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Carroll SH, Schafer S, Dalessandro E, Ho TV, Chai Y, Liao EC. Neural crest and periderm-specific requirements of Irf6 during neural tube and craniofacial development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598425. [PMID: 38915513 PMCID: PMC11195129 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
IRF6 is a key genetic determinant of syndromic and non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. The ability to interrogate post-embryonic requirements of Irf6 has been hindered, as global Irf6 ablation in the mouse causes neonatal lethality. Prior work analyzing Irf6 in mouse models defined its role in the embryonic surface epithelium and periderm where it is required to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Several reports have also described Irf6 gene expression in other cell types, such as muscle, and neuroectoderm. However, analysis of a functional role in non-epithelial cell lineages has been incomplete due to the severity and lethality of the Irf6 knockout model and the paucity of work with a conditional Irf6 allele. Here we describe the generation and characterization of a new Irf6 floxed mouse model and analysis of Irf6 ablation in periderm and neural crest lineages. This work found that loss of Irf6 in periderm recapitulates a mild Irf6 null phenotype, suggesting that Irf6-mediated signaling in periderm plays a crucial role in regulating embryonic development. Further, conditional ablation of Irf6 in neural crest cells resulted in an anterior neural tube defect of variable penetrance. The generation of this conditional Irf6 allele allows for new insights into craniofacial development and new exploration into the post-natal role of Irf6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Carroll
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sogand Schafer
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen Dalessandro
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Craniofacial Innovation, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL 33607, USA
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2
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Stanton E, Sheridan S, Urata M, Chai Y. From Bedside to Bench and Back: Advancing Our Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Cleft Palate and Implications for the Future. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:759-773. [PMID: 36457208 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221142098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of cleft palate (CP) and future perspectives. DESIGN Literature review. SETTING Setting varied across studies by level of care and geographical locations. INTERVENTIONS No interventions were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Primary outcome measures were to summarize our current understanding of palatogenesis in humans and animal models, the pathophysiology of CP, and potential future treatment modalities. RESULTS Animal research has provided considerable insight into the pathophysiology, molecular and cellular mechanisms of CP that have allowed for the development of novel treatment strategies. However, much work has yet to be done to connect our mouse model investigations and discoveries to CP in humans. The success of innovative strategies for tissue regeneration in mice provides promise for an exciting new avenue for improved and more targeted management of cleft care with precision medicine in patients. However, significant barriers to clinical translation remain. Among the most notable challenges include the differences in some aspects of palatogenesis and tissue repair between mice and humans, suggesting that potential therapies that have worked in animal models may not provide similar benefits to humans. CONCLUSIONS Increased translation of pathophysiological and tissue regeneration studies to clinical trials will bridge a wide gap in knowledge between animal models and human disease. By enhancing interaction between basic scientists and clinicians, and employing our animal model findings of disease mechanisms in concert with what we glean in the clinic, we can generate a more targeted and improved treatment algorithm for patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Stanton
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Sheridan
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Urata
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Ramal M, Corral S, Kalisz M, Lapi E, Real FX. The urothelial gene regulatory network: understanding biology to improve bladder cancer management. Oncogene 2024; 43:1-21. [PMID: 37996699 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The urothelium is a stratified epithelium composed of basal cells, one or more layers of intermediate cells, and an upper layer of differentiated umbrella cells. Most bladder cancers (BLCA) are urothelial carcinomas. Loss of urothelial lineage fidelity results in altered differentiation, highlighted by the taxonomic classification into basal and luminal tumors. There is a need to better understand the urothelial transcriptional networks. To systematically identify transcription factors (TFs) relevant for urothelial identity, we defined highly expressed TFs in normal human bladder using RNA-Seq data and inferred their genomic binding using ATAC-Seq data. To focus on epithelial TFs, we analyzed RNA-Seq data from patient-derived organoids recapitulating features of basal/luminal tumors. We classified TFs as "luminal-enriched", "basal-enriched" or "common" according to expression in organoids. We validated our classification by differential gene expression analysis in Luminal Papillary vs. Basal/Squamous tumors. Genomic analyses revealed well-known TFs associated with luminal (e.g., PPARG, GATA3, FOXA1) and basal (e.g., TP63, TFAP2) phenotypes and novel candidates to play a role in urothelial differentiation or BLCA (e.g., MECOM, TBX3). We also identified TF families (e.g., KLFs, AP1, circadian clock, sex hormone receptors) for which there is suggestive evidence of their involvement in urothelial differentiation and/or BLCA. Genomic alterations in these TFs are associated with BLCA. We uncover a TF network involved in urothelial cell identity and BLCA. We identify novel candidate TFs involved in differentiation and cancer that provide opportunities for a better understanding of the underlying biology and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ramal
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Corral
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Kalisz
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eleonora Lapi
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Wang X, Liu W, Luo X, Zheng Q, Shi B, Liu R, Li C. Mesenchymal β-catenin signaling affects palatogenesis by regulating α-actinin-4 and F-actin. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3493-3502. [PMID: 36251469 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous research have found that mesenchymal β-catenin may be involved in palatal shelf (PS) elevation by regulating F-actin. Here, we further investigated the exact mechanism of β-catenin/F-actin in the PS mesenchyme to regulate palatal reorientation. MATERIALS AND METHODS (1) Firstly, Ctnnb1ex3f (β-catenin) mice were conditionally overexpressed in the palatal mesenchyme by crossing with the Sox9-creERT2 mice (induced by Tamoxifen injections); (2) Subsequently, histology and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize the variations of PS morphology and expression of key molecules associated with developmental process; (3) Finally, experiments in vivo and ex vivo were employed to identify the critical mechanisms in β-catenin silenced and overexpressed models. RESULTS We found that the Sox9CreER; Ctnnb1ex3f mice exhibited failed palatal elevation and visible cleft palate, and overexpression of β-catenin disturbed the F-actin responsible for cytoskeletal remodeling in palatal mesenchymal cells. qRT-PCR results showed mRNA levels of α-actinin4, a gene involved in F-actin cross-linking, were associated with knockdown or overexpression of β-catenin in ex vivo, respectively. Experiments in vivo revealed that mesenchymal specific inactivation or overexpression of β-catenin exhibited decreased or increased α-actinin-4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Mesenchymal β-catenin/F-actin plays an essential role in PS reorientation, which mediate α-actinin-4 to regulate F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Yoshida N, Inubushi T, Hirose T, Aoyama G, Kurosaka H, Yamashiro T. The roles of JAK2/STAT3 signaling in fusion of the secondary palate. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050085. [PMID: 37846594 PMCID: PMC10602007 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate has a multifactorial etiology. In palatal fusion, the contacting medial edge epithelium (MEE) forms the epithelial seam, which is subsequently removed with the reduction of p63. Failure in this process results in a cleft palate. We herein report the involvement of janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in palatal fusion and that folic acid rescues the fusing defect by reactivating JAK2/STAT3. In closure of bilateral palatal shelves, STAT3 phosphorylation was activated at the fusing MEE and mesenchyme underlying the MEE. JAK2 inhibition by AG490 inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and resulted in palatal fusion failure without removal of the epithelial seam, in which p63 and keratin 17 (K17) periderm markers were retained. Folic acid application restored STAT3 phosphorylation in AG490-treated palatal explants and rescued the fusion defect, in which the p63- and K17-positive epithelial seam were removed. The AG490-induced palatal defect was also rescued in p63 haploinsufficient explants. These findings suggest that JAK2/STAT3 signaling is involved in palatal fusion by suppressing p63 expression in MEE and that folate restores the fusion defect by reactivating JAK2/STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yoshida
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takumi Hirose
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gozo Aoyama
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Won HJ, Kim JW, Won HS, Shin JO. Gene Regulatory Networks and Signaling Pathways in Palatogenesis and Cleft Palate: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2023; 12:1954. [PMID: 37566033 PMCID: PMC10416829 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Palatogenesis is a complex and intricate process involving the formation of the palate through various morphogenetic events highly dependent on the surrounding context. These events comprise outgrowth of palatal shelves from embryonic maxillary prominences, their elevation from a vertical to a horizontal position above the tongue, and their subsequent adhesion and fusion at the midline to separate oral and nasal cavities. Disruptions in any of these processes can result in cleft palate, a common congenital abnormality that significantly affects patient's quality of life, despite surgical intervention. Although many genes involved in palatogenesis have been identified through studies on genetically modified mice and human genetics, the precise roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks that regulate palatogenesis remain elusive. Recent investigations have revealed that palatal shelf growth, patterning, adhesion, and fusion are intricately regulated by numerous transcription factors and signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), transforming growth factor beta (Tgf-β), Wnt signaling, and others. These studies have also identified a significant number of genes that are essential for palate development. Integrated information from these studies offers novel insights into gene regulatory networks and dynamic cellular processes underlying palatal shelf elevation, contact, and fusion, deepening our understanding of palatogenesis, and facilitating the development of more efficacious treatments for cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Won
- Department of Anatomy, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
- Jesaeng-Euise Clinical Anatomy Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Shin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 33151, Republic of Korea
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7
