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Wilkins EM, Anderson AM, Buckley KM, Strader ME. Temperature influences immune cell development and body length in purple sea urchin larvae. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 202:106705. [PMID: 39232469 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves that may broadly impact the health of marine invertebrates. Rising ocean temperatures lead to increases in disease prevalence in marine organisms; it is therefore critical to understand how marine heatwaves impact immune system development. The purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) is an ecologically important, broadcast-spawning, omnivore that primarily inhabits kelp forests in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The S. purpuratus life cycle includes a relatively long-lived (∼2 months) planktotrophic larval stage. Larvae have a well-characterized cellular immune system that is mediated, in part, by a subset of mesenchymal cells known as pigment cells. To assess the role of environmental temperature on the development of larval immune cells, embryos were generated from adult sea urchins conditioned at 14 °C. Embryos were then cultured in either ambient (14 °C) or elevated (18 °C) seawater. Results indicate that larvae raised in an elevated temperature were slightly larger and had more pigment cells than those raised at ambient temperature. Further, the larval phenotypes varied significantly among genetic crosses, which highlights the importance of genotype in structuring how the immune system develops in the context of the environment. Overall, these results indicate that larvae are phenotypically plastic in modulating their immune cells and body length in response to adverse developmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Wilkins
- Auburn University, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA.
| | - Audrey M Anderson
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Katherine M Buckley
- Auburn University, Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn, AL, 36830, USA
| | - Marie E Strader
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biology, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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2
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Badouel C, Audouard C, Davy A. Heterogeneity in the size of the apical surface of cortical progenitors. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:363-376. [PMID: 36153792 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apical surface (AS) of epithelial cells is highly specialized; it is important for morphogenetic processes that are essential to shape organs and tissues and it plays a role in morphogen and growth factor signaling. Apical progenitors in the mammalian neocortex are pseudoepithelial cells whose apical surface lines the ventricle. Whether changes in their apical surface sizes are important for cortical morphogenesis and/or other aspects of neocortex development has not been thoroughly addressed. RESULTS Here we show that apical progenitors are heterogeneous with respect to their apical surface area. In Efnb1 mutants, the size of the apical surface is modified and this correlates with discrete alterations of tissue organization without impacting apical progenitors proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data reveal heterogeneity in apical progenitors AS area in the developing neocortex and shows a role for Ephrin B1 in controlling AS size. Our study also indicates that changes in AS size do not have strong repercussion on apical progenitor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Badouel
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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3
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Konrad KD, Song JL. microRNA-124 regulates Notch and NeuroD1 to mediate transition states of neuronal development. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:3-27. [PMID: 36336988 PMCID: PMC10440801 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by destabilizing target mRNA and/or inhibiting translation in animal cells. The ability to mechanistically dissect miR-124's function during specification, differentiation, and maturation of neurons during development within a single system has not been accomplished. Using the sea urchin embryo, we take advantage of the manipulability of the embryo and its well-documented gene regulatory networks (GRNs). We incorporated NeuroD1 as part of the sea urchin neuronal GRN and determined that miR-124 inhibition resulted in aberrant gut contractions, swimming velocity, and neuronal development. Inhibition of miR-124 resulted in an increased number of cells expressing transcription factors (TFs) associated with progenitor neurons and a concurrent decrease of mature and functional neurons. Results revealed that in the early blastula/gastrula stages, miR-124 regulates undefined factors during neuronal specification and differentiation. In the late gastrula/larval stages, miR-124 regulates Notch and NeuroD1 during the transition between neuronal differentiation and maturation. Overall, we have improved the neuronal GRN and identified miR-124 to play a prolific role in regulating various transitions of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalin D Konrad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jia L Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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4
