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Matthew J, Vishwakarma V, Le TP, Agsunod RA, Chung S. Coordination of cell cycle and morphogenesis during organ formation. eLife 2024; 13:e95830. [PMID: 38275142 PMCID: PMC10869137 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Organ formation requires precise regulation of cell cycle and morphogenetic events. Using the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG) as a model, we uncover the role of the SP1/KLF transcription factor Huckebein (Hkb) in coordinating cell cycle regulation and morphogenesis. The hkb mutant SG exhibits defects in invagination positioning and organ size due to the abnormal death of SG cells. Normal SG development involves distal-to-proximal progression of endoreplication (endocycle), whereas hkb mutant SG cells undergo abnormal cell division, leading to cell death. Hkb represses the expression of key cell cycle and pro-apoptotic genes in the SG. Knockdown of cyclin E or cyclin-dependent kinase 1, or overexpression of fizzy-related rescues most of the morphogenetic defects observed in the hkb mutant SG. These results indicate that Hkb plays a critical role in controlling endoreplication by regulating the transcription of key cell cycle effectors to ensure proper organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Matthew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeUnited States
| | - Vishakha Vishwakarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeUnited States
| | - Thao Phuong Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeUnited States
| | - Ryan A Agsunod
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeUnited States
| | - SeYeon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeUnited States
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Qian W, Yamaguchi N, Lis P, Cammer M, Knaut H. Pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization and flow in protrusions to drive collective cell migration. Curr Biol 2024; 34:245-259.e8. [PMID: 38096821 PMCID: PMC10872453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cells often move as collectives to shape organs, close wounds, or-in the case of disease-metastasize. To accomplish this, cells need to generate force to propel themselves forward. The motility of singly migrating cells is driven largely by an interplay between Rho GTPase signaling and the actin network. Whether cells migrating as collectives use the same machinery for motility is unclear. Using the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium as a model for collective cell migration, we find that active RhoA and myosin II cluster on the basal sides of the primordium cells and are required for primordium motility. Positive and negative feedbacks cause RhoA and myosin II activities to pulse. These pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization at the tip of the protrusions and myosin-II-dependent actin flow and protrusion retraction at the base of the protrusions and deform the basement membrane underneath the migrating primordium. This suggests that RhoA-induced actin flow on the basal sides of the cells constitutes the motor that pulls the primordium forward, a scenario that likely underlies collective migration in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Patrycja Lis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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3
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Qian W, Yamaguchi N, Lis P, Cammer M, Knaut H. Pulses of RhoA Signaling Stimulate Actin Polymerization and Flow in Protrusions to Drive Collective Cell Migration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560679. [PMID: 37873192 PMCID: PMC10592895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cells often move as collectives to shape organs, close wounds, or-in the case of disease-metastasize. To accomplish this, cells need to generate force to propel themselves forward. The motility of singly migrating cells is driven largely by an interplay between Rho GTPase signaling and the actin network (Yamada and Sixt, 2019). Whether cells migrating as collectives use the same machinery for motility is unclear. Using the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium as a model for collective cell migration, we find that active RhoA and myosin II cluster on the basal sides of the primordium cells and are required for primordium motility. Positive and negative feedbacks cause RhoA and myosin II activities to pulse. These pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization at the tip of the protrusions and myosin II-dependent actin flow and protrusion retraction at the base of the protrusions, and deform the basement membrane underneath the migrating primordium. This suggests that RhoA-induced actin flow on the basal sides of the cells constitutes the motor that pulls the primordium forward, a scenario that likely underlies collective migration in other-but not all (Bastock and Strutt, 2007; Lebreton and Casanova, 2013; Matthews et al., 2008)-contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Patrycja Lis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy laboratory, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