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Li MJ, Kumari P, Lin YS, Yao ML, Zhang BH, Yin B, Duan SJ, Cornell R, Marazita M, Shi B, Jia ZL. A Variant in the IRF6 Promoter Associated with the Risk for Orofacial Clefting. J Dent Res 2023; 102:806-813. [PMID: 37161310 PMCID: PMC10399074 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231165210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2235371 (IRF6 V274I) is associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in Han Chinese and other populations but appears to be without a functional effect. To find the common etiologic variant or variants within the haplotype tagged by rs2235371, we carried out targeted sequencing of an interval containing IRF6 in 159 Han Chinese with NSCL/P. This study revealed that the SNP rs12403599, within the IRF6 promoter, is associated with all phenotypes of NSCL/P, especially nonsyndromic cleft lip (NSCLO) and a subphenotype of it, microform cleft lip (MCL). This association was replicated in 2 additional much larger cohorts of cases and controls from the Han Chinese. Conditional logistic analysis indicated that association of rs2235371 with NSCL/P was lost if rs12403599 was excluded. rs12403599 contributes the most risk to MCL: its G allele is responsible for 38.47% of the genetic contribution to MCL, and the odds ratios of G/C and G/G genotypes were 2.91 and 6.58, respectively, for MCL. To test if rs12403599 is functional, we carried out reporter assays in a fetal oral epithelium cells (GMSM-K). Unexpectedly, the risk allele G yielded higher promoter activity in GMSM-K. Consistent with the reporter studies, expression of IRF6 in lip tissues from NSCLO and MCL patients with the G/G phenotype was higher than in those from patients with the C/C phenotype. These results indicate that rs12403599 is tagging the risk haplotype for NSCL/P better than rs2235371 in Han Chinese and supports investigation of the mechanisms by which the allele of rs12403599 affects IRF6 expression and tests of this association in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.-J. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - P. Kumari
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Y.-S. Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M.-L. Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B.-H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B. Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S.-J. Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R.A. Cornell
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M.L. Marazita
- Centre for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - B. Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Z.-l. Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Chen X, Li N, Hu P, Li L, Li D, Liu H, Zhu L, Xiao J, Liu C. Deficiency of Fam20b-Catalyzed Glycosaminoglycan Chain Synthesis in Neural Crest Leads to Cleft Palate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119634. [PMID: 37298583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common birth defects. Previous studies revealed that multiple factors, including impaired intracellular or intercellular signals, and incoordination of oral organs led to cleft palate, but were little concerned about the contribution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during palatogenesis. Proteoglycans (PGs) are one of the important macromolecules in the ECM. They exert biological functions through one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to core proteins. The family with sequence similarity 20 member b (Fam20b) are newly identified kinase-phosphorylating xylose residues that promote the correct assembly of the tetrasaccharide linkage region by creating a premise for GAG chain elongation. In this study, we explored the function of GAG chains in palate development through Wnt1-Cre; Fam20bf/f mice, which exhibited complete cleft palate, malformed tongue, and micrognathia. In contrast, Osr2-Cre; Fam20bf/f mice, in which Fam20b was deleted only in palatal mesenchyme, showed no abnormality, suggesting that failed palatal elevation in Wnt1-Cre; Fam20bf/f mice was secondary to micrognathia. In addition, the reduced GAG chains promoted the apoptosis of palatal cells, primarily resulting in reduced cell density and decreased palatal volume. The suppressed BMP signaling and reduced mineralization indicated an impaired osteogenesis of palatine, which could be rescued partially by constitutively active Bmpr1a. Together, our study highlighted the key role of GAG chains in palate morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Leilei Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Danya Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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9
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Saroya G, Hu J, Hu M, Panaretos C, Mann J, Kim S, Bush J, Kaartinen V. Periderm Fate during Palatogenesis: TGF-β and Periderm Dedifferentiation. J Dent Res 2023; 102:459-466. [PMID: 36751050 PMCID: PMC10041600 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221146454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of palatogenesis results in cleft palate, one of the most common congenital disabilities in humans. During the final phases of palatogenesis, the protective function of the peridermal cell layer must be eliminated for the medial edge epithelia to adhere properly, which is a prerequisite for the successful fusion of the secondary palate. However, a deeper understanding of the role and fate of the periderm in palatal adherence and fusion has been hampered due to a lack of appropriate periderm-specific genetic tools to examine this cell type in vivo. Here we used the cytokeratin-6A (Krt-6a) locus to develop both constitutive (Krt6ai-Cre) and inducible (Krt6ai-CreERT2) periderm-specific Cre driver mouse lines. These novel lines allowed us to achieve both the spatial and temporal control needed to dissect the periderm fate on a cellular resolution during palatogenesis. Our studies suggest that, already before the opposing palatal shelves contact each other, at least some palatal periderm cells start to gradually lose their squamous periderm-like phenotype and dedifferentiate into cuboidal cells, reminiscent of the basal epithelial cells seen in the palatal midline seam. Moreover, we show that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a critical periderm-specific role in palatogenesis. Thirty-three percent of embryos lacking a gene encoding the TGF-β type I receptor (Tgfbr1) in the periderm display a complete cleft of the secondary palate. Our subsequent experiments demonstrated that Tgfbr1-deficient periderm fails to undergo appropriate dedifferentiation. These studies define the periderm cell fate during palatogenesis and reveal a novel, critical role for TGF-β signaling in periderm dedifferentiation, which is a prerequisite for appropriate palatal epithelial adhesion and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Saroya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C. Panaretos
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Mann
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S. Kim
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J.O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V. Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Nasroen SL, Maskoen AM, Soedjana H, Hilmanto D, Gani BA. The IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism relate to the severity of non-syndromic orofacial cleft of Indonesian patients. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2023; 72:8-15. [PMID: 36847740 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.21.04572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism is known as IRF6 rs642961. It has been associated with a nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (NS OFC). This study aimed to determine the IRF6 rs642961 as a risk factor associated with NS OFC and its phenotypes. METHODS The case-control design used for 264 subjects consists of 158 NS CLP subjects (42 CU CLP, 34 CB CLP, 33 CLO, 49 CPOs) and 106 healthy controls. The DNA is extracted from venous blood. The segment of IRF6 rs642961 amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length of polymorphisms (RFLPs) used the MspI digestion enzyme. The qPCR method to identify the mRNA expression levels of the IRF6 gene rs642961 was analyzed by the Livak method. RESULTS The study results show that in NS CB CLP phenotype as the most severe phenotype of NS OFC, the Odds Ratio (OR) of A mutant allele was 5.094 (CI=1.456-17.820; P=0.011) and the OR of AA homozygous mutant genotype was 13.481 (CI=2.648-68.635; P=0.001). There are different levels of mRNA expression changes from NS OFC and its phenotypes. It is substantial among the 2-ΔΔCt and the group of AA, GA, and GG genotypes (P<0.05); in the NS CPO phenotype, it shows IRF6 mRNA under-expression in GA, AA genotypes while in other phenotypes it shows IRF6 mRNA overexpression. CONCLUSIONS The IRF6 AP-2α binding site polymorphism is strongly associated with the severity of NS OFC, and this polymorphism has a functional role in affecting IRF6 mRNA expression that is variable in each phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Nasroen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi, Bandung, Indonesia -
| | - Ani M Maskoen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hardisiswo Soedjana
- Division of Plastic Surgery Reconstruction and Esthetic, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Dany Hilmanto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Basri A Gani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Indonesia
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11
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Hammond NL, Dixon MJ. Revisiting the embryogenesis of lip and palate development. Oral Dis 2022; 28:1306-1326. [PMID: 35226783 PMCID: PMC10234451 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), the major causes of congenital facial malformation globally, result from failure of fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. With a prevalence of 1 in 500-2500 live births, CLP causes major morbidity throughout life as a result of problems with facial appearance, feeding, speaking, obstructive apnoea, hearing and social adjustment and requires complex, multi-disciplinary care at considerable cost to healthcare systems worldwide. Long-term outcomes for affected individuals include increased mortality compared with their unaffected siblings. The frequent occurrence and major healthcare burden imposed by CLP highlight the importance of dissecting the molecular mechanisms driving facial development. Identification of the genetic mutations underlying syndromic forms of CLP, where CLP occurs in association with non-cleft clinical features, allied to developmental studies using appropriate animal models is central to our understanding of the molecular events underlying development of the lip and palate and, ultimately, how these are disturbed in CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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12
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Nagasaka A, Sakiyama K, Bando Y, Yamamoto M, Abe S, Amano O. Spatiotemporal Gene Expression Regions along the Anterior-Posterior Axis in Mouse Embryos before and after Palatal Elevation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095160. [PMID: 35563549 PMCID: PMC9106036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian secondary palate is formed through complex developmental processes: growth, elevation, and fusion. Although it is known that the palatal elevation pattern changes along the anterior-posterior axis, it is unclear what molecules are expressed and whether their locations change before and after elevation. We examined the expression regions of molecules associated with palatal shelf elevation (Pax9, Osr2, and Tgfβ3) and tissue deformation (F-actin, E-cadherin, and Ki67) using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in mouse embryos at E13.5 (before elevation) and E14.5 (after elevation). Pax9 was expressed at significantly higher levels in the lingual/nasal region in the anterior and middle parts, as well as in the buccal/oral region in the posterior part at E13.5. At E14.5, Pax9 was expressed at significantly higher levels in both the lingual/nasal and buccal/oral regions in the anterior and middle parts and the buccal/oral regions in the posterior part. Osr2 was expressed at significantly higher levels in the buccal/oral region in all parts at E13.5 and was more strongly expressed at E13.5 than at E14.5 in all regions. No spatiotemporal changes were found in the other molecules. These results suggested that Pax9 and Osr2 are critical molecules leading to differences in the elevation pattern in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Nagasaka
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Koji Sakiyama
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Yasuhiko Bando
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Masahito Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; (M.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; (M.Y.); (S.A.)
