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Serrano Nájera G, Plum AM, Steventon B, Weijer CJ, Serra M. Control of Modular Tissue Flows Shaping the Embryo in Avian Gastrulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.04.601785. [PMID: 39026830 PMCID: PMC11257462 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.04.601785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Avian gastrulation requires coordinated flows of thousands of cells to form the body plan. We quantified these flows using their fundamental kinematic units: one attractor and two repellers constituting its Dynamic Morphoskeleton (DM). We have also elucidated the mechanistic origin of the attractor, marking the primitive streak (PS), and controlled its shape, inducing gastrulation flows in the chick embryo that are typical of other vertebrates. However, the origins of repellers and dynamic embryo shape remain unclear. Here, we address these questions using active matter physics and experiments. Repeller 1, separating the embryo proper (EP) from extraembryonic (EE) tissues, arises from the tug-of-war between EE epiboly and EP isotropic myosin-induced active stress. Repeller 2, bisecting the anterior and posterior PS and associated with embryo shape change, arises from anisotropic myosin-induced active intercalation in the mesendoderm. Combining mechanical confinement with inhibition of mesendoderm induction, we eliminated either one or both repellers, as predicted by our model. Our results reveal a remarkable modularity of avian gastrulation flows delineated by the DM, uncovering the mechanistic roles of EE epiboly, EP active constriction, mesendoderm intercalation and ingression. These findings offer a new perspective for deconstructing morphogenetic flows, uncovering their modular origin, and aiding synthetic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex M. Plum
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ben Steventon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- Division of Molec. Cell and Dev. Biology, School of Life Sciences, Univ. of Dundee, UK
| | - Mattia Serra
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Kanda K, Iwata H. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) exposure inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mesoderm differentiation, and cardiovascular development in early chicken embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171242. [PMID: 38417504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant used worldwide and has been detected in the tissues and eggs of wild birds. Our previous study reported that exposure to TCEP induced developmental delay and cardiovascular dysfunction with attenuated heart rate and vasculogenesis in early chicken embryos. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of TCEP on chicken embryos using cardiac transcriptome analysis and to examine whether TCEP exposure affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesoderm differentiation during gastrulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TCEP exposure decreased the expression of cardiac conduction-related genes and transcription factors on day 5 of incubation. In extraembryonic blood vessels, the expression levels of genes related to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly reduced by TCEP exposure and vasculogenesis was suppressed. TCEP exposure also attenuated Snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2) and T-box transcription factor T (TBXT) signaling in the chicken primitive streak, indicating that TCEP inhibits EMT and mesoderm differentiation during gastrulation at the early developmental stage. These effects on EMT and mesoderm differentiation may be related to subsequent phenotypic defects, including suppression of heart development and blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanda
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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3
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Emig AA, Williams MLK. Gastrulation morphogenesis in synthetic systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 141:3-13. [PMID: 35817656 PMCID: PMC9825685 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in pluripotent stem cell culture allow researchers to generate not only most embryonic cell types, but also morphologies of many embryonic structures, entirely in vitro. This recreation of embryonic form from naïve cells, known as synthetic morphogenesis, has important implications for both developmental biology and regenerative medicine. However, the capacity of stem cell-based models to recapitulate the morphogenetic cell behaviors that shape natural embryos remains unclear. In this review, we explore several examples of synthetic morphogenesis, with a focus on models of gastrulation and surrounding stages. By varying cell types, source species, and culture conditions, researchers have recreated aspects of primitive streak formation, emergence and elongation of the primary embryonic axis, neural tube closure, and more. Here, we describe cell behaviors within in vitro/ex vivo systems that mimic in vivo morphogenesis and highlight opportunities for more complete models of early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Emig
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Margot L K Williams
- Center for Precision Environmental Health & Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA.