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Kaplan N, Wang S, Wang J, Yang W, Ventrella R, Majekodunmi A, Perez White BE, Getsios S, Mitchell BJ, Peng H, Lavker RM. Ciliogenesis and autophagy are coordinately regulated by EphA2 in the cornea to maintain proper epithelial architecture. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:193-205. [PMID: 34119713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the relationship between ciliogenesis and autophagy in the corneal epithelium. METHODS siRNAs for EphA2 or PLD1 were used to inhibit protein expression in vitro. Morpholino-anti-EphA2 was used to knockdown EphA2 in Xenopus skin. An EphA2 knockout mouse was used to conduct loss of function studies. Autophagic vacuoles were visualized by contrast light microscopy. Autophagy flux, was measured by LC3 turnover and p62 protein levels. Immunostaining and confocal microscopy were conducted to visualize cilia in cultured cells and in vivo. RESULTS Loss of EphA2 (i) increased corneal epithelial thickness by elevating proliferative potential in wing cells, (ii) reduced the number of ciliated cells, (iii) increased large hollow vacuoles, that could be rescued by BafA1; (iv) inhibited autophagy flux and (v) increased GFP-LC3 puncta in the mouse corneal epithelium. This indicated a role for EphA2 in stratified epithelial assembly via regulation of proliferation as well as a positive role in both ciliogenesis and end-stage autophagy. Inhibition of PLD1, an EphA2 interacting protein that is a critical regulator of end-stage autophagy, reversed the accumulation of vacuoles, and the reduction in the number of ciliated cells due to EphA2 depletion, suggesting EphA2 regulation of both end-stage autophagy and ciliogenesis via PLD1. PLD1 mediated rescue of ciliogenesis by EphA2 depletion was blocked by BafA1, placing autophagy between EphA2 signaling and regulation of ciliogenesis. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a novel role for EphA2 in regulating both autophagy and ciliogenesis, processes that are essential for proper corneal epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sijia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wending Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rosa Ventrella
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ahmed Majekodunmi
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | | | - Brian J Mitchell
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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5
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Vreeken D, Bruikman CS, Cox SML, Zhang H, Lalai R, Koudijs A, van Zonneveld AJ, Hovingh GK, van Gils JM. EPH receptor B2 stimulates human monocyte adhesion and migration independently of its EphrinB ligands. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:999-1011. [PMID: 32337793 PMCID: PMC7496365 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0320-283rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of atherosclerosis is not fully understood and mice studies have shown that Ephrins and EPH receptors play a role in the atherosclerotic process. We set out to assess the role for monocytic EPHB2 and its Ephrin ligands in human atherosclerosis and show a role for EPHB2 in monocyte functions independently of its EphrinB ligands. Immunohistochemical staining of human aortic sections at different stages of atherosclerosis showed that EPHB2 and its ligand EphrinB are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and that expression proportionally increases with plaque severity. Functionally, stimulation with EPHB2 did not affect endothelial barrier function, nor did stimulation with EphrinB1 or EphrinB2 affect monocyte‐endothelial interactions. In contrast, reduced expression of EPHB2 in monocytes resulted in decreased monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and a decrease in monocyte transmigration, mediated by an altered morphology and a decreased ability to phosphorylate FAK. Our results suggest that EPHB2 expression in monocytes results in monocyte accumulation by virtue of an increase of transendothelial migration, which can subsequently contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Vreeken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Suzanne Bruikman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Martinus Leonardus Cox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huayu Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reshma Lalai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Koudijs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Kornelis Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Maria van Gils
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Fiuza UM, Negishi T, Rouan A, Yasuo H, Lemaire P. A Nodal/Eph signalling relay drives the transition from apical constriction to apico-basal shortening in ascidian endoderm invagination. Development 2020; 147:dev.186965. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.186965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is the first major morphogenetic event during animal embryogenesis. Ascidian gastrulation starts with the invagination of 10 endodermal precursor cells between the 64- and late 112-cell stages. This process occurs in the absence of endodermal cell division and in two steps, driven by myosin-dependent contractions of the acto-myosin network. First, endoderm precursors constrict their apex. Second, they shorten apico-basally, while retaining small apical surfaces, thereby causing invagination. The mechanisms that prevent endoderm cell division, trigger the transition between step 1 and step 2, and drive apico-basal shortening have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate a conserved role for Nodal and Eph signalling during invagination in two distantly related ascidian species, Phallusia mammillata and Ciona intestinalis. Specifically, we show that the transition to step 2 is triggered by Nodal relayed by Eph signalling. Additionally, our results indicate that Eph signalling lengthens the endodermal cell cycle, independently of Nodal. Finally, we find that both Nodal and Eph signals are dispensable for endoderm fate specification. These results illustrate commonalities as well as differences in the action of Nodal during ascidian and vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla-Maj Fiuza