| | - Osamu Amano
- Division of Histology/Anatomy, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado 350-0283, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.B.); (O.A.)
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13
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Mouse models in palate development and orofacial cleft research: Understanding the crucial role and regulation of epithelial integrity in facial and palate morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:13-50. [PMID: 35461563 PMCID: PMC9060390 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and cleft palate are common birth defects resulting from genetic and/or environmental perturbations of facial development in utero. Facial morphogenesis commences during early embryogenesis, with cranial neural crest cells interacting with the surface ectoderm to form initially partly separate facial primordia consisting of the medial and lateral nasal prominences, and paired maxillary and mandibular processes. As these facial primordia grow around the primitive oral cavity and merge toward the ventral midline, the surface ectoderm undergoes a critical differentiation step to form an outer layer of flattened and tightly connected periderm cells with a non-stick apical surface that prevents epithelial adhesion. Formation of the upper lip and palate requires spatiotemporally regulated inter-epithelial adhesions and subsequent dissolution of the intervening epithelial seam between the maxillary and medial/lateral nasal processes and between the palatal shelves. Proper regulation of epithelial integrity plays a paramount role during human facial development, as mutations in genes encoding epithelial adhesion molecules and their regulators have been associated with syndromic and non-syndromic orofacial clefts. In this chapter, we summarize mouse genetic studies that have been instrumental in unraveling the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity and periderm differentiation during facial and palate development. Since proper epithelial integrity also plays crucial roles in wound healing and cancer, understanding the mechanisms regulating epithelial integrity during facial development have direct implications for improvement in clinical care of craniofacial patients.
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14
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Shi X, Wang Q, Sun C, Guo Q, Song T. Study on the role of methylation in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate using a monozygotic twin model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 143:110659. [PMID: 33667834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The research on the etiology of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate(NSCL/P) is challenging, and DNA methylation has an impact on the formation of cleft lip and palate. SUBJECTS In this study, one of a pair of monozygotic twins (T1) had nonsyndromic cleft lip (NSCL), and one of a pair of monozygotic twins (T2) had nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP). We determined the methylation profiles of more than 850,000 CpGs in the DNA of the blood samples from the two pairs of monozygotic twins. RESULT Methylation data indicated that 1184 differentially methylated CpG sites were found in the T1 group (651 hypermethylated and 533 hypomethylated) and 8099 differentially methylated CpG sites in the T2 group (1713 hypermethylated and 6386 hypomethylated) compared with the healthy twin.The common difference was 107 methylation sites.GO enrichment analysis showed that regulation of smooth muscle cell migration and actin cytoskeleton reorganization were the most prominent classes.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the TGF-β signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway are relevant to the formation of NSCL/P.Two selected genes (NTN1 and PLEKHA7) are involved in the formation of NSCL/P. CONCLUSION These findings provide some support for the hypothesis that abnormal DNA methylation may influence the formation of clefts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuheng Shi
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Changsheng Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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15
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Iwata J. Gene-Environment Interplay and MicroRNAs in Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate. ORAL SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL 2021; 18:3-13. [PMID: 36855534 PMCID: PMC9969970 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cleft lip (CL) with/without cleft palate (CP) (hereafter CL/P) is the second most common congenital birth defect, affecting 7.94 to 9.92 children per 10,000 live births worldwide, followed by Down syndrome. An increasing number of genes have been identified as affecting susceptibility and/or as causative genes for CL/P in mouse genetic and chemically-induced CL and CP studies, as well as in human genome-wide association studies and linkage analysis. While marked progress has been made in the identification of genetic and environmental risk factors for CL/P, the interplays between these factors are not yet fully understood. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of CL and CP from genetically engineered mouse models and environmental factors that have been studied in mice. Understanding the regulatory mechanism(s) of craniofacial development may not only advance our understanding of craniofacial developmental biology, but could also provide approaches for the prevention of birth defects and for tissue engineering in craniofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA
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17
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Carroll SH, Macias Trevino C, Li EB, Kawasaki K, Myers N, Hallett SA, Alhazmi N, Cotney J, Carstens RP, Liao EC. An Irf6- Esrp1/2 regulatory axis controls midface morphogenesis in vertebrates. Development 2020; 147:dev194498. [PMID: 33234718 PMCID: PMC7774891 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Irf6 and Esrp1 are important for palate development across vertebrates. In zebrafish, we found that irf6 regulates the expression of esrp1 We detailed overlapping Irf6 and Esrp1/2 expression in mouse orofacial epithelium. In zebrafish, irf6 and esrp1/2 share expression in periderm, frontonasal ectoderm and oral epithelium. Genetic disruption of irf6 and esrp1/2 in zebrafish resulted in cleft of the anterior neurocranium. The esrp1/2 mutant also developed cleft of the mouth opening. Lineage tracing of cranial neural crest cells revealed that the cleft resulted not from migration defect, but from impaired chondrogenesis. Analysis of aberrant cells within the cleft revealed expression of sox10, col1a1 and irf6, and these cells were adjacent to krt4+ and krt5+ cells. Breeding of mouse Irf6; Esrp1; Esrp2 compound mutants suggested genetic interaction, as the triple homozygote and the Irf6; Esrp1 double homozygote were not observed. Further, Irf6 heterozygosity reduced Esrp1/2 cleft severity. These studies highlight the complementary analysis of Irf6 and Esrp1/2 in mouse and zebrafish, and identify a unique aberrant cell population in zebrafish expressing sox10, col1a1 and irf6 Future work characterizing this cell population will yield additional insight into cleft pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H. Carroll
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Claudio Macias Trevino
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nikita Myers
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shawn A. Hallett
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nora Alhazmi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Justin Cotney
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA
| | - Russ P. Carstens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric C. Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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A Novel IRF6 Variant Detected in a Family With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate by Whole Exome Sequencing. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 32:265-269. [PMID: 33136784 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial malformation, and its harmful effects on affected individuals and families are apparent. The causative genes and their mechanisms are not completely clear, although several studies have been conducted. Accordingly, in the present study, we recruited a Han Chinese family with hereditary NSCL/P to explore the possible causative variants of this disease using whole exome sequencing. Bioinformatics screening and analysis, mutation function prediction, species conservation analysis, and homology protein modeling were used to identify the variants and evaluate their influence. A mutation in the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene (c.961C>T; p.Val321Met) was detected as a candidate causative variant and predicted to be deleterious. The codon was found to be conserved in many species, and the residue change caused by this mutation changed the structure of IRF6 to a certain degree. The findings suggest that this IRF6 variant is probably the pathogenic cause of NSCL/P in this family. Our results further provide evidence that IRF6 variants play a role in the etiology of NSCL/P.
