1
|
Shiozaki M, Kanno K, Yonezawa S, Otani Y, Shigenobu Y, Haratake D, Murakami E, Oka S, Ito M. Integrator complex subunit 6 promotes hepatocellular steatosis via β-catenin-PPARγ axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159532. [PMID: 38981571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic adipogenesis has common mechanisms with adipocyte differentiation such as PPARγ involvement and the induction of adipose tissue-specific molecules. A previous report demonstrated that integrator complex subunit 6 (INTS6) is required for adipocyte differentiation. This study aimed to investigate INTS6 expression and its role in hepatic steatosis progression. The expression of INTS6 and PPARγ was examined in the liver of a mouse model of steatohepatitis and in paired liver biopsy samples from 11 patients with severe obesity and histologically proven metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH) before and one year after bariatric surgery. To induce hepatocellular steatosis in vitro, an immortalized human hepatocyte cell line Hc3716 was treated with free fatty acids. In the steatohepatitis mouse model, we observed hepatic induction of INTS6, PPARγ, and adipocyte-specific genes. In contrast, β-catenin which negatively regulates PPARγ was reduced. Biopsied human livers demonstrated a strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.8755) between INTS6 and PPARγ mRNA levels. After bariatric surgery, gene expressions of PPARγ, FABP4, and CD36 were mostly downregulated. In our in vitro experiments, we observed a concentration-dependent increase in Oil Red O staining in Hc3716 cells after treatment with the free fatty acids. Alongside this change, the expression of INTS6, PPARγ, and adipocyte-specific genes was induced. INTS6 knockdown using siRNA significantly suppressed cellular lipid accumulation together with induction of β-catenin and PPARγ downregulation. Collectively, INTS6 expression closely correlates with PPARγ. INTS6 suppression significantly reduced hepatocyte steatosis via β-catenin-PPARγ axis, indicating that INTS6 could be a novel therapeutic target for treating MASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minami Shiozaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Keishi Kanno
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Yonezawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Otani
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuya Shigenobu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Daisuke Haratake
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Masanori Ito
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Y, Liao W, Wang T, Zhang L, Zhang H. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of integrator complex subunits: expression patterns, immune infiltration, and prognostic signature, validated through experimental approaches in hepatocellular carcinoma. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:246. [PMID: 38926181 PMCID: PMC11208364 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common gastrointestinal malignancy with a high incidence and poor prognosis. The subunits of the integrator complex (INTS1-14) play a crucial role in regulating genes dependent on RNA Polymerase II, which may be associated with cancer. However, the role of INTSs in HCC remains unclear. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the clinical value and potential role of INTS family genes in HCC through systematic bioinformatics analysis. METHODS We employed various public databases, including UALCAN, HPA, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, GEPIA2, TNMplot, STRING, TIMER, and TISIDB, to investigate the expression levels, clinicopathological correlations, diagnostic and prognostic value, genetic alterations, co-expression network, molecular targets, and immune infiltration of INTSs in HCC. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were utilized to investigate the biological functions of genes associated with INTSs. Furthermore, Western blot, real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to assess the expression of relevant proteins and genes. The proliferation of HCC cells was evaluated using the CCK8 assay. RESULTS We found that in HCC, there was a significant upregulation of INTSs at the transcriptional level, particularly INTS1, INTS4, INTS7, and INTS8. Additionally, the protein levels of INTS1 and INTS8 were notably elevated. The overexpression of these INTSs was strongly correlated with tumor stages in HCC patients. INTS1, INTS4, INTS7, and INTS8 exhibited significant diagnostic and prognostic value in HCC. Moreover, their expression was associated with immune infiltrations and activated status, including B cells, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Functional predictions indicated that INTS1, INTS4, INTS7, and INTS8 were involved in various cancer-related signaling pathways, such as TRAIL, IFN-gamma, mTOR, CDC42, Apoptosis, and the p53 pathway. Furthermore, we observed a significant upregulation of INTS1, INTS4, INTS7, and INTS8 expression in HCC cell lines compared to normal liver cell lines. The level of INTS1 protein was higher in cancerous tissues compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues (n = 16), and the suppression of INTS1 resulted in a significant decrease in the proliferation of Huh7 cells. CONCLUSION These findings indicate the potential of INTS family genes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCC. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and explore clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenlian Liao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361101, Fujian, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Escrich V, Romero-Aranda C, López R, de Toro M, Metola Á, Ezcurra B, Gómez-Orte E, Cabello J. Unprocessed snRNAs Are a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlate with a Poorer Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2340. [PMID: 39001402 PMCID: PMC11240374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The human Integrator complex is a set of 15 subunits that mediates processing of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and which later participates in splicing messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In addition, it controls the pause and release of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) at specific gene promoters in response to growth factors. Mutations in Integrator-complex subunit 6 (INTS6) are associated with different types of tumors. However, the INTS6 gene product does not have a significant prognostic value as a biomarker for tumor progression. Here we show that Integrator-complex deregulation is involved in 8.3% of the colorectal cancer cases diagnosed from the population screen carried out in La Rioja (Spain) from the years 2017 to 2019. Lack of Integrator-complex function, measured by an increased level of unprocessed snRNA, is a prognostic biomarker and correlates with a poorer prognosis in colorectal-cancer patients. The transcriptomic profile of all analyzed colorectal tumors shows a strong alteration of the metabolic state of tumor cells, which compromises standard energy production through mitochondrial respiration, known as the Warburg effect. Furthermore, there is a significant upregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix organization and collagen rearrangement. This is consistent with tissue reorganization in a growing tumor forming a polyp. Crossing the molecular data generated in this study with the follow-up of patients from population screening indicates that population screening combined with early typing of tumors appears to be the most efficient way to increase patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Escrich
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja—CIBIR, 26006 Logrono, Spain; (V.E.); (C.R.-A.); (M.d.T.); (Á.M.); (B.E.)
| | - Cristina Romero-Aranda
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja—CIBIR, 26006 Logrono, Spain; (V.E.); (C.R.-A.); (M.d.T.); (Á.M.); (B.E.)
| | - Rosario López
- Scientific Computing Group (GRUCACI), University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain;
| | - María de Toro
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja—CIBIR, 26006 Logrono, Spain; (V.E.); (C.R.-A.); (M.d.T.); (Á.M.); (B.E.)
| | - Ángela Metola
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja—CIBIR, 26006 Logrono, Spain; (V.E.); (C.R.-A.); (M.d.T.); (Á.M.); (B.E.)
| | - Begoña Ezcurra
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja—CIBIR, 26006 Logrono, Spain; (V.E.); (C.R.-A.); (M.d.T.); (Á.M.); (B.E.)
| | - Eva Gómez-Orte
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja—CIBIR, 26006 Logrono, Spain; (V.E.); (C.R.-A.); (M.d.T.); (Á.M.); (B.E.)
| | - Juan Cabello
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja—CIBIR, 26006 Logrono, Spain; (V.E.); (C.R.-A.); (M.d.T.); (Á.M.); (B.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rathor L, Curry S, Park Y, McElroy T, Robles B, Sheng Y, Chen WW, Min K, Xiao R, Lee MH, Han SM. Mitochondrial stress in GABAergic neurons non-cell autonomously regulates organismal health and aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585932. [PMID: 38585797 PMCID: PMC10996468 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress within the nervous system can trigger non-cell autonomous responses in peripheral tissues. However, the specific neurons involved and their impact on organismal aging and health have remained incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrial stress in γ-aminobutyric acid-producing (GABAergic) neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans ) is sufficient to significantly alter organismal lifespan, stress tolerance, and reproductive capabilities. This mitochondrial stress also leads to significant changes in mitochondrial mass, energy production, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). DAF-16/FoxO activity is enhanced by GABAergic neuronal mitochondrial stress and mediates the induction of these non-cell-autonomous effects. Moreover, our findings indicate that GABA signaling operates within the same pathway as mitochondrial stress in GABAergic neurons, resulting in non-cell-autonomous alterations in organismal stress tolerance and longevity. In summary, these data suggest the crucial role of GABAergic neurons in detecting mitochondrial stress and orchestrating non-cell-autonomous changes throughout the organism.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wagner EJ, Tong L, Adelman K. Integrator is a global promoter-proximal termination complex. Mol Cell 2023; 83:416-427. [PMID: 36634676 PMCID: PMC10866050 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrator is a metazoan-specific protein complex capable of inducing termination at all RNAPII-transcribed loci. Integrator recognizes paused, promoter-proximal RNAPII and drives premature termination using dual enzymatic activities: an endonuclease that cleaves nascent RNA and a protein phosphatase that removes stimulatory phosphorylation associated with RNAPII pause release and productive elongation. Recent breakthroughs in structural biology have revealed the overall architecture of Integrator and provided insights into how multiple Integrator modules are coordinated to elicit termination effectively. Furthermore, functional genomics and biochemical studies have unraveled how Integrator-mediated termination impacts protein-coding and noncoding loci. Here, we review the current knowledge about the assembly and activity of Integrator and describe the role of Integrator in gene regulation, highlighting the importance of this complex for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Karen Adelman