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Loganathan R, Levings DC, Kim JH, Wells MB, Chiu H, Wu Y, Slattery M, Andrew DJ. Ribbon boosts ribosomal protein gene expression to coordinate organ form and function. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213030. [PMID: 35195669 PMCID: PMC9237840 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell growth is well defined for late (postembryonic) stages of development, but evidence for early (embryonic) cell growth during postmitotic morphogenesis is limited. Here, we report early cell growth as a key characteristic of tubulogenesis in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland (SG) and trachea. A BTB/POZ domain nuclear factor, Ribbon (Rib), mediates this early cell growth. Rib binds the transcription start site of nearly every SG-expressed ribosomal protein gene (RPG) and is required for full expression of all RPGs tested. Rib binding to RPG promoters in vitro is weak and not sequence specific, suggesting that specificity is achieved through cofactor interactions. Accordingly, we demonstrate Rib’s ability to physically interact with each of the three known regulators of RPG transcription. Surprisingly, Rib-dependent early cell growth in another tubular organ, the embryonic trachea, is not mediated by direct RPG transcription. These findings support a model of early cell growth customized by transcriptional regulatory networks to coordinate organ form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C Levings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael B Wells
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hannah Chiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Rice C, De O, Alhadyian H, Hall S, Ward RE. Expanding the Junction: New Insights into Non-Occluding Roles for Septate Junction Proteins during Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33801162 PMCID: PMC8006247 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The septate junction (SJ) provides an occluding function for epithelial tissues in invertebrate organisms. This ability to seal the paracellular route between cells allows internal tissues to create unique compartments for organ function and endows the epidermis with a barrier function to restrict the passage of pathogens. Over the past twenty-five years, numerous investigators have identified more than 30 proteins that are required for the formation or maintenance of the SJs in Drosophila melanogaster, and have determined many of the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. Along the way, it has become clear that SJ proteins are also required for a number of developmental events that occur throughout the life of the organism. Many of these developmental events occur prior to the formation of the occluding junction, suggesting that SJ proteins possess non-occluding functions. In this review, we will describe the composition of SJs, taking note of which proteins are core components of the junction versus resident or accessory proteins, and the steps involved in the biogenesis of the junction. We will then elaborate on the functions that core SJ proteins likely play outside of their role in forming the occluding junction and describe studies that provide some cell biological perspectives that are beginning to provide mechanistic understanding of how these proteins function in developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Rice
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | - Oindrila De
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Haifa Alhadyian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (C.R.); (H.A.)
| | | | - Robert E. Ward
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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Abstract
Introduction Neurofibromin, a protein encoded by the NF1 gene, is mutated in neurofibromatosis 1, one of the most common genetic diseases. Oral manifestations are common and a high prevalence of hyposalivation was recently described in individuals with neurofibromatosis 1. Although neurofibromin is ubiquitously expressed, its expression levels vary depending on the tissue type and developmental stage of the organism. The role of neurofibromin in the development, morphology, and physiology of salivary glands is unknown and a detailed expression of neurofibromin in human normal salivary glands has never been investigated. Aim To investigate the expression levels and distribution of neurofibromin in acinar and ductal cells of major and minor salivary glands of adult individuals without NF1. Material and method Ten samples of morphologically normal major and minor salivary glands (three samples of each gland: parotid, submandibular and minor salivary; and one sample of sublingual gland) from individuals without neurofibromatosis 1 were selected to assess neurofibromin expression through immunohistochemistry. Immunoquantification was performed by a digital method. Results Neurofibromin was expressed in the cytoplasm of both serous and mucous acinar cells, as well as in ducts from all the samples of salivary glands. Staining intensity varied from mild to strong depending on the type of salivary gland and region (acini or ducts). Ducts had higher neurofibromin expression than acinar cells (p = 0.003). There was no statistical association between the expression of neurofibromin and the type of the salivary gland, considering acini (p = 0.09) or ducts (p = 0.50) of the four salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, minor salivary, and sublingual gland). Similar results were obtained comparing the acini (p = 0.35) and ducts (p = 0.50) of minor and major salivary glands. Besides, there was no correlation between the expression of neurofibromin and age (p = 0.08), and sex (p = 0.79) of the individuals, considering simultaneously the neurofibromin levels of acini and duct (n = 34). Conclusion Neurofibromin is expressed in the cytoplasm of serous and mucous acinar cells, and ductal cells of salivary glands, suggesting that this protein is important for salivary gland function.