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Abstract
During gastrulation, early embryos specify and reorganise the topology of their germ layers. Surprisingly, this fundamental and early process does not appear to be rigidly constrained by evolutionary pressures; instead, the morphology of gastrulation is highly variable throughout the animal kingdom. Recent experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to generate different alternative gastrulation modes in single organisms, such as in early cnidarian, arthropod and vertebrate embryos. Here, we review the mechanisms that underlie the plasticity of vertebrate gastrulation both when experimentally manipulated and during evolution. Using the insights obtained from these experiments we discuss the effects of the increase in yolk volume on the morphology of gastrulation and provide new insights into two crucial innovations during amniote gastrulation: the transition from a ring-shaped mesoderm domain in anamniotes to a crescent-shaped domain in amniotes, and the evolution of the reptilian blastoporal plate/canal into the avian primitive streak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- School of Life Sciences Research Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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5
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Chuai M, Serrano Nájera G, Serra M, Mahadevan L, Weijer CJ. Reconstruction of distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes via modulation of key cell behaviors in the chick embryo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabn5429. [PMID: 36598979 PMCID: PMC9812380 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of gastrulation driving the internalization of the mesoderm and endoderm differs markedly among vertebrate species. It ranges from involution of epithelial sheets of cells through a circular blastopore in amphibians to ingression of mesenchymal cells through a primitive streak in amniotes. By targeting signaling pathways controlling critical cell behaviors in the chick embryo, we generated crescent- and ring-shaped mesendoderm territories in which cells can or cannot ingress. These alterations subvert the formation of the chick primitive streak into the gastrulation modes seen in amphibians, reptiles, and teleost fish. Our experimental manipulations are supported by a theoretical framework linking cellular behaviors to self-organized multicellular flows outlined in detail in the accompanying paper. Together, this suggests that the evolution of gastrulation movements is largely determined by changes in a few critical cell behaviors in the mesendoderm territory across different species and controlled by a relatively small number of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mattia Serra
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02134, USA
- Departments of Physics and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Thowfeequ S, Stower MJ, Srinivas S. Epithelial dynamics during early mouse development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 72:110-117. [PMID: 34929609 PMCID: PMC7615355 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The first epithelia to arise in an organism face the challenge of maintaining the integrity of the newly formed tissue, while exhibiting the behavioral flexibility required for morphogenetic processes to occur effectively. Epithelial cells integrate biochemical and biomechanical cues, both intrinsic and extrinsic, in order to bring about the molecular changes which determine their morphology, behavior and fate. In this review we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the various dynamic processes that the emergent epithelial cells undergo during the first seven days of mouse development and speculate what the future holds in understanding the mechanistic bases for these processes through integrative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaan Thowfeequ
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Matthew J Stower
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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Della Gaspera B, Weill L, Chanoine C. Evolution of Somite Compartmentalization: A View From Xenopus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790847. [PMID: 35111756 PMCID: PMC8802780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are transitory metameric structures at the basis of the axial organization of vertebrate musculoskeletal system. During evolution, somites appear in the chordate phylum and compartmentalize mainly into the dermomyotome, the myotome, and the sclerotome in vertebrates. In this review, we summarized the existing literature about somite compartmentalization in Xenopus and compared it with other anamniote and amniote vertebrates. We also present and discuss a model that describes the evolutionary history of somite compartmentalization from ancestral chordates to amniote vertebrates. We propose that the ancestral organization of chordate somite, subdivided into a lateral compartment of multipotent somitic cells (MSCs) and a medial primitive myotome, evolves through two major transitions. From ancestral chordates to vertebrates, the cell potency of MSCs may have evolved and gave rise to all new vertebrate compartments, i.e., the dermomyome, its hypaxial region, and the sclerotome. From anamniote to amniote vertebrates, the lateral MSC territory may expand to the whole somite at the expense of primitive myotome and may probably facilitate sclerotome formation. We propose that successive modifications of the cell potency of some type of embryonic progenitors could be one of major processes of the vertebrate evolution.
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Sheng G, Martinez Arias A, Sutherland A. The primitive streak and cellular principles of building an amniote body through gastrulation. Science 2021; 374:abg1727. [PMID: 34855481 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 88 ICREA, Pag Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ann Sutherland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Kumar V, Park S, Lee U, Kim J. The Organizer and Its Signaling in Embryonic Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9040047. [PMID: 34842722 PMCID: PMC8628936 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ layer specification and axis formation are crucial events in embryonic development. The Spemann organizer regulates the early developmental processes by multiple regulatory mechanisms. This review focuses on the responsive signaling in organizer formation and how the organizer orchestrates the germ layer specification in vertebrates. Accumulated evidence indicates that the organizer influences embryonic development by dual signaling. Two parallel processes, the migration of the organizer’s cells, followed by the transcriptional activation/deactivation of target genes, and the diffusion of secreting molecules, collectively direct the early development. Finally, we take an in-depth look at active signaling that originates from the organizer and involves germ layer specification and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea;
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: (U.L.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2544 (J.K.); Fax: +82-33-244-8425 (J.K.)