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Takefumi Negishi
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alice Rouan
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hitoyoshi Yasuo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
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7
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Hogan JD, Keenan JL, Luo L, Ibn-Salem J, Lamba A, Schatzberg D, Piacentino ML, Zuch DT, Core AB, Blumberg C, Timmermann B, Grau JH, Speranza E, Andrade-Navarro MA, Irie N, Poustka AJ, Bradham CA. The developmental transcriptome for Lytechinus variegatus exhibits temporally punctuated gene expression changes. Dev Biol 2019; 460:139-154. [PMID: 31816285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development is arguably the most complex process an organism undergoes during its lifetime, and understanding this complexity is best approached with a systems-level perspective. The sea urchin has become a highly valuable model organism for understanding developmental specification, morphogenesis, and evolution. As a non-chordate deuterostome, the sea urchin occupies an important evolutionary niche between protostomes and vertebrates. Lytechinus variegatus (Lv) is an Atlantic species that has been well studied, and which has provided important insights into signal transduction, patterning, and morphogenetic changes during embryonic and larval development. The Pacific species, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Sp), is another well-studied sea urchin, particularly for gene regulatory networks (GRNs) and cis-regulatory analyses. A well-annotated genome and transcriptome for Sp are available, but similar resources have not been developed for Lv. Here, we provide an analysis of the Lv transcriptome at 11 timepoints during embryonic and larval development. Temporal analysis suggests that the gene regulatory networks that underlie specification are well-conserved among sea urchin species. We show that the major transitions in variation of embryonic transcription divide the developmental time series into four distinct, temporally sequential phases. Our work shows that sea urchin development occurs via sequential intervals of relatively stable gene expression states that are punctuated by abrupt transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hogan
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lingqi Luo
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Ibn-Salem
- Evolution and Development Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arjun Lamba
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael L Piacentino
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel T Zuch
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda B Core
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - José Horacio Grau
- Dahlem Centre for Genome Research and Medical Systems Biology, Environmental and Phylogenomics Group, Berlin, Germany; Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emily Speranza
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Naoki Irie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Albert J Poustka
- Evolution and Development Group, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Dahlem Centre for Genome Research and Medical Systems Biology, Environmental and Phylogenomics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia A Bradham
- Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Torres MJ, McLaughlin KL, Renegar RH, Valsaraj S, Whitehurst KS, Sharaf OM, Sharma UM, Horton JL, Sarathy B, Parks JC, Brault JJ, Fisher-Wellman KH, Neufer PD, Virag JAI. Intracardiac administration of ephrinA1-Fc preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics during acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. Life Sci 2019; 239:117053. [PMID: 31733316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intracardiac injection of recombinant EphrinA1-Fc immediately following coronary artery ligation in mice reduces infarct size in both reperfused and non-reperfused myocardium, but the cellular alterations behind this phenomenon remain unknown. MAIN METHODS Herein, 10 wk-old B6129SF2/J male mice were exposed to acute ischemia/reperfusion (30minI/24hrsR) injury immediately followed by intracardiac injection of either EphrinA1-Fc or IgG-Fc. After 24 h of reperfusion, sections of the infarct margin in the left ventricle were imaged via transmission electron microscopy, and mitochondrial function was assessed in both permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria, to examine mitochondrial structure, function, and energetics in the early stages of repair. KEY FINDINGS At a structural level, EphrinA1-Fc administration prevented the I/R-induced loss of sarcomere alignment and mitochondrial organization along the Z disks, as well as disorganization of the cristae and loss of inter-mitochondrial junctions. With respect to bioenergetics, loss of respiratory function induced by I/R was prevented by EphrinA1-Fc. Preservation of cardiac bioenergetics was not due to changes in mitochondrial JH2O2 emitting potential, membrane potential, ADP affinity, efficiency of ATP production, or activity of the main dehydrogenase enzymes, suggesting that EphrinA1-Fc indirectly maintains respiratory function via preservation of the mitochondrial network. Moreover, these protective effects were lost in isolated mitochondria, further emphasizing the importance of the intact cardiomyocyte ultrastructure in mitochondrial energetics. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, these data suggest that intracardiac injection of EphrinA1-Fc protects cardiac function by preserving cardiomyocyte structure and mitochondrial bioenergetics, thus emerging as a potential therapeutic strategy in I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Torres