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Myat MM, Louis D, Mavrommatis A, Collins L, Mattis J, Ledru M, Verghese S, Su TT. Regulators of cell movement during development and regeneration in Drosophila. Open Biol 2019; 9:180245. [PMID: 31039676 PMCID: PMC6544984 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental cell biological process essential both for normal development and for tissue regeneration after damage. Cells can migrate individually or as a collective. To better understand the genetic requirements for collective migration, we expressed RNA interference (RNAi) against 30 genes in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland cells that are known to migrate collectively. The genes were selected based on their effect on cell and membrane morphology, cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in cell culture-based screens or in Drosophila tissues other than salivary glands. Of these, eight disrupted salivary gland migration, targeting: Rac2, Rab35 and Rab40 GTPases, MAP kinase-activated kinase-2 (MAPk-AK2), RdgA diacylglycerol kinase, Cdk9, the PDSW subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ND-PDSW) and actin regulator Enabled (Ena). The same RNAi lines were used to determine their effect during regeneration of X-ray-damaged larval wing discs. Cells translocate during this process, but it remained unknown whether they do so by directed cell divisions, by cell migration or both. We found that RNAi targeting Rac2, MAPk-AK2 and RdgA disrupted cell translocation during wing disc regeneration, but RNAi against Ena and ND-PDSW had little effect. We conclude that, in Drosophila, cell movements in development and regeneration have common as well as distinct genetic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monn Monn Myat
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Dheveline Louis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Andreas Mavrommatis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Latoya Collins
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Jamal Mattis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Michelle Ledru
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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8
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Duque J, Gorfinkiel N. Integration of actomyosin contractility with cell-cell adhesion during dorsal closure. Development 2016; 143:4676-4686. [PMID: 27836966 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we combine genetic perturbation, time-lapse imaging and quantitative image analysis to investigate how pulsatile actomyosin contractility drives cell oscillations, apical cell contraction and tissue closure during morphogenesis of the amnioserosa, the main force-generating tissue during the dorsal closure in Drosophila We show that Myosin activity determines the oscillatory and contractile behaviour of amnioserosa cells. Reducing Myosin activity prevents cell shape oscillations and reduces cell contractility. By contrast, increasing Myosin activity increases the amplitude of cell shape oscillations and the time cells spend in the contracted phase relative to the expanded phase during an oscillatory cycle, promoting cell contractility and tissue closure. Furthermore, we show that in AS cells, Rok controls Myosin foci formation and Mbs regulates not only Myosin phosphorylation but also adhesion dynamics through control of Moesin phosphorylation, showing that Mbs coordinates actomyosin contractility with cell-cell adhesion during amnioserosa morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Duque
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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9
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Myat MM, Patel U. Receptor-Type Guanylyl Cyclase at 76C (Gyc76C) Regulates De Novo Lumen Formation during Drosophila Tracheal Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161865. [PMID: 27642749 PMCID: PMC5028017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen formation and maintenance are important for the development and function of essential organs such as the lung, kidney and vasculature. In the Drosophila embryonic trachea, lumena form de novo to connect the different tracheal branches into an interconnected network of tubes. Here, we identify a novel role for the receptor type guanylyl cyclase at 76C (Gyc76C) in de novo lumen formation in the Drosophila trachea. We show that in embryos mutant for gyc76C or its downsteam effector protein kinase G (PKG) 1, tracheal lumena are disconnected. Dorsal trunk (DT) cells of gyc76C mutant embryos migrate to contact each other and complete the initial steps of lumen formation, such as the accumulation