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
- Correspondence: (U.L.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2544 (J.K.); Fax: +82-33-244-8425 (J.K.)
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10
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Serrano Nájera G, Weijer CJ. Cellular processes driving gastrulation in the avian embryo. Mech Dev 2020; 163:103624. [PMID: 32562871 PMCID: PMC7511600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation consists in the dramatic reorganisation of the epiblast, a one-cell thick epithelial sheet, into a multilayered embryo. In chick, the formation of the internal layers requires the generation of a macroscopic convection-like flow, which involves up to 50,000 epithelial cells in the epiblast. These cell movements locate the mesendoderm precursors into the midline of the epiblast to form the primitive streak. There they acquire a mesenchymal phenotype, ingress into the embryo and migrate outward to populate the inner embryonic layers. This review covers what is currently understood about how cell behaviours ultimately cause these morphogenetic events and how they are regulated. We discuss 1) how the biochemical patterning of the embryo before gastrulation creates compartments of differential cell behaviours, 2) how the global epithelial flows arise from the coordinated actions of individual cells, 3) how the cells delaminate individually from the epiblast during the ingression, and 4) how cells move after the ingression following stereotypical migration routes. We conclude by exploring new technical advances that will facilitate future research in the chick model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Serrano Nájera
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Cornelis J Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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11
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Abstract
In birds as in all amniotes, the site of gastrulation is a midline structure, the primitive streak. This appears as cells in the one cell-thick epiblast undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition to ingress and form definitive mesoderm and endoderm. Global movements involving tens of thousands of cells in the embryonic epiblast precede gastrulation. They position the primitive streak precursors from a marginal position (equivalent to the situation in anamniotes) along the future antero-posterior axis (typical for amniotes). These epithelial movements continue in modified form during gastrulation, when they are accompanied by collective movements of different class in the forming mesoderm and endoderm. Here I discuss the nature of these collective cell movements shaping the embryo, their interplay with signaling events controlling fate specification and significance in an evolutionary perspective.
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12
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Hajihoseini Z, Eghbalsaied S. Simultaneous effects of IGF1 and Fadrozole on parthenogenesis and pluripotency markers in chicken embryo. Theriogenology 2018; 114:317-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Kremnyov S, Henningfeld K, Viebahn C, Tsikolia N. Divergent axial morphogenesis and early shh expression in vertebrate prospective floor plate. EvoDevo 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29423139 PMCID: PMC5791209 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-017-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The notochord has organizer properties and is required for floor plate induction and dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. This activity has been attributed to sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling, which originates in the notochord, forms a gradient, and autoinduces shh expression in the floor plate. However, reported data are inconsistent and the spatiotemporal development of the relevant shh expression domains has not been studied in detail. We therefore studied the expression dynamics of shh in rabbit, chicken and Xenopus laevis embryos (as well as indian hedgehog and desert hedgehog as possible alternative functional candidates in the chicken). Results Our analysis reveals a markedly divergent pattern within these vertebrates: whereas in the rabbit shh is first expressed in the notochord and its floor plate domain is then induced during subsequent somitogenesis stages, in the chick embryo shh is expressed in the prospective neuroectoderm prior to the notochord formation and, interestingly, prior to mesoderm immigration. Neither indian hedgehog nor desert hedgehog are expressed in these midline structures although mRNA of both genes was detected in other structures of the early chick embryo. In X. laevis, shh is expressed at the beginning of gastrulation in a distinct area dorsal to the dorsal blastopore lip and adjacent to the prospective neuroectoderm, whereas the floor plate expresses shh at the end of gastrulation. Conclusions While shh expression patterns in rabbit and X. laevis embryos are roughly compatible with the classical view of "ventral to dorsal induction" of the floor plate, the early shh expression in the chick floor plate challenges this model. Intriguingly, this alternative sequence of domain induction is related to the asymmetrical morphogenesis of the primitive node and other axial organs in the chick. Our results indicate that the floor plate in X. laevis and chick embryos may be initially induced by planar interaction within the ectoderm or epiblast. Furthermore, we propose that the mode of the floor plate induction adapts to the variant topography of interacting tissues during gastrulation and notochord formation and thereby reveals evolutionary plasticity of early embryonic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kremnyov
- 1Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov State University Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, Builung 12, Moscow, Russia 119234.,2Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, Moscow, Russia 119991
