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Llargués-Sistac G, Bonjoch L, Castellvi-Bel S. HAP1, a new revolutionary cell model for gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1111488. [PMID: 36936678 PMCID: PMC10020200 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has been instrumental in the characterization of the mutational landscape of complex human diseases like cancer. But despite the enormous rise in the identification of disease candidate genetic variants, their functionality is yet to be fully elucidated in order to have a clear implication in patient care. Haploid human cell models have become the tool of choice for functional gene studies, since they only contain one copy of the genome and can therefore show the unmasked phenotype of genetic variants. Over the past few years, the human near-haploid cell line HAP1 has widely been consolidated as one of the favorite cell line models for functional genetic studies. Its rapid turnover coupled with the fact that only one allele needs to be modified in order to express the subsequent desired phenotype has made this human cell line a valuable tool for gene editing by CRISPR-Cas9 technologies. This review examines the recent uses of the HAP1 cell line model in functional genetic studies and high-throughput genetic screens using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. It covers its use in an attempt to develop new and relevant disease models to further elucidate gene function, and create new ways to understand the genetic basis of human diseases. We will cover the advantages and potential of the use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology on HAP1 to easily and efficiently study the functional interpretation of gene function and human single-nucleotide genetic variants of unknown significance identified through NGS technologies, and its implications for changes in clinical practice and patient care.
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2
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Banerjee R, Sotero-Caio CG, Fu B, Yang F. Chromosomal instability (CIN) in HAP1 cell lines revealed by multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridisation (M-FISH). Mol Cytogenet 2022; 15:46. [PMID: 36289492 PMCID: PMC9609465 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-022-00625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HAP1, a near-haploid human leukemic cancer cell line is often used in combination with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology for genetic screens. HAP1 carries the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and an additional ~ 30 Mb fragment of chromosome 15 inserted into chromosome 19. The potential use of an in vitro cell line as a model system in biomedical research studies depends on its ability to maintain genome stability. Being a cancer cell line with a near-haploid genome, HAP1 is prone to genetic instability, which is further compounded by its tendency to diploidise in culture spontaneously. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing coupled with prolonged in-vitro cell culturing has the potential to induce unintended 'off-target' cytogenetic mutations. To gain an insight into chromosomal instability (CIN) and karyotype heterogeneity, 19 HAP1 cell lines were cytogenetically characterised, 17 of which were near-haploids and two double-haploids, using multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridisation (M-FISH), at single cell resolution. We focused on novel numerical (N) and structural (S) CIN and discussed the potential causal factors for the observed instability. For each cell line we examined its ploidy, gene editing status and its length of in-vitro cell culturing. RESULTS Sixteen of the 19 cell lines had been gene edited with passage numbers ranging from 10 to 35. Diploidisation in 17 near-haploid cell lines ranged from 4 to 35% and percentage of N- and S-CIN in [1n] and [2n] metaphases ranged from 7 to 50% with two cell lines showing no CIN. Percentage of cells with CIN in the two double-haploid cell lines were 96% and 100% respectively. The most common S-CIN observed was deletion followed by translocation of both types, non-reciprocal and Robertsonian. Interestingly, we observed a prevalence of S-CIN associated with chromosome 13 in both near-and double-haploid cell lines, with a high incidence of Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 13. Furthermore, locus-specific BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) FISH enabled us to show for the first time that the additional chromosome 15 fragment is inserted into the p-arm rather than the q-arm of chromosome 19 of the HAP1 genome. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a high incidence of CIN leading to karyotype heterogeneity in majority of the HAP1 cell lines with the number of chromosomal aberrations varying between cell lines. A noteworthy observation was the high frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations associated with chromosome 13. We showed that CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology in combination with spontaneous diploidisation and prolonged in-vitro cell culturing is potentially instrumental in inducing further chromosomal rearrangements in the HAP1 cell lines with existing CIN. We highlight the importance of maintaining cell lines at low passage and the need for regular monitoring to prevent implications in downstream applications. Our study also established that the additional fragment of chromosome 15 in the HAP1 genome is inserted into chromosome 19p rather than 19q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Banerjee
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Cibele G. Sotero-Caio
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Fengtang Yang
- grid.10306.340000 0004 0606 5382Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK ,grid.412509.b0000 0004 1808 3414School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong People’s Republic of China
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3
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Generation and Validation of an Anti-Human PANK3 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091323. [PMID: 36139163 PMCID: PMC9496473 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential co-factor at the intersection of diverse metabolic pathways. Cellular CoA biosynthesis is regulated at the first committed step—phosphorylation of pantothenic acid—catalyzed by pantothenate kinases (PANK1,2,3 in humans, PANK3 being the most highly expressed). Despite the critical importance of CoA in metabolism, the differential roles of PANK isoforms remain poorly understood. Our investigations of PANK proteins as potential precision oncology collateral lethality targets (PANK1 is co-deleted as part of the PTEN locus in some highly aggressive cancers) were severely hindered by a dearth of commercial antibodies that can reliably detect endogenous PANK3 protein. While we successfully validated commercial antibodies for PANK1 and PANK2 using CRISPR knockout cell lines, we found no commercial antibody that could detect endogenous PANK3. We therefore set out to generate a mouse monoclonal antibody against human PANK3 protein. We demonstrate that a clone (Clone MDA-299-62A) can reliably detect endogenous PANK3 protein in cancer cell lines, with band-specificity confirmed by CRISPR PANK3 knockout and knockdown cell lines. Sub-cellular fractionation shows that PANK3 is overwhelmingly cytosolic and expressed broadly across cancer cell lines. PANK3 monoclonal antibody MDA-299-62A should prove a valuable tool for researchers investigating this understudied family of metabolic enzymes in health and disease.