of E-cadherin (E-cad) and formation of an actin track at the site of lumen formation. However, the actin track and E-cad contact site of gyc76C mutant embryos did not mature to become a new lumen and DT lumena did not fuse. We also observed failure of the luminal protein Vermiform to be secreted into the site of new lumen formation in gyc76C mutant trachea. These DT lumen formation defects were accompanied by altered localization of the Arf-like 3 GTPase (Arl3), a known regulator of vesicle-vesicle and vesicle-membrane fusion. In addition to the DT lumen defect, lumena of gyc76C mutant terminal cells were shorter compared to wild-type cells. These studies show that Gyc76C and downstream PKG-dependent signaling regulate de novo lumen formation in the tracheal DT and terminal cells, most likely by affecting Arl3-mediated luminal secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monn Monn Myat
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College-City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Unisha Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
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Septate Junction Proteins Play Essential Roles in Morphogenesis Throughout Embryonic Development in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:2375-84. [PMID: 27261004 PMCID: PMC4978892 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The septate junction (SJ) is the occluding junction found in the ectodermal epithelia of invertebrate organisms, and is essential to maintain chemically distinct compartments in epithelial organs, to provide the blood–brain barrier in the nervous system, and to provide an important line of defense against invading pathogens. More than 20 genes have been identified to function in the establishment or maintenance of SJs in Drosophila melanogaster. Numerous studies have demonstrated the cell biological function of these proteins in establishing the occluding junction, whereas very few studies have examined further developmental roles for them. Here we examined embryos with mutations in nine different core SJ genes and found that all nine result in defects in embryonic development as early as germ band retraction, with the most penetrant defect observed in head involution. SJ genes are also required for cell shape changes and cell rearrangements that drive the elongation of the salivary gland during midembryogenesis. Interestingly, these developmental events occur at a time prior to the formation of the occluding junction, when SJ proteins localize along the lateral membrane and have not yet coalesced into the region of the SJ. Together, these observations reveal an underappreciated role for a large group of SJ genes in essential developmental events during embryogenesis, and suggest that the function of these proteins in facilitating cell shape changes and rearrangements is independent of their role in the occluding junction.
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11
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Secretory cells in honeybee hypopharyngeal gland: polarized organization and age-dependent dynamics of plasma membrane. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:163-74. [PMID: 27210106 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The honeybee hypopharyngeal gland consists in numerous units, each comprising a secretory cell and a canal cell. The secretory cell discharges its products into a convoluted tubular membrane system, the canaliculus, which is surrounded at regular intervals by rings of actin filaments. Using probes for various membrane components, we analyze the organization of the secretory cells relative to the apicobasal configuration of epithelial cells. The canaliculus was defined by labeling with an antibody against phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin (pERM), a marker protein for the apical membrane domain of epithelial cells. Anti-phosphotyrosine visualizes the canalicular system, possibly by staining the microvillar tips. The open end of the canaliculus leads to a region in which the secretory cell is attached to the canal cell by adherens and septate junctions. The remaining plasma membrane stains for Na,K-ATPase and spectrin and represents the basolateral domain. We also used fluorophore-tagged phalloidin, anti-phosphotyrosine and anti-pERM as probes for the canaliculus in order to describe fine-structural changes in the organization of the canalicular system during the adult life cycle. These probes in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy allow the fast and detailed three-dimensional analysis of the canalicular membrane system and its structural changes in a developmental mode or in response to environmental factors.
