mineralization. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:323-37. [PMID: 22260994 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412436879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFβR-II) interacting protein 1 (TRIP-1) is a WD-40 protein that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the TGF-β type II receptor in a kinase-dependent manner. To investigate the role of TRIP-1 in mineralized tissues, we examined its pattern of expression in cartilage, bone, and teeth and analyzed the relationship between TRIP-1 overexpression and mineralized matrix formation. Results demonstrate that TRIP-1 was predominantly expressed by osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and chondrocytes in these tissues. Interestingly, TRIP-1 was also localized in the extracellular matrix of bone and at the mineralization front in dentin, suggesting that TRIP-1 is secreted by nonclassical secretory mechanisms, as it is devoid of a signal peptide. In vitro nucleation studies demonstrate a role for TRIP-1 in nucleating calcium phosphate polymorphs. Overexpression of TRIP-1 favored osteoblast differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with an increase in mineralized matrix formation. These data indicate an unexpected role for TRIP-1 during development of bone, teeth, and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amsaveni Ramachandran
- Brodie Tooth Development Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Janeczek M, Chrószcz A, Czerski A. Morphological investigations of the occipital area in adult American Staffordshire Terriers. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 40:278-82. [PMID: 21517942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Morphological investigations into the occipital area were carried out on the skulls of 24 adult American Staffordshire Terriers. The dorsal notch was found in one skull. The normal height (h) and width (W) of the foramen magnum was measured, and the foramen magnum index was calculated. In the case of the presence of the dorsal notch, total height (H) and normal height (h) of foramen magnum were measured, and dorsal notch height (N) was estimated. The mean value of the foramen magnum index (FMIa = W/H × 100) was 82.7. The foramen magnum index with the exception of the skull with dorsal notch (FMIb = W/h × 100) was 77.89. The dysplasia index (ISD = N/h × 100) was 44.05. A radiographic evaluation was made according to the method introduced by Rusbridge. Occipital dysplasia is not a clinical problem itself but can provoke one.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janeczek
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska, Wrocław, Poland.
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47
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Xing W, Pourteymoor S, Mohan S. Ascorbic acid regulates osterix expression in osteoblasts by activation of prolyl hydroxylase and ubiquitination-mediated proteosomal degradation pathway. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:749-57. [PMID: 21467157 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00229.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse genetic studies reveal that ascorbic acid (AA) is essential for osteoblast (OB) differentiation and that osterix (Osx) was a key downstream target of AA action in OBs. To determine the molecular pathways for AA regulation of Osx expression, we evaluated if AA regulates Osx expression by regulating production and/or actions of local growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Inhibition of actions of IGFs by inhibitory IGFBP-4, BMPs by noggin, and ECM-mediated integrin signaling by RGD did not block AA effects on Osx expression in OBs. Furthermore, blockade of components of MAPK signaling pathway had no effect on AA-induced Osx expression. Because AA is required for prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) activity and because PHD-induced prolyl-hydroxylation targets proteins to proteosomal degradation, we next tested if AA effect on Osx expression involves activation of PHD to hydroxylate and induce ubiquitin-proteosome-mediated degradation of transcriptional repressor(s) of Osx gene. Treatment of OBs with dimethyloxallyl glycine and ethyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate, known inhibitors of PHD, completely blocked AA effect on Osx expression and OB differentiation. Knockdown of PHD2 expression by Lentivirus-mediated shRNA abolished AA-induced Osx induction and alkaline phosphatase activity. Furthermore, treatment of OBs with MG115, inhibitor of proteosomal degradation, completely blocked AA effects on Osx expression. Based on these data, we conclude that AA effect on Osx expression is mediated via a novel mechanism that involves PHD2 and proteosomal degradation of a yet to be identified transcriptional repressor that is independent of BMP, IGF-I, or integrin-mediated signaling in mouse OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center, California, USA
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48
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Alk5-mediated transforming growth factor β signaling acts upstream of fibroblast growth factor 10 to regulate the proliferation and maintenance of dental epithelial stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2079-89. [PMID: 21402782 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01439-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse incisors grow continuously throughout life. This growth is supported by the division of dental epithelial stem cells that reside in the cervical loop region. Little is known about the maintenance and regulatory mechanisms of dental epithelial stem cells. In the present study, we investigated how transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling-mediated mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions control dental epithelial stem cells. We designed two approaches using incisor organ culture and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse-chase experiments to identify and evaluate stem cell functions. We show that the loss of the TGF-β type I receptor (Alk5) in the cranial neural crest-derived dental mesenchyme severely affects the proliferation of TA (transit-amplifying) cells and the maintenance of dental epithelial stem cells. Incisors of Wnt1-Cre; Alk5(fl/fl) mice lost their ability to continue to grow in vitro. The number of BrdU label-retaining cells (LRCs) was dramatically reduced in Alk5 mutant mice. Fgf10, Fgf3, and Fgf9 signals in the dental mesenchyme were downregulated in Wnt1-Cre; Alk5(fl/fl) incisors. Strikingly, the addition of exogenous fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) into cultured incisors rescued dental epithelial stem cells in Wnt1-Cre; Alk5(fl/fl) mice. Therefore, we propose that Alk5 functions upstream of Fgf10 to regulate TA cell proliferation and stem cell maintenance and that this signaling mechanism is crucial for stem cell-mediated tooth regeneration.
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Abstract
Cleft palate, a malformation of the secondary palate development, is one of the most common human congenital birth defects. Palate formation is a complex process resulting in the separation of the oral and nasal cavities that involves multiple events, including palatal growth, elevation, and fusion. Recent findings show that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling plays crucial roles in regulating palate development in both the palatal epithelium and mesenchyme. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of TGF-β signaling during palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iwata
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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50
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Bosetti M, Boccafoschi F, Leigheb M, Bianchi AE, Cannas M. Chondrogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells using combined growth factors for cartilage tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:205-13. [DOI: 10.1002/term.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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