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mendoza-Figueroa MS, Tatomer DC, Wilusz JE. The Integrator Complex in Transcription and Development. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:923-934. [PMID: 32800671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Integrator complex is conserved across metazoans and controls the fate of many nascent RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Among the 14 subunits of Integrator is an RNA endonuclease that is crucial for the biogenesis of small nuclear RNAs and enhancer RNAs. Integrator is further employed to trigger premature transcription termination at many protein-coding genes, thereby attenuating gene expression. Integrator thus helps to shape the transcriptome and ensure that genes can be robustly induced when needed. The molecular functions of Integrator subunits beyond the RNA endonuclease remain poorly understood, but some can act independently of the multisubunit complex. We highlight recent molecular insights into Integrator and propose how misregulation of this complex may lead to developmental defects and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Saraí Mendoza-Figueroa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deirdre C Tatomer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy E Wilusz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sabath K, Stäubli ML, Marti S, Leitner A, Moes M, Jonas S. INTS10-INTS13-INTS14 form a functional module of Integrator that binds nucleic acids and the cleavage module. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3422. [PMID: 32647223 PMCID: PMC7347597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Integrator complex processes 3′-ends of spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Furthermore, it regulates transcription of protein coding genes by terminating transcription after unstable pausing. The molecular basis for Integrator’s functions remains obscure. Here, we show that INTS10, Asunder/INTS13 and INTS14 form a separable, functional Integrator module. The structure of INTS13-INTS14 reveals a strongly entwined complex with a unique chain interlink. Unexpected structural homology to the Ku70-Ku80 DNA repair complex suggests nucleic acid affinity. Indeed, the module displays affinity for DNA and RNA but prefers RNA hairpins. While the module plays an accessory role in snRNA maturation, it has a stronger influence on transcription termination after pausing. Asunder/INTS13 directly binds Integrator’s cleavage module via a conserved C-terminal motif that is involved in snRNA processing and required for spermatogenesis. Collectively, our data establish INTS10-INTS13-INTS14 as a nucleic acid-binding module and suggest that it brings cleavage module and target transcripts into proximity. The Integrator complex (INT) is responsible for the 3′-end processing of several classes of non-coding RNAs. Here the authors show that the INTS10-INTS13-INTS14 complex forms a distinct submodule of INT and suggest it facilitates RNA substrate targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sabath
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie L Stäubli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Marti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Moes
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Jonas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gómez-Orte E, Sáenz-Narciso B, Zheleva A, Ezcurra B, de Toro M, López R, Gastaca I, Nilsen H, Sacristán MP, Schnabel R, Cabello J. Disruption of the Caenorhabditis elegans Integrator complex triggers a non-conventional transcriptional mechanism beyond snRNA genes. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007981. [PMID: 30807579 PMCID: PMC6390993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is generally regulated by recruitment of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) to specific sequences in the gene promoter region. The Integrator complex mediates processing of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) as well as the initiation and release of paused RNAP II at specific genes in response to growth factors. Here we show that in C. elegans, disruption of the Integrator complex leads to transcription of genes located downstream of the snRNA loci via a non-conventional transcription mechanism based on the lack of processing of the snRNAs. RNAP II read-through generates long chimeric RNAs containing snRNA, the intergenic region and the mature mRNA of the downstream gene located in sense. These chimeric sn-mRNAs remain as untranslated long non-coding RNAs, in the case of U1- and U2-derived sn-mRNAs, but can be translated to proteins in the case of SL-derived sn-mRNAs. The transcriptional effect caused by disruption of the Integrator complex is not restricted to genes located downstream of the snRNA loci but also affects key regulators of signal transduction such as kinases and phosphatases. Our findings highlight that these transcriptional alterations may be behind the correlation between mutations in the Integrator complex and tumor transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gómez-Orte