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Kelsey L McLaughlin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Randall H Renegar
- Dept of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Smrithi Valsaraj
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - K'Shylah S Whitehurst
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Omar M Sharaf
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Uma M Sharma
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Julie L Horton
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Brinda Sarathy
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Justin C Parks
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Jitka A I Virag
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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9
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Buckley KM, Rast JP. An Organismal Model for Gene Regulatory Networks in the Gut-Associated Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1297. [PMID: 29109720 PMCID: PMC5660111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium is an ancient site of complex communication between the animal immune system and the microbial world. While elements of self-non-self receptors and effector mechanisms differ greatly among animal phyla, some aspects of recognition, regulation, and response are broadly conserved. A gene regulatory network (GRN) approach provides a means to investigate the nature of this conservation and divergence even as more peripheral functional details remain incompletely understood. The sea urchin embryo is an unparalleled experimental model for detangling the GRNs that govern embryonic development. By applying this theoretical framework to the free swimming, feeding larval stage of the purple sea urchin, it is possible to delineate the conserved regulatory circuitry that regulates the gut-associated immune response. This model provides a morphologically simple system in which to efficiently unravel regulatory connections that are phylogenetically relevant to immunity in vertebrates. Here, we review the organism-wide cellular and transcriptional immune response of the sea urchin larva. A large set of transcription factors and signal systems, including epithelial expression of interleukin 17 (IL17), are important mediators in the activation of the early gut-associated response. Many of these have homologs that are active in vertebrate immunity, while others are ancient in animals but absent in vertebrates or specific to echinoderms. This larval model provides a means to experimentally characterize immune function encoded in the sea urchin genome and the regulatory interconnections that control immune response and resolution across the tissues of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Buckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jonathan P Rast
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kanno N, Nishimura N, Nishihara H, Horiguchi K, Kato Y. Cell type-specific localization of Ephs pairing with ephrin-B2 in the rat postnatal pituitary gland. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:99-112. [PMID: 28660300 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sox2-expressing stem/progenitor cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland form two types of micro-environments (niches): the marginal cell layer and dense cell clusters in the parenchyma. In relation to the mechanism of regulation of niches, juxtacrine signaling via ephrin and its receptor Eph is known to play important roles in various niches. The ephrin and Eph families are divided into two subclasses to create ephrin/Eph signaling in co-operation with confined partners. Recently, we reported that ephrin-B2 localizes specifically to both pituitary niches. However, the Ephs interacting with ephrin-B2 in these pituitary niches have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the Ephs interacting with ephrin-B2 and the cells that produce them in the rat pituitary gland. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated cell type-specific localization of candidate interacting partners for ephrin-B2, including EphA4 in cells located in the posterior lobe, EphB1 in gonadotropes, EphB2 in corticotropes, EphB3 in stem/progenitor cells and EphB4 in endothelial cells in the adult pituitary gland. In particular, double-immunohistochemistry showed cis-interactions between EphB3 and ephrin-B2 in the apical cell membranes of stem/progenitor cell niches throughout life and trans-interactions between EphB2 produced by corticotropes and ephrin-B2 located in the basolateral cell membranes of stem/progenitor cells in the early postnatal pituitary gland. These data indicate that ephrin-B2 plays a role in pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches by selective interaction with EphB3 in cis and EphB2 in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takako Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Kanno
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Nishimura
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Nishihara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kotaro Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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11