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12
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Orchestrated content release from Drosophila glue-protein vesicles by a contractile actomyosin network. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 18:181-90. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Myat MM, Rashmi RN, Manna D, Xu N, Patel U, Galiano M, Zielinski K, Lam A, Welte MA. Drosophila KASH-domain protein Klarsicht regulates microtubule stability and integrin receptor localization during collective cell migration. Dev Biol 2015; 407:103-14. [PMID: 26247519 PMCID: PMC4785808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During collective migration of the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland, cells rearrange to form a tube of a distinct shape and size. Here, we report a novel role for the Drosophila Klarsicht-Anc-Syne Homology (KASH) domain protein Klarsicht (Klar) in the regulation of microtubule (MT) stability and integrin receptor localization during salivary gland migration. In wild-type salivary glands, MTs became progressively stabilized as gland migration progressed. In embryos specifically lacking the KASH domain containing isoforms of Klar, salivary gland cells failed to rearrange and migrate, and these defects were accompanied by decreased MT stability and altered integrin receptor localization. In muscles and photoreceptors, KASH isoforms of Klar work together with Klaroid (Koi), a SUN domain protein, to position nuclei; however, loss of Koi had no effect on salivary gland migration, suggesting that Klar controls gland migration through novel interactors. The disrupted cell rearrangement and integrin localization observed in klar mutants could be mimicked by overexpressing Spastin (Spas), a MT severing protein, in otherwise wild-type salivary glands. In turn, promoting MT stability by reducing spas gene dosage in klar mutant embryos rescued the integrin localization, cell rearrangement and gland migration defects. Klar genetically interacts with the Rho1 small GTPase in salivary gland migration and is required for the subcellular localization of Rho1. We also show that Klar binds tubulin directly in vitro. Our studies provide the first evidence that a KASH-domain protein regulates the MT cytoskeleton and integrin localization during collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Myat
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College - CUNY, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA.
| | - R N Rashmi
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College - CUNY, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - D Manna
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - N Xu
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College - CUNY, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - U Patel
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College - CUNY, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - M Galiano
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College - CUNY, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - K Zielinski
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College - CUNY, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - A Lam
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College - CUNY, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - M A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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14
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Loganathan R, Lee JS, Wells MB, Grevengoed E, Slattery M, Andrew DJ. Ribbon regulates morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland through transcriptional activation and repression. Dev Biol 2015; 409:234-250. [PMID: 26477561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors affect spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression often regulating multiple aspects of tissue morphogenesis, including cell-type specification, cell proliferation, cell death, cell polarity, cell shape, cell arrangement and cell migration. In this work, we describe a distinct role for Ribbon (Rib) in controlling cell shape/volume increases during elongation of the Drosophila salivary gland (SG). Notably, the morphogenetic changes in rib mutants occurred without effects on general SG cell attributes such as specification, proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, the changes in cell shape/volume in rib mutants occurred without compromising epithelial-specific morphological attributes such as apicobasal polarity and junctional integrity. To identify the genes regulated by Rib, we performed ChIP-seq analysis in embryos driving expression of GFP-tagged Rib specifically in the SGs. To learn if the Rib binding sites identified in the ChIP-seq analysis were linked to changes in gene expression, we performed microarray analysis comparing RNA samples from age-matched wild-type and rib null embryos. From the superposed ChIP-seq and microarray gene expression data, we identified 60 genomic sites bound by Rib likely to regulate SG-specific gene expression. We confirmed several of the identified Rib targets by qRT-pCR and/or in situ hybridization. Our results indicate that Rib regulates cell growth and tissue shape in the Drosophila salivary gland via a diverse array of targets through both transcriptional activation and repression. Furthermore, our results suggest that autoregulation of rib expression may be a key component of the SG morphogenetic gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Joslynn S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Michael B Wells
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Elizabeth Grevengoed