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19
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland M, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 PMCID: PMC7883771 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Michael Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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20
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Sylvester B, Brindopke F, Suzuki A, Giron M, Auslander A, Maas RL, Tsai B, Gao H, Magee W, Cox TC, Sanchez-Lara PA. A Synonymous Exonic Splice Silencer Variant in IRF6 as a Novel and Cryptic Cause of Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip and Palate. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080903. [PMID: 32784565 PMCID: PMC7465030 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense, nonsense, splice site and regulatory region variants in interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) have been shown to contribute to both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). We report the diagnostic evaluation of a complex multigeneration family of Honduran ancestry with a pedigree structure consistent with autosomal-dominant inheritance with both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The proband's grandmother bore children with two partners and CL/P segregates on both sides of each lineage. Through whole-exome sequencing of five members of the family, we identified a single shared synonymous variant, located in the middle of exon 7 of IRF6 (p.Ser307Ser; g.209963979 G>A; c.921C>T). The variant was shown to segregate in the seven affected individuals and through three unaffected obligate carriers, spanning both sides of this pedigree. This variant is very rare, only being found in three (all of Latino ancestry) of 251,352 alleles in the gnomAD database. While the variant did not create a splice acceptor/donor site, in silico analysis predicted it to impact an exonic splice silencer element and the binding of major splice regulatory factors. In vitro splice assays supported this by revealing multiple abnormal splicing events, estimated to impact >60% of allelic transcripts. Sequencing of the alternate splice products demonstrated the unmasking of a cryptic splice site six nucleotides 5' of the variant, as well as variable utilization of cryptic splice sites in intron 6. The ectopic expression of different splice regulatory proteins altered the proportion of abnormal splicing events seen in the splice assay, although the alteration was dependent on the splice factor. Importantly, each alternatively spliced mRNA is predicted to result in a frame shift and prematurely truncated IRF6 protein. This is the first study to identify a synonymous variant as a likely cause of NS-CL/P and highlights the care that should be taken by laboratories when considering and interpreting variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Sylvester
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
| | | | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (A.S.); (T.C.C.)
| | - Melissa Giron
- Operación Sonrisa Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Allyn Auslander
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Richard L. Maas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Becky Tsai
- Fulgent Genetics, Temple City, CA 91780, USA; (B.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Hanlin Gao
- Fulgent Genetics, Temple City, CA 91780, USA; (B.T.); (H.G.)
| | - William Magee
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (B.S.); (A.A.); (W.M.III)
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (A.S.); (T.C.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(310)-423-4461
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21
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Yin B, Shi JY, Lin YS, Shi B, Jia ZL. SNPs at TP63 gene was specifically associated with right-side cleft lip in Han Chinese population. Oral Dis 2020; 27:559-566. [PMID: 32687624 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate is one of the most common birth malformations. TP63 and GREM1 were recently reported to be associated with NSCL/P. However, there were few studies focused on their associations in non-syndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO). DESIGN Initial screening and replication in large cohorts were used to locate the susceptible SNPs of TP63 and GREM1. Firstly, variations were screened among 192 NSCLO cases by the Sanger sequencing. Then, we selected five associated SNPs in initial screening phase and replicated among 1,006 NSCLO cases and 1,823 normal controls. RESULTS Initial chi-square test showed that rs7653848, rs7624324, rs6790167, and rs1345186 in TP63 and rs2280738 in GREM1 achieved statistical significance (p < .05); the subsequent replication analysis showed that rs1345186 was specifically significant in right-side cleft lip (RCL; p = .017, OR = 1.33, and 95% CI: 1.05-1.69). CONCLUSION This study firstly used the subphenotype of cleft lip samples to verify the association between TP63 and GREM1, which indicated that TP63 is a promising susceptible gene for RCL in Chinese population. And further confirmed the different etiology in the right-sided cleft lip, left-sided cleft lip, and bilateral cleft lip of NSCLO. This will give new reference for the future research and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Yu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan-Song Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Identification of Smad-dependent and -independent signaling with transforming growth factor-β type 1/2 receptor inhibition in palatogenesis. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:43-48. [PMID: 32090004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling is one of important function during palatal fusion. Three types of TGF-β receptor (TβR1, TβR2, and TβR3) have been identified, and play essential roles in mechanisms leading to palatal fusion. However, the balance between Smad-dependent/-independent signaling during palatal fusion with inhibited TβR1/2 functions is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate palatal fusion via TGF-β signaling when TβR1 and TβR2, but not TβR3, were inhibited. In addition, the present study examined the functional balance between Smad-dependent/-independent signaling and related gene expression. Palatal organ cultures were treated with TβR1/2 inhibitor in vitro. Control palates were cultured without inhibitor. We observed histological phenotype of palatal fusion, and evaluation of expression pattern by Western blot or real time RT-PCR. Palatal organ cultures treated with the inhibitor did not fuse and the medial edge epithelium remained at embryonic 13 day +72 h in culture. The inhibitor decreased TβR1 and TβR2 expression by approximately 90%, but did not affect TβR3 expression. The expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 was significantly decreased in treated palates compared with controls. The expression of p-Smad4 was slightly decreased in treated palates compared with controls. Smad-independent signaling was also affected by the inhibitor; p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 expressions was significantly reduced in treated palates compared with controls. The expression of transcription factors (Runx1 and Msx1) and extracellular matrix proteins (MMP2/13) was also significantly decreased by inhibitor exposure. Treatment with TβR1/2 inhibitor altered the patterns of the Smad-dependent and -independent signaling pathways during palatal fusion.