| | - Kristine Henningfeld
- 3Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- 4Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- 4Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37085 Göttingen, Germany
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Stower MJ, Bertocchini F. The evolution of amniote gastrulation: the blastopore-primitive streak transition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Stower
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Federica Bertocchini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Signaling; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria, CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan; Santander Spain
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15
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Tseng WC, Munisha M, Gutierrez JB, Dougan ST. Establishment of the Vertebrate Germ Layers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:307-381. [PMID: 27975275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The process of germ layer formation is a universal feature of animal development. The germ layers separate the cells that produce the internal organs and tissues from those that produce the nervous system and outer tissues. Their discovery in the early nineteenth century transformed embryology from a purely descriptive field into a rigorous scientific discipline, in which hypotheses could be tested by observation and experimentation. By systematically addressing the questions of how the germ layers are formed and how they generate overall body plan, scientists have made fundamental contributions to the fields of evolution, cell signaling, morphogenesis, and stem cell biology. At each step, this work was advanced by the development of innovative methods of observing cell behavior in vivo and in culture. Here, we take an historical approach to describe our current understanding of vertebrate germ layer formation as it relates to the long-standing questions of developmental biology. By comparing how germ layers form in distantly related vertebrate species, we find that highly conserved molecular pathways can be adapted to perform the same function in dramatically different embryonic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chia Tseng
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mumingjiang Munisha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Juan B Gutierrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Scott T Dougan
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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16
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Yoshida M, Kajikawa E, Kurokawa D, Noro M, Iwai T, Yonemura S, Kobayashi K, Kiyonari H, Aizawa S. Conserved and divergent expression patterns of markers of axial development in reptilian embryos: Chinese soft-shell turtle and Madagascar ground gecko. Dev Biol 2016; 415:122-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Kiecker C, Bates T, Bell E. Molecular specification of germ layers in vertebrate embryos. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:923-47. [PMID: 26667903 PMCID: PMC4744249 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to generate the tissues and organs of a multicellular organism, different cell types have to be generated during embryonic development. The first step in this process of cellular diversification is the formation of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis and various neural crest-derived tissues, the endoderm goes on to form the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary systems as well as many endocrine glands, and the mesoderm will form the notochord, axial skeleton, cartilage, connective tissue, trunk muscles, kidneys and blood. Classic experiments in amphibian embryos revealed the tissue interactions involved in germ layer formation and provided the groundwork for the identification of secreted and intracellular factors involved in this process. We will begin this review by summarising the key findings of those studies. We will then evaluate them in the light of more recent genetic studies that helped clarify which of the previously identified factors are required for germ layer formation in vivo, and to what extent the mechanisms identified in amphibians are conserved across other vertebrate species. Collectively, these studies have started to reveal the gene regulatory network (GRN) underlying vertebrate germ layer specification and we will conclude our review by providing examples how our understanding of this GRN can be employed to differentiate stem cells in a targeted fashion for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas Bates
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Bell
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
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18
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Sheng G. The developmental basis of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:44. [PMID: 26589542 PMCID: PMC4654913 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) define a population of progenitor cells capable of giving rises to at least three mesodermal lineages in vitro, the chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. The validity of MSCs in vivo has been questioned because their existence, either as a homogeneous progenitor cell population or as a stem cell lineage, has been difficult to prove. The wide use of primary MSCs in regenerative and therapeutic applications raises ethical and regulatory concerns in many countries. In contrast to hematopoietic stem cells, a parallel concept which carries an embryological emphasis from its outset, MSCs have attracted little interest among developmental biologists and the embryological basis for their existence, or lack thereof, has not been carefully evaluated. METHODS This article provides a brief, embryological overview of these three mesoderm cell lineages and offers a framework of ontological rationales for the potential existence of MSCs in vivo. RESULTS Emphasis is given to the common somatic lateral plate mesoderm origin of the majority of body's adipose and skeletal tissues and of the major sources used for MSC derivation clinically. Support for the MSC hypothesis also comes from a large body of molecular and lineage analysis data in vivo. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that despite the lack of a definitive proof, the MSC concept has a firm embryological basis and that advances in MSC research can be facilitated by achieving a better integration with developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- Sheng Laboratory, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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19