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4
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Gao Q, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Tian Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Geng M, Xu M, Yao C, Wang H, Li L, Liu Y, Shuai L. High-throughput screening in postimplantation haploid epiblast stem cells reveals Hs3st3b1 as a modulator for reprogramming. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:743-755. [PMID: 33511777 PMCID: PMC8046116 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) derived from postimplantation epiblast are pluripotent stem cells, epigenetically distinct from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are widely used in reprogramming studies. Recent achieved haploid cell lines in mammalian species open a new era for high-throughput genetic screening, due to their homozygous phenotypes. Here, we report the generation of mouse haploid EpiSCs (haEpiSCs) from postimplantation chimeric embryos at embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5). These cells maintain one set of chromosomes, express EpiSC-specific genes, and have potentials to differentiate into three germ layers. We also develop a massive mutagenesis protocol with haEpiSCs, and subsequently perform reprogramming selection using this genome-wide mutation library. Multiple modules related to various pathways are implicated. The validation experiments prove that knockout of Hst3st3b1 (one of the candidates) can promote reprogramming of EpiSCs to the ground state efficiently. Our results open the feasibility of utilizing haEpiSCs to elucidate fundamental biological processes including cell fate alternations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiding Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Nankai Animal Resource Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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5
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Miura H, Takahashi S, Shibata T, Nagao K, Obuse C, Okumura K, Ogata M, Hiratani I, Takebayashi SI. Mapping replication timing domains genome wide in single mammalian cells with single-cell DNA replication sequencing. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:4058-4100. [PMID: 33230331 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Replication timing (RT) domains are stable units of chromosome structure that are regulated in the context of development and disease. Conventional genome-wide RT mapping methods require many S-phase cells for either the effective enrichment of replicating DNA through bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunoprecipitation or the determination of copy-number differences during S-phase, which precludes their application to non-abundant cell types and single cells. Here, we provide a simple, cost-effective, and robust protocol for single-cell DNA replication sequencing (scRepli-seq). The scRepli-seq methodology relies on whole-genome amplification (WGA) of genomic DNA (gDNA) from single S-phase cells and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based determination of copy-number differences that arise between replicated and unreplicated DNA. Haplotype-resolved scRepli-seq, which distinguishes pairs of homologous chromosomes within a single cell, is feasible by using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)/indel information. We also provide computational pipelines for quality control, normalization, and binarization of the scRepli-seq data. The experimental portion of this protocol (before sequencing) takes 3 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Miura
- Laboratory for Developmental Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Saori Takahashi
- Laboratory for Developmental Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- Department of Biochemistry and Proteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Koji Nagao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Chikashi Obuse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Katsuzumi Okumura
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masato Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry and Proteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hiratani
- Laboratory for Developmental Epigenetics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Proteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan. .,Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
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6
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Beigl TB, Kjosås I, Seljeseth E, Glomnes N, Aksnes H. Efficient and crucial quality control of HAP1 cell ploidy status. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/11/bio057174. [PMID: 33184093 PMCID: PMC7673356 DOI: 10.1242/bio.057174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The near-haploid human cell line HAP1 recently became a popular subject for CRISPR/Cas9 editing, since only one allele requires modification. Through the gene-editing service at Horizon Discovery, there are at present more than 7500 edited cell lines available and the number continuously increases. The haploid nature of HAP1 is unstable as cultures become diploid with time. Here, we demonstrated some fundamental differences between haploid and diploid HAP1 cells, hence underlining the need for taking control over ploidy status in HAP1 cultures prior to phenotyping. Consequently, we optimized a procedure to determine the ploidy of HAP1 by flow cytometry in order to obtain diploid cultures and avoid ploidy status as an interfering variable in experiments. Furthermore, in order to facilitate this quality control, we validated a size-based cell sorting procedure to obtain the diploid culture more rapidly. Hence, we provide here two streamlined protocols for quality controlling the ploidy of HAP1 cells and document their validity and necessity. This article has an associated First Person interview with the co-first authors of the paper. Summary: Sharing an effective procedure to quality control the near-haploid HAP1 cells for standardized comparison to CRISPR/Cas9 modified versions and demonstrating the need for controlling the spontaneous diploidization of HAP1 cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias B Beigl