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23
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Kousa YA, Zhu H, Fakhouri WD, Lei Y, Kinoshita A, Roushangar RR, Patel NK, Agopian AJ, Yang W, Leslie EJ, Busch TD, Mansour TA, Li X, Smith AL, Li EB, Sharma DB, Williams TJ, Chai Y, Amendt BA, Liao EC, Mitchell LE, Bassuk AG, Gregory S, Ashley-Koch A, Shaw GM, Finnell RH, Schutte BC. The TFAP2A-IRF6-GRHL3 genetic pathway is conserved in neurulation. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1726-1737. [PMID: 30689861 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in IRF6, TFAP2A and GRHL3 cause orofacial clefting syndromes in humans. However, Tfap2a and Grhl3 are also required for neurulation in mice. Here, we found that homeostasis of Irf6 is also required for development of the neural tube and associated structures. Over-expression of Irf6 caused exencephaly, a rostral neural tube defect, through suppression of Tfap2a and Grhl3 expression. Conversely, loss of Irf6 function caused a curly tail and coincided with a reduction of Tfap2a and Grhl3 expression in tail tissues. To test whether Irf6 function in neurulation was conserved, we sequenced samples obtained from human cases of spina bifida and anencephaly. We found two likely disease-causing variants in two samples from patients with spina bifida. Overall, these data suggest that the Tfap2a-Irf6-Grhl3 genetic pathway is shared by two embryologically distinct morphogenetic events that previously were considered independent during mammalian development. In addition, these data suggest new candidates to delineate the genetic architecture of neural tube defects and new therapeutic targets to prevent this common birth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Kousa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Division of Neurology, Childrens National Health System.,Center for Neuroscience Research, The Childrens Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunping Lei
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - A J Agopian
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Leslie
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Tamer A Mansour
- Genetics PhD Program.,Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Edward B Li
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dhruv B Sharma
- Center for Statistical Training & Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Trevor J Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Mitchell
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Simon Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Microbiology and Molecular Genetics.,Genetics PhD Program.,Pediatrics and Human Development
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24
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Zhang W, Shen Z, Xing Y, Zhao H, Liang Y, Chen J, Zhong X, Shi L, Wan X, Zhou J, Tang S. MiR-106a-5p modulates apoptosis and metabonomics changes by TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in cleft palate. Exp Cell Res 2020; 386:111734. [PMID: 31770533 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms of abnormal palatogenesis were investigated in this study. A key regulator, miR-106a-5p, and its target pathway were analyzed. OBJECTIVES This research is trying to clarify the underlying mechanism of the modulation of miRNA transcription during the formation of cleft palate by 7T and 9.4T NMR metabolomic platforms. METHOD Differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were analyzed by microarray analysis and verified by qRT-PCR. The protein expression in TGFβ signaling pathways were analyzed by Western Blotting. The relationship between miR-106a-5p and TGFβ were analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. Cell apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometer. And finally, the metabonomics were analyzed by NMR and multivariate data analysis models (MVDA). RESULTS The expression of miR-106a-5p increased in cleft palatal tissue and negatively correlated with the protein level of Tgfbr2. The luciferase assay further proved that the tgfbr2 was a direct target of miR-106a-5p. In another aspect, miR-106a-5p increased apoptosis level in palatal mesenchymal cells, possibly because its inhibition of TGFβ signaling pathway. Moreover, low cholesterol and choline levels with high citric acid and lipid levels were observed by 7T and 9.4T NMR metabonomic analysis, which inferred the disorder of cell membrane synthesis in cleft palate formation. Furthermore, transformation from choline to phosphatidylcholine regulated by miR-106a-5p was also disrupted, resulting in phosphatidic choline synthesis disorder and reduced cell membrane synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The regulatory mechanism of cleft palate was studied at transcriptional and metabolomics levels, which may provide important information in understanding the primary cause of this abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancong Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Xing
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanxing Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; University of Alberta, Department of Surgery, Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery and Surgical Research, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jiasheng Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lungang Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinhong Wan
- Shenzhen Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Central Laboratory Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Central South University Third Xiangya Hospital, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Huang L, Jia Z, Shi Y, Du Q, Shi J, Wang Z, Mou Y, Wang Q, Zhang B, Wang Q, Ma S, Lin H, Duan S, Yin B, Lin Y, Wang Y, Jiang D, Hao F, Zhang L, Wang H, Jiang S, Xu H, Yang C, Li C, Li J, Shi B, Yang Z. Genetic factors define CPO and CLO subtypes of nonsyndromicorofacial cleft. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008357. [PMID: 31609978 PMCID: PMC6812857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (NSOFC) is a severe birth defect that occurs early in embryonic development and includes the subtypes cleft palate only (CPO), cleft lip only (CLO) and cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP). Given a lack of specific genetic factor analysis for CPO and CLO, the present study aimed to dissect the landscape of genetic factors underlying the pathogenesis of these two subtypes using 6,986 cases and 10,165 controls. By combining a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for specific subtypes of CPO and CLO, as well as functional gene network and ontology pathway analysis, we identified 18 genes/loci that surpassed genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) responsible for NSOFC, including nine for CPO, seven for CLO, two for both conditions and four that contribute to the CLP subtype. Among these 18 genes/loci, 14 are novel and identified in this study and 12 contain developmental transcription factors (TFs), suggesting that TFs are the key factors for the pathogenesis of NSOFC subtypes. Interestingly, we observed an opposite effect of the genetic variants in the IRF6 gene for CPO and CLO. Moreover, the gene expression dosage effect of IRF6 with two different alleles at the same single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) plays important roles in driving CPO or CLO. In addition, PAX9 is a key TF for CPO. Our findings define subtypes of NSOFC using genetic factors and their functional ontologies and provide a clue to improve their diagnosis and treatment in the future. Although GWAS have discovered 43 genes/loci associated with NSOFC, most previous studies used mixed samples of CL/P subtypes rather than CPO or CLO separately. Our findings define the CPO and CLO subtypes using genetic factors and their functional ontologies based on CPO and CLO GWAS data. In this study, we identified 18 genes/loci that contribute to CPO, CLO or CLP. Fourteen of them are novel and identified, and 12 contain developmental transcription factors (TFs), suggesting that TFs are the key factors for the pathogenesis of NSOFC subtypes. We observed an opposite effect in the strongest associated locus IRF6 for CPO and CLO; this information was omitted by previous CL/P GWAS. Furthermore, we reveal that the gene expression dosage of IRF6 plays important roles in driving CPO or CLO. In addition, we found that PAX9 is a strong genetic factor for CPO. These results suggest that transcription factors are the key genetic reason for the pathogenesis of NSOFC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Huang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Shi
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Du
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Department of basic medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yandong Mou
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Ma
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - He Lin
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yansong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Hao
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haixin Wang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Suyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of cleft lip and palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of basic medicine, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Lu Y, Liang M, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Song Y, Lai L, Li Z. Mutations of GADD45G in rabbits cause cleft lip by the disorder of proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2356-2367. [PMID: 31150757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital defects in humans. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been widely used for identifying candidate genes, and different genes or chromosomal regions have shown strong evidence for the presence of causal genes in CL/P. To date, two independent GWAS have identified GADD45G as influencing risk for CL/P. However, there is no animal model evidence about GADD45G related to CL/P. Here, we reported the generation of a novel GADD45G mutated rabbit model by CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-based BE4-Gam systems. The homozygous (GADD45G-/-) while not heterozygous (GADD45G+/-) pups died after birth due to severe craniofacial defects of unilateral or bilateral cleft lip (CL). Moreover, the disorder of proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were also determined in the medial and lateral nasal processes (MNP and LNP) of the embryonic day 13 (E13) GADD45G-/- rabbits, which compared with the normal wild type (WT) rabbits. Thus, our study confirmed for the first time that loss of GADD45G lead to CL at the animal level and provided new insights into the crucial role of GADD45G for upper lip formation and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingming Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Quanjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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27
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Dynamic mRNA Expression Analysis of the Secondary Palatal Morphogenesis in Miniature Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174284. [PMID: 31480549 PMCID: PMC6747431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal mammalian palatogenesis is a complex process that requires the occurrence of a tightly regulated series of specific and sequentially regulated cellular events. Cleft lip/palate (CLP), the most frequent craniofacial malformation birth defects, may occur if any of these events undergo abnormal interference. Such defects not only affect the patients, but also pose a financial risk for the families. In our recent study, the miniature pig was shown to be a valuable alternative large animal model for exploring human palate development by histology. However, few reports exist in the literature to document gene expression and function during swine palatogenesis. To better understand the genetic regulation of palate development, an mRNA expression profiling analysis was performed on miniature pigs, Sus scrofa. Five key developmental stages of miniature pigs from embryonic days (E) 30–50 were selected for transcriptome sequencing. Gene expression profiles in different palate development stages of miniature pigs were identified. Nine hundred twenty significant differentially expressed genes were identified, and the functional characteristics of these genes were determined by gene ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Some of these genes were associated with HH (hedgehog), WNT (wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family), and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling, etc., which were shown in the literature to affect palate development, while some genes, such as HIP (hedgehog interacting protein), WNT16, MAPK10, and LAMC2 (laminin subunit gamma 2), were additions to the current understanding of palate development. The present study provided a comprehensive analysis for understanding the dynamic gene regulation during palate development and provided potential ideas and resources to further study normal palate development and the etiology of cleft palate.
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28
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Ke CY, Mei HH, Wong FH, Lo LJ. IRF6 and TAK1 coordinately promote the activation of HIPK2 to stimulate apoptosis during palate fusion. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/593/eaav7666. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common craniofacial defect caused by a failure in palate fusion. The palatal shelves migrate toward one another and meet at the embryonic midline, creating a seam. Transforming growth factor–β3 (TGF-β3)–induced apoptosis of the medial edge epithelium (MEE), the cells located along the seam, is required for completion of palate fusion. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) promotes TGF-β3–induced MEE cell apoptosis by stimulating the degradation of the transcription factor ΔNp63 and promoting the expression of the gene encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Because homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) functions downstream of IRF6 in human cancer cells and is required for ΔNp63 protein degradation in keratinocytes, we investigated whether HIPK2 played a role in IRF6-induced ΔNp63 degradation in palate fusion. HIPK2 was present in the MEE cells of mouse palatal shelves during seam formation in vivo, and ectopic expression of IRF6 in palatal shelves cultured ex vivo stimulated the expression of Hipk2 and the accumulation of phosphorylated HIPK2. Knockdown and ectopic expression experiments in organ culture demonstrated that p21 was required for HIPK2- and IRF6-dependent activation of caspase 3, MEE apoptosis, and palate fusion. Contact between palatal shelves enhanced the phosphorylation of TGF-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which promoted the phosphorylation of HIPK2 and palate fusion. Our findings demonstrate that HIPK2 promotes seam cell apoptosis and palate fusion downstream of IRF6 and that IRF6 and TAK1 appear to coordinately enhance the abundance and activation of HIPK2 during palate fusion.