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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15
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Zheng F, Liao YJ, Cai MY, Liu TH, Chen SP, Wu PH, Wu L, Bian XW, Guan XY, Zeng YX, Yuan YF, Kung HF, Xie D. Systemic delivery of microRNA-101 potently inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo by repressing multiple targets. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004873. [PMID: 25693145 PMCID: PMC4334495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy based on adjustment of microRNA (miRNA)s activity takes great promise due to the ability of these small RNAs to modulate cellular behavior. However, the efficacy of miR-101 replacement therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In the current study, we first observed that plasma levels of miR-101 were significantly lower in distant metastatic HCC patients than in HCCs without distant metastasis, and down-regulation of plasma miR-101 predicted a worse disease-free survival (DFS, P<0.05). In an animal model of HCC, we demonstrated that systemic delivery of lentivirus-mediated miR-101 abrogated HCC growth in the liver, intrahepatic metastasis and distant metastasis to the lung and to the mediastinum, resulting in a dramatic suppression of HCC development and metastasis in mice without toxicity and extending life expectancy. Furthermore, enforced overexpression of miR-101 in HCC cells not only decreased EZH2, COX2 and STMN1, but also directly down-regulated a novel target ROCK2, inhibited Rho/Rac GTPase activation, and blocked HCC cells epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis, inducing a strong abrogation of HCC tumorigenesis and aggressiveness both in vitro and in vivo. These results provide proof-of-concept support for systemic delivery of lentivirus-mediated miR-101 as a powerful anti-HCC therapeutic modality by repressing multiple molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ji Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Hao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Peng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Tumor Interventional Therapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, People’s Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ukken FP, Aprill I, JayaNandanan N, Leptin M. Slik and the receptor tyrosine kinase Breathless mediate localized activation of Moesin in terminal tracheal cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103323. [PMID: 25061859 PMCID: PMC4111555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key element in the regulation of subcellular branching and tube morphogenesis of the Drosophila tracheal system is the organization of the actin cytoskeleton by the ERM protein Moesin. Activation of Moesin within specific subdomains of cells, critical for its interaction with actin, is a tightly controlled process and involves regulatory inputs from membrane proteins, kinases and phosphatases. The kinases that activate Moesin in tracheal cells are not known. Here we show that the Sterile-20 like kinase Slik, enriched at the luminal membrane, is necessary for the activation of Moesin at the luminal membrane and regulates branching and subcellular tube morphogenesis of terminal cells. Our results reveal the FGF-receptor Breathless as an additional necessary cue for the activation of Moesin in terminal cells. Breathless-mediated activation of Moesin is independent of the canonical MAP kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imola Aprill
- Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N. JayaNandanan
- Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NJ); (ML)
| | - Maria Leptin
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NJ); (ML)
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17
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Chung S, Hanlon CD, Andrew DJ. Building and specializing epithelial tubular organs: the Drosophila salivary gland as a model system for revealing how epithelial organs are specified, form and specialize. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:281-300. [PMID: 25208491 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed incredible progress toward understanding the genetic and cellular mechanisms of organogenesis. Among the organs that have provided key insight into how patterning information is integrated to specify and build functional body parts is the Drosophila salivary gland, a relatively simple epithelial organ specialized for the synthesis and secretion of high levels of protein. Here, we discuss what the past couple of decades of research have revealed about organ specification, development, specialization, and death, and what general principles emerge from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeYeon Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin D Hanlon
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Girdler GC, Röper K. Controlling cell shape changes during salivary gland tube formation in Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:74-81. [PMID: 24685610 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Any type of tubulogenesis is a process that is highly coordinated between large numbers of cells. Like other morphogenetic processes, it is driven to a great extent by complex cell shape changes and cell rearrangements. The formation of the salivary glands in the fly embryo provides an ideal model system to study these changes and rearrangements, because upon specification of the cells that are destined to form the tube, there is no further cell division or cell death. Thus, morphogenesis of the salivary gland tubes is entirely driven by cell shape changes and rearrangements. In this review, we will discuss and distill from the literature what is known about the control of cell shape during the early invagination process and whilst the tubes extend in the fly embryo at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Girdler