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Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, García-Arrarás JE. Inhibition of cell proliferation does not slow down echinoderm neural regeneration. Front Zool 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28250799 PMCID: PMC5324207 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regeneration of the damaged central nervous system is one of the most interesting post-embryonic developmental phenomena. Two distinct cellular events have been implicated in supplying regenerative neurogenesis with cellular material – generation of new cells through cell proliferation and recruitment of already existing cells through cell migration. The relative contribution and importance of these two mechanisms is often unknown. Methods Here, we use the regenerating radial nerve cord (RNC) of the echinoderm Holothuria glaberrima as a model of extensive post-traumatic neurogenesis in the deuterostome central nervous system. To uncouple the effects of cell proliferation from those of cell migration, we treated regenerating animals with aphidicolin, a specific inhibitor of S-phase DNA replication. To monitor the effect of aphidicolin on DNA synthesis, we used BrdU immunocytochemistry. The specific radial glial marker ERG1 was used to label the regenerating RNC. Cell migration was tracked with vital staining with the lipophilic dye DiI. Results Aphidicolin treatment resulted in a significant 2.1-fold decrease in cell proliferation. In spite of this, the regenerating RNC in the treated animals did not differ in histological architecture, size and cell number from its counterpart in the control vehicle-treated animals. DiI labeling showed extensive cell migration in the RNC. Some cells migrated from as far as 2 mm away from the injury plane to contribute to the neural outgrowth. Conclusions We suggest that inhibition of cell division in the regenerating RNC of H. glaberrima is compensated for by recruitment of cells, which migrate into the RNC outgrowth from deeper regions of the neuroepithelium. Neural regeneration in echinoderms is thus a highly regulative developmental phenomenon, in which the size of the cell pool can be controlled either by cell proliferation or cell migration, and the latter can neutralize perturbations in the former. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-017-0196-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Mashanov
- University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, 32224 FL USA.,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PO Box 70377, San Juan, 00936-8377 PR USA
| | - Olga R Zueva
- University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, 32224 FL USA.,University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PO Box 70377, San Juan, 00936-8377 PR USA
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12
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Wang X, Sun J, Li C, Mao B. EphA7 modulates apical constriction of hindbrain neuroepithelium during neurulation in Xenopus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:759-765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Krupke OA, Zysk I, Mellott DO, Burke RD. Eph and Ephrin function in dispersal and epithelial insertion of pigmented immunocytes in sea urchin embryos. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27474796 PMCID: PMC4996649 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that underlie directional cell migration are incompletely understood. Eph receptors usually guide migrations of cells by exclusion from regions expressing Ephrin. In sea urchin embryos, pigmented immunocytes are specified in vegetal epithelium, transition to mesenchyme, migrate, and re-enter ectoderm, distributing in dorsal ectoderm and ciliary band, but not ventral ectoderm. Immunocytes express Sp-Eph and Sp-Efn is expressed throughout dorsal and ciliary band ectoderm. Interfering with expression or function of Sp-Eph results in rounded immunocytes entering ectoderm but not adopting a dendritic form. Expressing Sp-Efn throughout embryos permits immunocyte insertion in ventral ectoderm. In mosaic embryos, immunocytes insert preferentially in ectoderm expressing Sp-Efn. We conclude that Sp-Eph signaling is necessary and sufficient for epithelial insertion. As well, we propose that immunocytes disperse when Sp-Eph enhances adhesion, causing haptotactic movement to regions of higher ligand abundance. This is a distinctive example of Eph/Ephrin signaling acting positively to pattern migrating cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16000.001 During animal development, numerous cells move around the embryo to form and shape the growing tissues. As these cells move, they are guided to their destination by molecular cues. The embryo’s tissues produce these cues and the cues can either repel or attract migrating cells. Ephrins are a large and well-studied family of proteins that serve as guidance cues and are found on the surface of certain types of cells. Some migrating cells have receptors for Ephrin and are repelled from tissues that contain Ephrin proteins. In these cases, the repulsive interaction between Ephrins and cells with receptors ensures that migrating cells avoid certain locations and reach the correct final destination. The sea urchin is an important model organism for studying how animals develop and in particular how genes control animal development. This is in part because these animals can be easily manipulated in the laboratory and are more closely related to animals with backbones than many other model organisms. Sea urchins also have a relatively simple set of genes; many of which are similar to the human form of the gene. In sea urchin embryos, pigmented cells called immunocytes are known to migrate from one region of the embryo to another where they form part of its immune system. However it was not clear what guides this migration. Sea urchins produce one type of Ephrin protein and its associated