- Oncology Area, CIBIR (Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sáenz-Narciso
- Oncology Area, CIBIR (Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Angelina Zheleva
- Oncology Area, CIBIR (Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Begoña Ezcurra
- Oncology Area, CIBIR (Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - María de Toro
- Oncology Area, CIBIR (Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Rosario López
- Scientific Computing Group (GRUCACI), University of La Rioja, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Irene Gastaca
- Oncology Area, CIBIR (Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - María P. Sacristán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juan Cabello
- Oncology Area, CIBIR (Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oegema R, Baillat D, Schot R, van Unen LM, Brooks A, Kia SK, Hoogeboom AJM, Xia Z, Li W, Cesaroni M, Lequin MH, van Slegtenhorst M, Dobyns WB, de Coo IFM, Verheijen FW, Kremer A, van der Spek PJ, Heijsman D, Wagner EJ, Fornerod M, Mancini GMS. Human mutations in integrator complex subunits link transcriptome integrity to brain development. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006809. [PMID: 28542170 PMCID: PMC5466333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrator is an RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-associated complex that was recently identified to have a broad role in both RNA processing and transcription regulation. Importantly, its role in human development and disease is so far largely unexplored. Here, we provide evidence that biallelic Integrator Complex Subunit 1 (INTS1) and Subunit 8 (INTS8) gene mutations are associated with rare recessive human neurodevelopmental syndromes. Three unrelated individuals of Dutch ancestry showed the same homozygous truncating INTS1 mutation. Three siblings harboured compound heterozygous INTS8 mutations. Shared features by these six individuals are severe neurodevelopmental delay and a distinctive appearance. The INTS8 family in addition presented with neuronal migration defects (periventricular nodular heterotopia). We show that the first INTS8 mutation, a nine base-pair deletion, leads to a protein that disrupts INT complex stability, while the second missense mutation introduces an alternative splice site leading to an unstable messenger. Cells from patients with INTS8 mutations show increased levels of unprocessed UsnRNA, compatible with the INT function in the 3’-end maturation of UsnRNA, and display significant disruptions in gene expression and RNA processing. Finally, the introduction of the INTS8 deletion mutation in P19 cells using genome editing alters gene expression throughout the course of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation. Altogether, our results confirm the essential role of Integrator to transcriptome integrity and point to the requirement of the Integrator complex in human brain development. Neurodevelopmental disorders often have a genetic cause, however the genes and the underlying mechanisms that are involved are increasingly diverse, pointing to the complexity of brain development. For normal cell function and in general for normal development, mechanisms that regulate gene transcription into mRNA are of outermost importance as proper spatial and temporal expression of key developmentally regulated transcripts is essential. The Integrator complex was recently identified to have a broad role in both RNA processing and transcription regulation. This complex is assembled from at least 14 different subunits and several animal studies have pointed to an important role in development. Nevertheless, studies directly demonstrating the relevance of this complex in human health and development have been lacking until now. We show here that mutations in the Integrator Complex Subunit 1 gene (INTS1) and Subunit 8 gene (INTS8) cause a severe neurodevelopmental syndrome, characterized by profound intellectual disability, epilepsy, spasticity, facial and limb dysmorphism and subtle structural brain abnormalities. While the role of the Integrator complex in neuronal migration has recently been established, we provide evidence that INTS8 mutations lead in vitro to instability of the complex and impaired function. In patients cultured fibroblasts we found evidence for abnormalities in mRNA transcription and processing. In addition, introduction of INTS8 mutations in an in vitro model of retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation results also in transcription alterations. Altogether our results suggest an evolutionary conserved requirement of INTS1 and INTS8 in brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renske Oegema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Baillat
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, United States of America
| | - Rachel Schot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leontine M. van Unen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sima Kheradmand Kia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zheng Xia
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Matteo Cesaroni
- The Fels Institute, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Maarten H. Lequin
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Erasmus MC- Sophia, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon van Slegtenhorst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Irenaeus F. M. de Coo