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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19
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Sánchez-Herrero E. Hox targets and cellular functions. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:738257. [PMID: 24490109 PMCID: PMC3892749 DOI: 10.1155/2013/738257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hox genes are a group of genes that specify structures along the anteroposterior axis in bilaterians. Although in many cases they do so by modifying a homologous structure with a different (or no) Hox input, there are also examples of Hox genes constructing new organs with no homology in other regions of the body. Hox genes determine structures though the regulation of targets implementing cellular functions and by coordinating cell behavior. The genetic organization to construct or modify a certain organ involves both a genetic cascade through intermediate transcription factors and a direct regulation of targets carrying out cellular functions. In this review I discuss new data from genome-wide techniques, as well as previous genetic and developmental information, to describe some examples of Hox regulation of different cell functions. I also discuss the organization of genetic cascades leading to the development of new organs, mainly using Drosophila melanogaster as the model to analyze Hox function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Sánchez-Herrero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Patel U, Myat MM. Receptor guanylyl cyclase Gyc76C is required for invagination, collective migration and lumen shape in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland. Biol Open 2013; 2:711-7. [PMID: 23862019 PMCID: PMC3711039 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila embryonic salivary gland is formed by the invagination and collective migration of cells. Here, we report on a novel developmental role for receptor-type guanylyl cyclase at 76C, Gyc76C, in morphogenesis of the salivary gland. We demonstrate that Gyc76C and downstream cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (DG1) function in the gland and surrounding mesoderm to control invagination, collective migration and lumen shape. Loss of gyc76C resulted in glands that failed to invaginate, complete posterior migration and had branched lumens. Salivary gland migration defects of gyc76C mutant embryos were rescued by expression of wild-type gyc76C specifically in the gland or surrounding mesoderm, whereas invagination defects were rescued primarily by expression in the gland. In migrating salivary glands of gyc76C mutant embryos, integrin subunits localized normally to gland-mesoderm contact sites but talin localization in the surrounding circular visceral mesoderm and fat body was altered. The extracellular matrix protein, laminin, also failed to accumulate around the migrating salivary gland of gyc76C mutant embryos, and gyc76C and laminin genetically interacted in gland migration. Our studies suggest that gyc76C controls salivary gland invagination, collective migration and lumen shape, in part by regulating the localization of talin and the laminin matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monn Monn Myat
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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21
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Rousso T, Shewan AM, Mostov KE, Schejter ED, Shilo BZ. Apical targeting of the formin Diaphanous in Drosophila tubular epithelia. eLife 2013; 2:e00666. [PMID: 23853710 PMCID: PMC3707080 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical secretion from epithelial tubes of the Drosophila embryo is mediated by apical F-actin cables generated by the formin-family protein Diaphanous (Dia). Apical localization and activity of Dia are at the core of restricting F-actin formation to the correct membrane domain. Here we identify the mechanisms that target Dia to the apical surface. PI(4,5)P2 levels at the apical membrane regulate Dia localization in both the MDCK cyst model and in Drosophila tubular epithelia. An N-terminal basic domain of Dia is crucial for apical localization, implying direct binding to PI(4,5)P2. Dia apical targeting also depends on binding to Rho1, which is critical for activation-induced conformational change, as well as physically anchoring Dia to the apical membrane. We demonstrate that binding to Rho1 facilitates interaction with PI(4,5)P2 at the plane of the membrane. Together these cues ensure efficient and distinct restriction of Dia to the apical membrane. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00666.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Rousso
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Annette M Shewan