receptor, and now Krupke et al. show that immunocytes carry the receptor for Ephrin and migrate to embryonic tissues that produce high levels of this Ephrin. This finding suggested that the Ephrin is actually attracting the immunocytes to their final destination rather than repelling them. Further experiments supported this idea and revealed that immunocytes that lack the Ephrin receptor fail to enter the right tissue. Similarly, altering the pattern of Ephrin in the embryo’s tissues altered immunocyte migration in a predictable way. These findings of Krupke et al. suggest that Ephrin and its receptor have changed their biological functions during evolution of animals. This raises a number of questions for future research including whether the molecular mechanisms used by Ephrin and its receptor to attract immunocytes in sea urchins is the same as that used to repel cells in other species. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16000.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver A Krupke
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Ivona Zysk
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Dan O Mellott
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Robert D Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Garner S, Zysk I, Byrne G, Kramer M, Moller D, Taylor V, Burke RD. Neurogenesis in sea urchin embryos and the diversity of deuterostome neurogenic mechanisms. Development 2015; 143:286-97. [PMID: 26511925 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A single origin to the diverse mechanisms of metazoan neurogenesis is suggested by the involvement of common signaling components and similar classes of transcription factors. However, in many forms we lack details of where neurons arise, patterns of cell division, and specific differentiation pathway components. The sea urchin larval nervous system is composed of an apical organ, which develops from neuroepithelium and functions as a central nervous system, and peripheral neurons, which differentiate in the ciliary band and project axons to the apical organ. To reveal developmental mechanisms of neurogenesis in this basal deuterostome, we developed antibodies to SoxC, SoxB2, ELAV and Brn1/2/4 and used neurons that develop at specific locations to establish a timeline for neurogenesis. Neural progenitors express, in turn, SoxB2, SoxC, and Brn1/2/4, before projecting neurites and expressing ELAV and SynB. Using pulse-chase labeling of cells with a thymidine analog to identify cells in S-phase, we establish that neurons identified by location are in their last mitotic cycle at the time of hatching, and S-phase is coincident with expression of SoxC. The number of cells expressing SoxC and differentiating as neurons is reduced in embryos injected with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to SoxC, SoxB2 or Six3. Injection of RNA encoding SoxC into eggs does not enhance neurogenesis. In addition, inhibition of FGF receptors (SU5402) or a morpholino to FGFR1 reduces expression of SoxC. These data indicate that there are common features of neurogenesis in deuterostomes, and that sea urchins employ developmental mechanisms that are distinct from other ambulacraria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garner
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Ivona Zysk
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Glynis Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Marabeth Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Daniel Moller
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Valerie Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Robert D Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 3P6
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Praslicka B, Gissendanner CR. The C. elegans NR4A nuclear receptor gene nhr-6 promotes cell cycle progression in the spermatheca lineage. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:417-30. [PMID: 25529479 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NR4A nuclear receptors are a conserved, functionally diverse group of nuclear receptors that regulate multiple cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation. The gene nhr-6 encodes the sole Caenorhabditis elegans NR4A nuclear receptor homolog with an essential role in reproduction by regulating morphogenesis of the spermatheca, a somatic gonad organ involved in ovulation and fertilization. RESULTS Here, we identify the spermatheca cell lineage defects that occur in nhr-6 mutants. Utilizing cell marker analysis, we find that nhr-6 is required for cell cycle progression and that the cell proliferation phenotype is not due to premature cell cycle exit. We also show that loss of the negative cell cycle regulators fzr-1 and lin-35 suppresses the cell proliferation defects. We further demonstrate that NHR-6 activity intersects with Eph receptor signaling during spermatheca cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS NHR-6 has an essential function in promoting cell cycle progression during G1 phase in a specific spermatheca cell lineage. Genetic suppression of the proliferation phenotype does not affect the differentiation phenotypes observed in nhr-6 mutants, indicating a dualistic role for nhr-6 in regulating cell proliferation and cell differentiation during spermatheca organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Praslicka
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
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Krupke OA, Burke RD. Eph-Ephrin signaling and focal adhesion kinase regulate actomyosin-dependent apical constriction of ciliary band cells. J Cell Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.151266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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