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Myosin-II-mediated cell shape changes and cell intercalation contribute to primitive streak formation. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:397-408. [PMID: 25812521 PMCID: PMC4886837 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primitive streak formation in the chick embryo involves large scale highly coordinated flows of over 100.000 cells in the epiblast. These large scale tissue flows and deformations can be correlated with specific anisotropic cell behaviours in the forming mesendoderm through a combined light-sheet microscopy and computational analysis. Relevant behaviours include apical contraction, elongation along the apical-basal axis followed by ingression as well as asynchronous directional cell intercalation of small groups of mesendoderm cells. Cell intercalation is associated with sequential, directional contraction of apical junctions, the onset, localisation and direction of which correlate strongly with the appearance of active Myosin II cables in aligned apical junctions in neighbouring cells. Use of a class specific Myosin inhibitors and gene specific knockdowns show that apical contraction and intercalation are Myosin II dependent and also reveal critical roles for Myosin I and Myosin V family members in the assembly of junctional Myosin II cables.
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20
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Hue I, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T, Degrelle SA. Primary Bovine Extra-Embryonic Cultured Cells: A New Resource for the Study of In Vivo Peri-Implanting Phenotypes and Mesoderm Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127330. [PMID: 26070137 PMCID: PMC4466545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to nourishing the embryo, extra-embryonic tissues (EETs) contribute to early embryonic patterning, primitive hematopoiesis, and fetal health. These tissues are of major importance for human medicine, as well as for efforts to improve livestock efficiency, but they remain incompletely understood. In bovines, EETs are accessible easily, in large amounts, and prior to implantation. We took advantage of this system to describe, in vitro and in vivo, the cell types present in bovine EETs at Day 18 of development. Specifically, we characterized the gene expression patterns and phenotypes of bovine extra-embryonic ectoderm (or trophoblast; bTC), endoderm (bXEC), and mesoderm (bXMC) cells in culture and compared them to their respective in vivo micro-dissected cells. After a week of culture, certain characteristics (e.g., gene expression) of the in vitro cells were altered with respect to the in vivo cells, but we were able to identify "cores" of cell-type-specific (and substrate-independent) genes that were shared between in vitro and in vivo samples. In addition, many cellular phenotypes were cell-type-specific with regard to extracellular adhesion. We evaluated the ability of individual bXMCs to migrate and spread on micro-patterns, and observed that they easily adapted to diverse environments, similar to in vivo EE mesoderm cells, which encounter different EE epithelia to form chorion, yolk sac, and allantois. With these tissue interactions, different functions arose that were detected in silico and corroborated in vivo at D21-D25. Moreover, analysis of bXMCs allowed us to identify the EE cell ring surrounding the embryonic disc (ED) at D14-15 as mesoderm cells, which had been hypothesized but not shown prior to this study. We envision these data will serve as a major resource for the future in the analysis of peri-implanting phenotypes in response to the maternal metabolism and contribute to subsequent studies of placental/fetal development in eutherians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hue
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, U767, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, U767, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A Degrelle
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France; INSERM, UMR-S1139, U767, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
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21
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Sheng G. Epiblast morphogenesis before gastrulation. Dev Biol 2015; 401:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Stankova V, Tsikolia N, Viebahn C. Rho kinase activity controls directional cell movements during primitive streak formation in the rabbit embryo. Development 2015; 142:92-8. [PMID: 25516971 PMCID: PMC4299133 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During animal gastrulation, the specification of the embryonic axes is accompanied by epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the first major change in cell shape after fertilization. EMT takes place in disparate topographical arrangements, such as the circular blastopore of amphibians, the straight primitive streak of birds and mammals or in intermediate gastrulation forms of other amniotes such as reptiles. Planar cell movements are prime candidates to arrange specific