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Harel T, Levy-Lahad E, Daana M, Mechoulam H, Horowitz-Cederboim S, Gur M, Meiner V, Elpeleg O. Homozygous stop-gain variant in LRRC32, encoding a TGFβ receptor, associated with cleft palate, proliferative retinopathy, and developmental delay. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1315-1319. [PMID: 30976112 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is essential for palatogenesis and retinal development. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), encoded by LRRC32, is a TGFβ cell surface receptor that has been studied primarily in the context of cellular immunity. We identified a homozygous stop-gain variant in LRRC32 (c.1630C>T; p.(Arg544Ter)) in two families with developmental delay, cleft palate, and proliferative retinopathy. Garp-null mice have palate defects and die within 24 h after birth. Our study establishes LRRC32 as a candidate disease-associated gene in humans and lends further support to the role of the TGFβ pathway in palatogenesis and retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Harel
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Muhannad Daana
- Child Development Centers, Clalit and Maccabi Health Care Services, Jerusalem District, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Mechoulam
- Center for Pediatric Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Smadar Horowitz-Cederboim
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Gur
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vardiella Meiner
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel.,Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kousa YA, Fuller E, Schutte BC. IRF6 and AP2A Interaction Regulates Epidermal Development. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2578-2588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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TGF-β Signaling and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition during Palatal Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113638. [PMID: 30463190 PMCID: PMC6274911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays an important role in development, including in palatogenesis. The dynamic morphological process of palatal fusion occurs to achieve separation of the nasal and oral cavities. Critically and specifically important in palatal fusion are the medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells, which are initially present at the palatal midline seam and over the course of the palate fusion process are lost from the seam, due to cell migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and/or programed cell death. In order to define the role of TGF-β signaling during this process, several approaches have been utilized, including a small interfering RNA (siRNA) strategy targeting TGF-β receptors in an organ culture context, the use of genetically engineered mice, such as Wnt1-cre/R26R double transgenic mice, and a cell fate tracing through utilization of cell lineage markers. These approaches have permitted investigators to distinguish some specific traits of well-defined cell populations throughout the palatogenic events. In this paper, we summarize the current understanding on the role of TGF-β signaling, and specifically its association with MEE cell fate during palatal fusion. TGF-β is highly regulated both temporally and spatially, with TGF-β3 and Smad2 being the preferentially expressed signaling molecules in the critical cells of the fusion processes. Interestingly, the accessory receptor, TGF-β type 3 receptor, is also critical for palatal fusion, with evidence for its significance provided by Cre-lox systems and siRNA approaches. This suggests the high demand of ligand for this fine-tuned signaling process. We discuss the new insights in the fate of MEE cells in the midline epithelial seam (MES) during the palate fusion process, with a particular focus on the role of TGF-β signaling.
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The role of acetyltransferases for the temporal-specific accessibility of β-catenin to the myogenic gene locus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15057. [PMID: 30305648 PMCID: PMC6180044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules involved in WNT/β-catenin signaling show spatiotemporal-specific expression and play vital roles in muscle development. Our previous study showed that WNT/β-catenin signaling promotes myoblast proliferation and differentiation through the regulation of the cyclin A2 (Ccna2)/cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25c) and Fermitin family homolog 2 (Fermt2) genes, respectively. However, it remains unclear how β-catenin targets different genes from stage to stage during myogenesis. Here, we show that the accessibility of β-catenin to the promoter region of its target genes is regulated by developmental stage-specific histone acetyltransferases (HATs), lysine acetyltransferase 2B (KAT2B), and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP). We found that KAT2B was specifically expressed at the myoblast proliferation stage and formed a complex with β-catenin to induce Ccna2/Cdc25c expression. On the other hand, CBP was specifically expressed during myoblast differentiation and formed a complex with β-catenin to induce Fermt2 expression. Our findings indicate that β-catenin efficiently accesses to its target gene’s promoters by forming a complex with developmental stage-specific acetyltransferases during myogenesis.
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Li J, Yuan Y, He J, Feng J, Han X, Jing J, Ho TV, Xu J, Chai Y. Constitutive activation of hedgehog signaling adversely affects epithelial cell fate during palatal fusion. Dev Biol 2018; 441:191-203. [PMID: 29981310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common craniofacial congenital defects in humans. It is associated with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, including mutations in the genes encoding signaling molecules in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, which are risk factors for cleft palate in both humans and mice. However, the function of Shh signaling in the palatal epithelium during palatal fusion remains largely unknown. Although components of the Shh pathway are localized in the palatal epithelium, specific inhibition of Shh signaling in palatal epithelium does not affect palatogenesis. We therefore utilized a hedgehog (Hh) signaling gain-of-function mouse model, K14-Cre;R26SmoM2, to uncover the role of Shh signaling in the palatal epithelium during palatal fusion. In this study, we discovered that constitutive activation of Hh signaling in the palatal epithelium results in submucous cleft palate and persistence of the medial edge epithelium (MEE). Further investigation revealed that precise downregulation of Shh signaling is required at a specific time point in the MEE during palatal fusion. Upregulation of Hh signaling in the palatal epithelium maintains the proliferation of MEE cells. This may be due to a dysfunctional p63/Irf6 regulatory loop. The resistance of MEE cells to apoptosis is likely conferred by enhancement of a cell adhesion network through the maintenance of p63 expression. Collectively, our data illustrate that persistent Hh signaling in the palatal epithelium contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of submucous cleft palate through its interaction with a p63/Irf6-dependent biological regulatory loop and through a p63-induced cell adhesion network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jinzhi He
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xia Han
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Suzuki A, Jun G, Abdallah N, Gajera M, Iwata J. Gene datasets associated with mouse cleft palate. Data Brief 2018; 18:655-673. [PMID: 29896534 PMCID: PMC5996166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents data on genes associated with cleft palate (CP), retrieved through both a full-text systematic review and a mouse genome informatics (MGI) database search. In order to group CP-associated genes according to function, pathway, biological process, and cellular component, the genes were analyzed using category enrichment bioinformatics tools, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO). This approach provides invaluable opportunities for the identification of candidate pathways and genes in CP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nada Abdallah
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mona Gajera
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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35
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Suzuki A, Abdallah N, Gajera M, Jun G, Jia P, Zhao Z, Iwata J. Genes and microRNAs associated with mouse cleft palate: A systematic review and bioinformatics analysis. Mech Dev 2018; 150:21-27. [PMID: 29475039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is the most prevalent craniofacial deformity, with ethnic and geographic variation in prevalence in humans. Mice have been used as an animal model to study the cause(s) of CP by several approaches, including genetic and chemical-induced approaches. Mouse genetic approaches revealed that significant amounts of genes are involved in the CP pathology. The aim of this study was to identify common features of CP-associated genes and to explore the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) as important post-transcriptional regulators that may be involved in the regulation of CP genes. To generate an accurate list of genes associated with CP, we first conducted systematic literature searches through main databases such as Medline, Embase, and PubMed, as well as other sources such as Scopus and Mouse Genome Informatics. We found that 195 mouse strains with single-gene mutations and 140 mouse strains with compound-gene mutations were reported to have CP. The CP genes were categorized by functions and pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology annotations, highlighting the contribution of cellular metabolism to CP. A total of 18 miRNAs were involved in the regulation of multiple CP genes. Human genotype-phenotype analysis revealed that variants in five human homologous CP genes (IRF6, FOXE1, VAX1, WNT9B, and GAD1) significantly contributed to the human CP phenotype. Thus, our results suggest that cellular metabolism and miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of genetic pathways and networks crucial for palatal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nada Abdallah
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mona Gajera
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center, UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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36
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Assis Machado R, de Toledo IP, Martelli-Júnior H, Reis SR, Neves Silva Guerra E, Coletta RD. Potential genetic markers for nonsyndromic oral clefts in the Brazilian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:827-839. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry; University of Campinas; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Isabela Porto de Toledo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty; University of Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliete Neves Silva Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty; University of Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry; University of Campinas; Piracicaba SP Brazil
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Kahata K, Dadras MS, Moustakas A. TGF-β Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a022194. [PMID: 28246184 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia exist in the animal body since the onset of embryonic development; they generate tissue barriers and specify organs and glands. Through epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), epithelia generate mesenchymal cells that form new tissues and promote healing or disease manifestation when epithelial homeostasis is challenged physiologically or pathologically. Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), activins, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) have been implicated in the regulation of epithelial differentiation. These TGF-β family ligands are expressed and secreted at sites where the epithelium interacts with the mesenchyme and provide paracrine queues from the mesenchyme to the neighboring epithelium, helping the specification of differentiated epithelial cell types within an organ. TGF-β ligands signal via Smads and cooperating kinase pathways and control the expression or activities of key transcription factors that promote either epithelial differentiation or mesenchymal transitions. In this review, we discuss evidence that illustrates how TGF-β family ligands contribute to epithelial differentiation and induce mesenchymal transitions, by focusing on the embryonic ectoderm and tissues that form the external mammalian body lining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kahata