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC- Sophia, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans W. Verheijen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kremer
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Heijsman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GMSM); (EJW)
| | - Maarten Fornerod
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Biochemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grazia M. S. Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (GMSM); (EJW)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract affects mobility and reproduction in mutant strain NB327 Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:282-286. [PMID: 28955756 PMCID: PMC5614673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The C. elegans NB327 mutant strain is characterized for the knockdown of the dic-1 gene. The dic-1 gene is homologous to the dice-1 gene in humans, encoding the protein DICE-1 as a tumor suppressor. Absence or under-regulation of the dice-1 gene can be reflected in lung and prostate cancer [17], [18]. This study evaluated the effect of EEAML on the C. elegans NB327 mutant strain. Phenotypic aspects such as morphology, body length, locomotion, and reproductive behaviour were analyzed. It is important to emphasize that the strain presents a phenotype characteristic with respect to egg laying and hatching. Reported studies showed that Annona muricata extract and its active components evidence anti-cancer and anti-tumor effects, through experimentation in vivo and in vitro models. However, neurotoxicity has been reported as a side effect. The results showed that the mutant strain NB327 was exposed to EEAML (5 mg/ml) concentration, it showed a significant decrease in average locomotion, resulting in 13 undulations in 30 s. This contrasts with the control strain's 17.5 undulations in 30 s. Similarly, the number of progenies was reduced from 188 progenies (control strain) to 114 and 92 progenies at the dose of (1 mg/ml and 5 mg/m) EEAML. The results of this study suggest that EEAML has a possible neurotoxic effect in concentrations equal to or greater than 5 mg/ml. Also, it does not have positive effects on the mutant strain of Caenorhabditis elegans NB327 phenotype.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rienzo M, Casamassimi A. Integrator complex and transcription regulation: Recent findings and pathophysiology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1859:1269-80. [PMID: 27427483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, a novel molecular complex has been added to the RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription machinery as one of the major components. This multiprotein complex, named Integrator, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of most RNA Polymerase II-dependent genes. This complex consists of at least 14 different subunits. However, studies investigating its structure and composition are still lacking. Although it was originally discovered as a complex implicated in the 3'-end formation of noncoding small nuclear RNAs, recent studies indicate additional roles for Integrator in transcription regulation, for example during transcription pause-release and elongation of polymerase, in the biogenesis of transcripts derived from enhancers, as well as in DNA and RNA metabolism for some of its components. Noteworthy, several subunits have been emerging to play roles during development and differentiation; more importantly, their alterations are likely to be involved in several human pathologies, including cancer and lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rienzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gardini A, Baillat D, Cesaroni M, Hu D, Marinis JM, Wagner EJ, Lazar MA, Shilatifard A, Shiekhattar R. Integrator regulates transcriptional initiation and pause release following activation. Mol Cell 2014; 56:128-139. [PMID: 25201415 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In unicellular organisms, initiation is the rate-limiting step in transcription; in metazoan organisms, the transition from initiation to productive elongation is also important. Here, we show that the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-associated multiprotein complex, Integrator, plays a critical role in both initiation and the release of paused RNAPII at immediate early genes (IEGs) following transcriptional activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human cells. Integrator is recruited to the IEGs in a signal-dependent manner and is required to engage and recruit the super elongation complex (SEC) to EGF-responsive genes to allow release of paused RNAPII and productive transcription elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gardini
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Baillat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Matteo Cesaroni