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eyal D Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Baumann O, Bauer A. Development of apical membrane organization and V-ATPase regulation in blowfly salivary glands. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:1225-34. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.077420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Secretory cells in blowfly salivary gland are specialized via morphological and physiological attributes in order to serve their main function, i.e. the transport of solutes at a high rate in response to a hormonal stimulus, namely serotonin (5-HT). This study examines the way that 5-HT-insensitive precursor cells differentiate into morphologically complex 5-HT-responsive secretory cells. By means of immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoblotting and measurements of the transepithelial potential changes, we show the following. (1) The apical membrane of the secretory cells becomes organized into an elaborate system of canaliculi and is folded into pleats during the last pupal day and the first day of adulthood. (2) The structural reorganization of the apical membrane is accompanied by an enrichment of actin filaments and phosphorylated ERM protein (phospho-moesin) at this membrane domain and by the deployment of the membrane-integral part of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). These findings suggest a role for phospho-moesin, a linker between actin filaments and membrane components, in apical membrane morphogenesis. (3) The assembly and activation of V-ATPase can be induced immediately after eclosion by way of 8-CPT-cAMP, a membrane-permeant cAMP analogue. (4) 5-HT, however, produces the assembly and activation of V-ATPase only in flies aged for at least 2 h after eclosion, indicating that, at eclosion, the 5-HT receptor/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signalling pathway is inoperative upstream of cAMP. (5) 5-HT activates both the Ca2+ signalling pathway and the cAMP signalling cascade in fully differentiated secretory cells. However, the functionality of these signalling cascades does not seem to be established in a tightly coordinated manner during cell differentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Baumann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Zoophysiologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexandra Bauer
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Zoophysiologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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23
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Pirraglia C, Walters J, Ahn N, Myat MM. Rac1 GTPase acts downstream of αPS1βPS integrin to control collective migration and lumen size in the Drosophila salivary gland. Dev Biol 2013; 377:21-32. [PMID: 23500171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
During collective migration of the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland, the distal gland cells mediate integrin-based contacts with surrounding tissues while proximal gland cells change shape and rearrange. Here, we show that αPS1βPS integrin controls salivary gland migration through Rac1 GTPase which downregulates E-cadherin in proximal and distal gland cells, and promotes extension of actin-rich basal membrane protrusions in the distal cells. In embryos mutant for multiple edematous wings (mew), which encodes the αPS1 subunit of the αPS1βPS integrin heterodimer, or rac1 and rac2 GTPases, salivary gland cells failed to migrate, to downregulate E-cadherin and to extend basal membrane protrusions. Selective inhibition of Rac1 in just the proximal or distal gland cells demonstrate that proximal gland cells play an active role in the collective migration of the whole gland and that continued migration of the distal cells depends on the proximal cells. Loss of rac1rac2 also affected gland lumen length and width whereas, loss of mew affected lumen length only. Activation of rac1 in mew mutant embryos significantly rescued the gland migration, lumen length and basal membrane protrusion defects and partially rescued the E-cadherin defects. Independent of mew, Rac regulates cell shape change and rearrangement in the proximal gland, which is important for migration and lumen width. Our studies shed novel insight into a Rac1-mediated link between integrin and cadherin adhesion proteins in vivo, control of lumen length and width and how activities of proximal and distal gland cells are coordinated to result in the collective migration of the entire salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Pirraglia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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24
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Xu N, Myat MM. Coordinated control of lumen size and collective migration in the salivary gland. Fly (Austin) 2012; 6:142-6. [PMID: 22688086 DOI: 10.4161/fly.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila embryonic salivary gland is a powerful system to analyze the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tubulogenesis in vivo. The secretory portion of the salivary gland (referred to here as the salivary gland), is a pair of elongated epithelial tubes with a single central lumen, that is formed by the invagination and collective migration of gland cells from the ventral surface of the embryo. ( 1) (,) ( 2) As the salivary gland elongates during migration, the central lumen elongates and narrows at the proximal end. ( 3) A number of genes are known to regulate salivary gland migration and/or lumen size (Table 1); however, it is only recently that we have begun to analyze how control of salivary gland migration is coordinated with control of lumen size. To understand coordinated control of salivary gland migration and lumen size, we analyzed the role of the single Drosophila Rho GTPase, Rho1, in salivary gland tubulogenesis. In addition to the requirement of Rho1 in salivary gland invagination and migration (Xu et al., 2008), our recent studies show that Rho1 controls salivary gland lumen width and length during the migration process (Fig. 1). These studies reveal that Rho1-mediated processes at the proximal end of the migrating salivary gland, such as cell shape change, cell rearrangement and apical domain elongation, contribute to collective migration, and narrowing and elongation of the lumen. ( 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
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