modes of gastrulation but there is no consensus view on their role in different vertebrate classes. Here, we test the impact of interfering with Rho kinase-mediated cell movements on gastrulation topography in blastocysts of the rabbit, which has a flat embryonic disc typical for most mammals. Time-lapse video microscopy, electron microscopy, gene expression and morphometric analyses of the effect of inhibiting ROCK activity showed – besides normal specification of the organizer region – a dose-dependent disruption of primitive streak formation; this disruption resulted in circular, arc-shaped or intermediate forms, reminiscent of those found in amphibians, fishes and reptiles. Our results reveal a crucial role of ROCK-controlled directional cell movements during rabbit primitive streak formation and highlight the possibility that temporal and spatial modulation of cell movements were instrumental for the evolution of gastrulation forms. Summary: ROCK regulates cell motility, polarisation, intercalation and division in gastrulating rabbit embryos, revealing a role for Wnt-PCP signalling in primitive streak formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Stankova
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Centre, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37079, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Centre, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37079, Germany
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Centre, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37079, Germany
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23
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Godard BG, Coolen M, Le Panse S, Gombault A, Ferreiro-Galve S, Laguerre L, Lagadec R, Wincker P, Poulain J, Da Silva C, Kuraku S, Carre W, Boutet A, Mazan S. Mechanisms of endoderm formation in a cartilaginous fish reveal ancestral and homoplastic traits in jawed vertebrates. Biol Open 2014; 3:1098-107. [PMID: 25361580 PMCID: PMC4232768 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to gain insight into the impact of yolk increase on endoderm development, we have analyzed the mechanisms of endoderm formation in the catshark S. canicula, a species exhibiting telolecithal eggs and a distinct yolk sac. We show that in this species, endoderm markers are expressed in two distinct tissues, the deep mesenchyme, a mesenchymal population of deep blastomeres lying beneath the epithelial-like superficial layer, already specified at early blastula stages, and the involuting mesendoderm layer, which appears at the blastoderm posterior margin at the onset of gastrulation. Formation of the deep mesenchyme involves cell internalizations from the superficial layer prior to gastrulation, by a movement suggestive of ingressions. These cell movements were observed not only at the posterior margin, where massive internalizations take place prior to the start of involution, but also in the center of the blastoderm, where internalizations of single cells prevail. Like the adjacent involuting mesendoderm, the posterior deep mesenchyme expresses anterior mesendoderm markers under the control of Nodal/activin signaling. Comparisons across vertebrates support the conclusion that endoderm is specified in two distinct temporal phases in the catshark as in all major osteichthyan lineages, in line with an ancient origin of a biphasic mode of endoderm specification in gnathostomes. They also highlight unexpected similarities with amniotes, such as the occurrence of cell ingressions from the superficial layer prior to gastrulation. These similarities may correspond to homoplastic traits fixed separately in amniotes and chondrichthyans and related to the increase in egg yolk mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit G Godard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Marion Coolen
- Université d'Orléans-CNRS, UMR 6218, 45070 Orléans, France Present address: CNRS UPR 3294, Institute of Neurobiology Alfred Fessard, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Le Panse
- Plateforme d'Imagerie, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, FR 2424, Station Biologique, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Aurélie Gombault
- Université d'Orléans-CNRS, UMR 6218, 45070 Orléans, France Present address: UMR 7355, Université d'Orleans-CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Université d'Orléans-CNRS, UMR 6218, 45070 Orléans, France Present address: Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Laurent Laguerre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Ronan Lagadec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- CEA-Institut de Génomique-Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston-Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- CEA-Institut de Génomique-Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston-Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- CEA-Institut de Génomique-Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston-Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Genome Resource and Analysis Unit (GRAS), Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN.2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-KU, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Wilfrid Carre
- ABiMS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, FR 2424, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Agnès Boutet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
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24
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Compartment-dependent activities of Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling during vertebrate axial extension. Dev Biol 2014; 394:253-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Sheng G. Day-1 chick development. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:357-67. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; Kobe Hyogo Japan
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