- The Fels Institute, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Deqing Hu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jill M Marinis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ramin Shiekhattar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kapp LD, Abrams EW, Marlow FL, Mullins MC. The integrator complex subunit 6 (Ints6) confines the dorsal organizer in vertebrate embryogenesis. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003822. [PMID: 24204286 PMCID: PMC3814294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsoventral patterning of the embryonic axis relies upon the mutual antagonism of competing signaling pathways to establish a balance between ventralizing BMP signaling and dorsal cell fate specification mediated by the organizer. In zebrafish, the initial embryo-wide domain of BMP signaling is refined into a morphogenetic gradient following activation dorsally of a maternal Wnt pathway. The accumulation of β-catenin in nuclei on the dorsal side of the embryo then leads to repression of BMP signaling dorsally and the induction of dorsal cell fates mediated by Nodal and FGF signaling. A separate Wnt pathway operates zygotically via Wnt8a to limit dorsal cell fate specification and maintain the expression of ventralizing genes in ventrolateral domains. We have isolated a recessive dorsalizing maternal-effect mutation disrupting the gene encoding Integrator Complex Subunit 6 (Ints6). Due to widespread de-repression of dorsal organizer genes, embryos from mutant mothers fail to maintain expression of BMP ligands, fail to fully express vox and ved, two mediators of Wnt8a, display delayed cell movements during gastrulation, and severe dorsalization. Consistent with radial dorsalization, affected embryos display multiple independent axial domains along with ectopic dorsal forerunner cells. Limiting Nodal signaling or restoring BMP signaling restores wild-type patterning to affected embryos. Our results are consistent with a novel role for Ints6 in restricting the vertebrate organizer to a dorsal domain in embryonic patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee D. Kapp
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elliott W. Abrams
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Florence L. Marlow
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Mullins
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li W, Bandyopadhyay J, Hwaang HS, Park BJ, Cho JH, Lee JI, Ahnn J, Lee SK. Two thioredoxin reductases, trxr-1 and trxr-2, have differential physiological roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cells 2012; 34:209-18. [PMID: 22836943 PMCID: PMC3887811 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a member of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide reductase family, which mainly functions in the thioredoxin system. TrxR is found in all living organisms and exists in two major ubiquitous isoenzymes in higher eukaryotic cells; One is cytosolic and the other mitochondrial. Mitochondrial TrxR functions to protect mitochondria from oxidative stress, where reactive oxidative species are mainly generated, while cytosolic TrxR plays a role to maintain optimal oxido-reductive status in cytosol. In this study, we report differential physiological functions of these two TrxRs in C. elegans. trxr-1, the cytosolic TrxR, is highly expressed in pharynx, vulva and intestine, whereas trxr-2, the mitochondrial TrxR, is mainly expressed in pharyngeal and body wall muscles. Deficiency of the non-selenoprotein trxr-2 caused defects in longevity and delayed development under stress conditions, while deletion mutation of the selenoprotein trxr-1 resulted in interference in acidification of lysosomal compartment in intestine. Interestingly, the acidification defect of trxr-1(jh143) deletion mutant was rescued, not only by selenocystein-containing wild type TRXR-1, but also cysteine-substituted mutant TRXR-1. Both trxr-1 and trxr-2 were up-regulated when worms were challenged by environmental stress such as heat shock. These results suggest that trxr-1 and trxr-2 function differently at organismal level presumably by their differential sub-cellular localization in C. elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixun Li
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Life Science for Global Warming Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Jaya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata 700-064,
India
| | - Hyun Sook Hwaang
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Park
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702,
Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Cho
- Division of Biology Education, College of Education, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759,
Korea
| | - Jin Il Lee
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, 1100 Fairview Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109,
USA
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Life Science for Global Warming Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- The Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- The Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A subset of Drosophila integrator proteins is essential for efficient U7 snRNA and spliceosomal snRNA 3'-end formation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 31:328-41. [PMID: 21078872 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00943-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper gene expression relies on a class of ubiquitously expressed, uridine-rich small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Vertebrate snRNAs are transcribed from a unique promoter, which is required for proper 3'-end formation, and cleavage of the nascent transcript involves the activity of a poorly understood set of proteins called the Integrator complex. To examine 3'-end formation in Drosophila melanogaster, we developed a cell-based reporter that monitors aberrant 3'-end formation of snRNA through the gain in expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). We used this reporter in Drosophila S2 cells to determine requirements for U7 snRNA 3'-end formation and found that processing was strongly dependent upon nucleotides located within the 3' stem-loop as well as sequences likely to comprise the Drosophila equivalent of the vertebrate 3' box. Substitution of the actin promoter for the snRNA promoter abolished proper 3'-end formation, demonstrating the conserved requirement for an snRNA promoter in Drosophila. We tested the requirement for all Drosophila Integrator subunits and found that Integrators 1, 4, 9, and 11 were essential for 3'-end formation and that Integrators 3 and 10 may be dispensable for processing. Depletion of cleavage and polyadenylation factors or of histone pre-mRNA processing factors did not affect U7 snRNA processing efficiency, demonstrating that the Integrator complex does not share components with the mRNA 3'-end processing machinery. Finally, flies harboring mutations in either Integrator 4 or 7 fail to complete development and accumulate significant levels of misprocessed snRNA in the larval stages.