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Shahidi Dadras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Zhang YD, Dong SY, Huang HZ. Inhibition of periderm removal in all-trans retinoic acid-induced cleft palate in mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3393-3398. [PMID: 29042924 PMCID: PMC5639390 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common craniofacial birth defect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of excess all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) on periderm removal and the disappearance of basal medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells during palatogenesis, particularly during the stage prior to contact. atRA (200 mg/kg) was administered to C57BL/6N mice at embryonic day (E) 12.0 by gavage. Fetal palates were processed and analyzed by histology and electron microscopy. Single palate shelf peridermal cells were removed and cultured in the presence of atRA (3 µM) only or in the presence of or the caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD (100 µM) only, for 48 h. Once cultured, morphological changes were analyzed by histological staining and electron microscopy. A TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptotic neurons. Paired palatal shelves with periderm removal were cultured in the presence of atRA (3 µM) only or in the presence of Z-VAD (100 µM) only for 48 h and analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. At E14.5, medial edge epithelium periderm was retained in the atRA-treated palates but had been shed prior to contact in the control groups. In addition, atRA was revealed to disrupt the cell cycle in the periderm by downregulating p21. Furthermore, atRA inhibited apoptosis in the periderm and basal MEE cells; however, atRA exhibited no effect on basement membrane degradation in single palatal organ culture. Additionally, once paired palates were cultured for 48 h, all of the groups in which the periderm had been removed exhibited confluence of the embryonic palatal mesenchyme. The present results suggest that periderm removal is inhibited in atRA-induced cleft palate in mice and that removal of the periderm contributes to EPM confluence in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Yi Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Zhang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
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Hammond NL, Dixon J, Dixon MJ. Periderm: Life-cycle and function during orofacial and epidermal development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 91:75-83. [PMID: 28803895 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of the secondary palate involves a complex series of embryonic events which, if disrupted, result in the common congenital anomaly cleft palate. The secondary palate forms from paired palatal shelves which grow initially vertically before elevating to a horizontal position above the tongue and fusing together in the midline via the medial edge epithelia. As the epithelia of the vertical palatal shelves are in contact with the mandibular and lingual epithelia, pathological fusions between the palate and the mandible and/or the tongue must be prevented. This function is mediated by the single cell layered periderm which forms in a distinct and reproducible pattern early in embryogenesis, exhibits highly polarised expression of adhesion complexes, and is shed from the outer surface as the epidermis acquires its barrier function. Disruption of periderm formation and/or function underlies a series of birth defects that exhibit multiple inter-epithelial adhesions including the autosomal dominant popliteal pterygium syndrome and the autosomal recessive cocoon syndrome and Bartsocas Papas syndrome. Genetic analyses of these conditions have shown that IRF6, IKKA, SFN, RIPK4 and GRHL3, all of which are under the transcriptional control of p63, play a key role in periderm formation. Despite these observations, the medial edge epithelia must rapidly acquire the capability to fuse if the palatal shelves are not to remain cleft. This process is driven by TGFβ3-mediated, down-regulation of p63 in the medial edge epithelia which allows periderm migration out of the midline epithelial seam and reduces the proliferative potential of the midline epithelial seam thereby preventing cleft palate. Together, these findings indicate that periderm plays a transient but fundamental role during embryogenesis in preventing pathological adhesion between intimately apposed, adhesion-competent epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel L Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Development of the mammalian secondary palate involves highly dynamic morphogenetic processes, including outgrowth of palatal shelves from the oral side of the embryonic maxillary prominences, elevation of the initially vertically oriented palatal shelves to the horizontal position above the embryonic tongue, and subsequently adhesion and fusion of the paired palatal shelves at the midline to separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. Perturbation of any of these processes could cause cleft palate, a common birth defect that significantly affects patients' quality of life even after surgical treatment. In addition to identifying a large number of genes required for palate development, recent studies have begun to unravel the extensive cross-regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β, and Wnt signaling, and multiple transcription factors during palatal shelf growth and patterning. Multiple studies also provide new insights into the gene regulatory networks and/or dynamic cellular processes underlying palatal shelf elevation, adhesion, and fusion. Here we summarize major recent advances and integrate the genes and molecular pathways with the cellular and morphogenetic processes of palatal shelf growth, patterning, elevation, adhesion, and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Y Lan
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R Jiang
- 1 Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,2 Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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41
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Kousa YA, Moussa D, Schutte BC. IRF6 expression in basal epithelium partially rescues Irf6 knockout mice. Dev Dyn 2017. [PMID: 28643456 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in IRF6, CHUK (IKKA), and RIPK4 can lead to a disease spectrum that includes cutaneous, limb, and craniofacial malformations. Loss of these alleles in the mouse leads to perinatal lethality and severe cutaneous, limb, and craniofacial defects also. Genetic rescue in the mouse has been shown for Ikka and Ripk4. RESULTS Here, we show partial genetic rescue of Irf6 knockout embryos using the KRT14 promoter to drive Irf6 expression in the basal epithelium. In contrast to Irf6 knockout embryos, rescue embryos survive the immediate perinatal period. Macroscopic examination reveals rescue of skin adhesions between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Unexpectedly, KRT14-driven Irf6 expression does not completely rescue orofacial clefting and adhesions between the palate and tongue, suggesting the importance of cell-autonomous IRF6 expression in periderm. Like knockout embryos, Irf6 rescue embryos also have persistent esophageal adhesions, which likely contribute to postnatal demise. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that targeted expression of IRF6 can significantly reduce disease severity, but that a minimum level of Irf6 in both periderm and basal epithelial cells is necessary for orofacial development. Therefore, homologous human and mouse phenotypes are observed for IRF6, IKKA, and RIPK4. In this work, we show that altering the expression level of IRF6 dramatically modified this phenotype in utero. Developmental Dynamics 246:670-681, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A Kousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Pediatric Residency Program, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Dina Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Richardson R, Mitchell K, Hammond NL, Mollo MR, Kouwenhoven EN, Wyatt ND, Donaldson IJ, Zeef L, Burgis T, Blance R, van Heeringen SJ, Stunnenberg HG, Zhou H, Missero C, Romano RA, Sinha S, Dixon MJ, Dixon J. p63 exerts spatio-temporal control of palatal epithelial cell fate to prevent cleft palate. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006828. [PMID: 28604778 PMCID: PMC5484519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common congenital disorder that affects up to 1 in 2500 live births and results in considerable morbidity to affected individuals and their families. The aetiology of cleft palate is complex with both genetic and environmental factors implicated. Mutations in the transcription factor p63 are one of the major individual causes of cleft palate; however, the gene regulatory networks in which p63 functions remain only partially characterized. Our findings demonstrate that p63 functions as an essential regulatory molecule in the spatio-temporal control of palatal epithelial cell fate to ensure appropriate fusion of the palatal shelves. Initially, p63 induces periderm formation and controls its subsequent maintenance to prevent premature adhesion between adhesion-competent, intra-oral epithelia. Subsequently, TGFβ3-induced down-regulation of p63 in the medial edge epithelia of the palatal shelves is a pre-requisite for palatal fusion by facilitating periderm migration from, and reducing the proliferative potential of, the midline epithelial seam thereby preventing cleft palate. Cleft palate is a serious congenital condition which affects approximately 1 in every 2500 births. Cleft palate occurs when the palatal shelves fail to grow, adhere or fuse during development. Mutations in the gene encoding the transcription factor p63 result in cleft palate in humans and mice. However, the role of p63 and how it controls the network of genes to regulate palate development is not well understood.In this study, we demonstrate that p63 controls the spatio-temporal regulation of palatal epithelial cell fate to ensure appropriate palatal adhesion: p63 induces the formation of a flattened layer of epithelial (periderm) cells and controls its subsequent maintenance. We also demonstrate that TGFβ3-induced, down-regulation of p63 in the medial edge epithelial cells, through which the palatal shelves adhere and fuse, controls Jag2-induced periderm migration to the oral and nasal epithelial triangles. In addition, p63 plays a central role in maintaining the proliferative potential of the basal layer of the medial edge epithelia. Our study provides significant new insights into the mechanisms that regulate development of the palate by establishing the role of p63 in governing the fate of the midline epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Richardson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Mitchell
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Rosaria Mollo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl (Center for Genetic Engineering), Napoli, Italy
| | - Evelyn N. Kouwenhoven
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niki D. Wyatt
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Donaldson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Zeef
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Burgis
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rognvald Blance
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. van Heeringen
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik G. Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Missero
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl (Center for Genetic Engineering), Napoli, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rose Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Satrajit Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JD); (MD)
| | - Jill Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JD); (MD)
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Sun L, Wang J, Liu H, Fan Z, Wang S, Du J. A Comprehensive Study of Palate Development in Miniature Pig. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1409-1419. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing 100050 China
| | - Jiangyi Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing 100050 China
| | - Huina Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing 100050 China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing 100050 China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing 100050 China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Beijing 100069 China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy; Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing 100050 China
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A pilot study: Screening target miRNAs in tissue of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2570-2576. [PMID: 28565881 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) has been recognized as a condition resulting from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in embryonic development. However, few studies have focused on screening potential target miRNAs in human NSCLP tissue. Using microarray-based miRNA expression profiling, miRNA expression was compared in tissue samples from 4 NSCLP patients and 4 healthy control subjects. Two hundred and fifty-four miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed. Changes in Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-27b-3p, hsa-miR-205-5p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-720 were of particular interest with respect to Wnt signaling (fold-changes were 12.5, 12.2, 12.1, 12.3 and 10.5, respectively; P<0.005 for all). The levels of hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p were higher in tissues from NSCLP patients than in those from controls according to PCR analysis. Hsa-miR-24-3p, hsa-miR-1260b and hsa-miR-205-5p may be candidate miRNAs involved in the etiology of NSCLP via Wnt signaling.