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed uridine-rich snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs) are essential for the removal of introns, proper expression of histone mRNA and biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA. Much is known about their assembly into snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) particles and their ultimate function in the expression of other genes; however, in comparison, less is known about the biosynthesis of these critical non-coding RNAs. The sequence elements necessary for 3' end formation of snRNAs have been identified and, intriguingly, the processing of snRNAs is uniquely dependent on the snRNA promoter, indicating that co-transcriptional processing is important. However, the trans-acting RNA-processing factors that mediate snRNA processing remained elusive, hindering overall progress. Recently, the factors involved in this process were biochemically purified, and designated the Integrator complex. Since their initial discovery, Integrator proteins have been implicated not only in the production of snRNA, but also in other cellular processes that may be independent of snRNA biogenesis. In the present study, we discuss snRNA biosynthesis and the roles of Integrator proteins. We compare models of 3' end formation for different classes of RNA polymerase II transcripts and formulate/propose a model of Integrator function in snRNA biogenesis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hadwiger G, Dour S, Arur S, Fox P, Nonet ML. A monoclonal antibody toolkit for C. elegans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10161. [PMID: 20405020 PMCID: PMC2854156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies are critical tools in many avenues of biological research. Though antibodies can be produced in the research laboratory setting, most research labs working with vertebrates avail themselves of the wide array of commercially available reagents. By contrast, few such reagents are available for work with model organisms. Methodology/Principal Findings We report the production of monoclonal antibodies directed against a wide range of proteins that label specific subcellular and cellular components, and macromolecular complexes. Antibodies were made to synaptobrevin (SNB-1), a component of synaptic vesicles; to Rim (UNC-10), a protein localized to synaptic active zones; to transforming acidic coiled-coil protein (TAC-1), a component of centrosomes; to CENP-C (HCP-4), which in worms labels the entire length of their holocentric chromosomes; to ORC2 (ORC-2), a subunit of the DNA origin replication complex; to the nucleolar phosphoprotein NOPP140 (DAO-5); to the nuclear envelope protein lamin (LMN-1); to EHD1 (RME-1) a marker for recycling endosomes; to caveolin (CAV-1), a marker for caveolae; to the cytochrome P450 (CYP-33E1), a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum; to β-1,3-glucuronyltransferase (SQV-8) that labels the Golgi; to a chaperonin (HSP-60) targeted to mitochondria; to LAMP (LMP-1), a resident protein of lysosomes; to the alpha subunit of the 20S subcomplex (PAS-7) of the 26S proteasome; to dynamin (DYN-1) and to the α-subunit of the adaptor complex 2 (APA-2) as markers for sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis; to the MAGUK, protein disks large (DLG-1) and cadherin (HMR-1), both of which label adherens junctions; to a cytoskeletal linker of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family (ERM-1), which localized to apical membranes; to an ERBIN family protein (LET-413) which localizes to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells and to an adhesion molecule (SAX-7) which localizes to the plasma membrane at cell-cell contacts. In addition to working in whole mount immunocytochemistry, most of these antibodies work on western blots and thus should be of use for biochemical fractionation studies. Conclusions/Significance We have produced a set of monoclonal antibodies to subcellular components of the nematode C. elegans for the research community. These reagents are being made available through the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayla Hadwiger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott Dour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Swathi Arur
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paul Fox
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Nonet
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee TH, Mun JY, Han SM, Yoon G, Han SS, Koo HS. DIC-1 over-expression enhances respiratory activity inCaenorhabditis elegansby promoting mitochondrial cristae formation. Genes Cells 2009; 14:319-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
19
|
Cristae formation—linking ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:5-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|