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45
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Kousa YA, Mansour TA, Seada H, Matoo S, Schutte BC. Shared molecular networks in orofacial and neural tube development. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:169-179. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Kousa
- Pediatric Residency Program; Children's National Health System; Washington DC
| | - Tamer A. Mansour
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; University of California; Davis California
- Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine; Mansoura University; Egypt
| | - Haitham Seada
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Computational Optimization and Innovation Laboratory; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - Samaneh Matoo
- Department of Modern Science; Islamic Azad University-Tehran Medical Branch; Tehran Iran
| | - Brian C. Schutte
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Department of Pediatrics and Human Development; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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46
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Wattanawong K, Rattanasiri S, McEvoy M, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. Association between IRF6 and 8q24 polymorphisms and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: Systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:773-88. [PMID: 27511269 PMCID: PMC5095821 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of interferon regulatory factor 6 and 8q24 polymorphisms with nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate (NSCL/P). METHODS Data extraction was independently performed by two reviewers. Genotypic effects of four polymorphisms from 31 studies were pooled separately by ethnicity using a mixed-effect logit model with accounting for heterogeneity. RESULTS For rs2235371, AA and GA carried, respectively, 51% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37%-61%) and 42% (95% CI, 32%-50%) lower risks of NSCL/P than GG genotypes in Asians, but these genotypes were not significant in Caucasians. For rs2013162, only AA was significant, that is, carried 0.65 (95% CI, 0.52-0.82) times lower odds than CC in Caucasians but not for Asians. For rs642961, AA and GA genotypes, respectively, carried 2.47 (95% CI, 1.41-4.35) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.12-1.75) times higher odds in Asian, and 2.03 (95% CI, 1.52-2.71) and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.37-1.82) times higher odds in Caucasians compare with GG genotypes. For rs987525, AA and CA genotypes carried 2.27 (95% CI, 1.43-3.60) and 1.34 (95% CI, 1.02-1.77) times higher odds in Asian, and 5.25 (95% CI, 3.98-6.91) and 2.13 (95% CI-1.82, 2.49) times higher odds in Caucasians, and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.10-1.82) and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.09-1.50) times higher odds in mixed ethnicities compared with CC genotypes. These variant effects remained significant based on applying Bonferroni corrected-thresholds, except in the mixed ethnicity. CONCLUSION We show robust variant effects in NSCL/P. Considering them with other genes and risk factors might be useful to improve prediction of NSCL/P occurrence. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:773-788, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kachin Wattanawong
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasivimol Rattanasiri
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Centre for Clincial Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Centre for Clincial Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, NSW, Australia
| | - Ammarin Thakkinstian
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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Activation of Notch1 inhibits medial edge epithelium apoptosis in all-trans retinoic acid-induced cleft palate in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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48
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Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Oommen S, Blackburn J, Watanabe M, Nagai T, Kitamura A, Maeda T, Liu B, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Akiyama T, Inoue JI, Hammond NL, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A. Regional regulation of Filiform tongue papillae development by Ikkα/Irf6. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:937-46. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
- Oral Life Science, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Shelly Oommen
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - James Blackburn
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Momoko Watanabe
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Department of Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Department of Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Department of Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Oral Life Science, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis; UT MD Anderson Cancer Center; Smithville Texas
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo; Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo; Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Life Sciences and School of Dentistry, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
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Velázquez-Aragón JA, Alcántara-Ortigoza MA, Estandia-Ortega B, Reyna-Fabián ME, Méndez-Adame CD, González-Del Angel A. Gene Interactions Provide Evidence for Signaling Pathways Involved in Cleft Lip/Palate in Humans. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1257-64. [PMID: 27154735 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516647034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a common craniofacial birth defect that has a complex etiology. Genome-wide association studies have recently identified new loci associated with NSCL/P, but these loci have not been analyzed in a Mexican Mestizo population. A complex etiology implies the presence of genetic interactions, but there is little available information regarding this in NSCL/P, and no signaling pathway has been clearly implicated in humans. Here, we analyzed the associations of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with NSCL/P in a Mexican Mestizo population (133 cases, 263 controls). The multifactorial dimensionality reduction method was used to examine gene-gene and gene-folic acid consumption interactions for the 24 SNPs analyzed in this study and for 2 additional SNPs that had previously been genotyped in the same study population. Six SNPs located in paired box 7, ventral anterior homeobox 1, sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2, bone morphogenetic protein 4, and tropomyosin 1 genes were associated with higher risks of NSCL/P (P = 0.0001 to 0.04); 2 SNPs, 1 each in netrin 1 and V-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B, were associated with a lower risk of NSCL/P (P = 0.013 to 0.03); and 2 SNPs, 1 each in ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 4 (ABCA4) and noggin, showed associations with NSCL/P that approached the threshold of significance (P = 0.056 to 0.07). In addition, 6 gene-gene interactions (P = 0.0001 to 0.001) and an ABCA4-folic acid consumption interaction (P < 0.0001) were identified. On the basis of these results, combined with those of previous association studies in the literature and biological characterizations of murine models, we propose an interaction network in which interferon regulatory factor 6 plays a central role in the etiology of NSCL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Velázquez-Aragón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - M A Alcántara-Ortigoza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - B Estandia-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - M E Reyna-Fabián
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - C D Méndez-Adame
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - A González-Del Angel
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
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50
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. New insights into craniofacial malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R50-9. [PMID: 26085576 PMCID: PMC4571997 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the human skull and face is a highly orchestrated and complex three-dimensional morphogenetic process, involving hundreds of genes controlling the coordinated patterning, proliferation and differentiation of tissues having multiple embryological origins. Craniofacial malformations that occur because of abnormal development (including cleft lip and/or palate, craniosynostosis and facial dysostoses), comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. High-throughput sequencing has recently led to the identification of many new causative disease genes and functional studies have clarified their mechanisms of action. We present recent findings in craniofacial genetics and discuss how this information together with developmental studies in animal models is helping to increase understanding of normal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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