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.,Institute of cell biology and immunology, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ine Kjosås
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Emilie Seljeseth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Glomnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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7
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Sun S, Zhao Y, Shuai L. The milestone of genetic screening: Mammalian haploid cells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2471-2479. [PMID: 33005309 PMCID: PMC7509586 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian haploid cells provide insights into multiple genetics approaches as have been proved by advances in homozygous phenotypes and function as gametes. Recent achievements make ploidy of mammalian haploid cells stable and improve the developmental efficiency of embryos derived from mammalian haploid cells intracytoplasmic microinjection, which promise great potentials for using mammalian haploid cells in forward and reverse genetic screening. In this review, we introduce breakthroughs of mammalian haploid cells involving in mechanisms of self-diploidization, forward genetics for various targeting genes and imprinted genes related development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiding Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ling Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tate Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin 300052, China
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8
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Olbrich T, Vega-Sendino M, Murga M, de Carcer G, Malumbres M, Ortega S, Ruiz S, Fernandez-Capetillo O. A Chemical Screen Identifies Compounds Capable of Selecting for Haploidy in Mammalian Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:597-604.e4. [PMID: 31315040 PMCID: PMC6656781 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of somatic haploid cell lines has provided a unique tool for genetic studies in mammals. However, the percentage of haploid cells rapidly decreases in these cell lines, which we recently showed is due to their overgrowth by diploid cells present in the cultures. Based on this property, we have now performed a phenotypic chemical screen in human haploid HAP1 cells aiming to identify compounds that facilitate the maintenance of haploid cells. Our top hit was 10-Deacetyl-baccatin-III (DAB), a chemical precursor in the synthesis of Taxol, which selects for haploid cells in HAP1 and mouse haploid embryonic stem cultures. Interestingly, DAB also enriches for diploid cells in mixed cultures of diploid and tetraploid cells, including in the colon cancer cell line DLD-1, revealing a general strategy for selecting cells with lower ploidy in mixed populations of mammalian cells. Mammalian haploid cell cultures become progressively enriched in diploid cells DAB, a precursor of Taxol, facilitates the maintenance of haploidy DAB selects for cells with lower ploidy in mixed cultures of mammalian cells Statins accelerate the gradual loss of haploid cells in culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Olbrich
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Maria Vega-Sendino
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Matilde Murga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Carcer
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sagrario Ortega
- Transgenics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Yoshizawa K, Yaguchi K, Uehara R. Uncoupling of DNA Replication and Centrosome Duplication Cycles Is a Primary Cause of Haploid Instability in Mammalian Somatic Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:721. [PMID: 32850837 PMCID: PMC7408703 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian haploid somatic cells are unstable and prone to diploidize, but the cause of haploid instability remains largely unknown. Previously, we found that mammalian haploid somatic cells suffer chronic centrosome loss stemming from the uncoupling of DNA replication and centrosome duplication cycles. However, the lack of methodology to restore the coupling between DNA replication and centrosome duplication has precluded us from investigating the potential contribution of the haploidy-linked centrosome loss to haploid instability. In this study, we developed an experimental method that allows the re-coupling of DNA and centrosome cycles through the chronic extension of the G1/S phase without compromising cell proliferation using thymidine treatment/release cycles. Chronic extension of G1/S restored normal mitotic centrosome number and mitotic control, substantially improving the stability of the haploid state in HAP1 cells. Stabilization of the haploid state was compromised when cdk2 was inhibited during the extended G1/S, or when early G1 was chronically extended instead of G1/S, showing that the coupling of DNA and centrosome cycles rather than a general extension of the cell cycle is required for haploid stability. Our data indicate the chronic centriole loss arising from the uncoupling of centrosome and DNA cycles as a direct cause of genome instability in haploid somatic cells, and also demonstrate the feasibility of modulation of haploid stability through artificial coordination between DNA and centrosome cycles in mammalian somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Yoshizawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kan Yaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Horizon scanning for novel and emerging in vitro mammalian cell mutagenicity test systems. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 847:403024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Christensen KA, Sakhrani D, Rondeau EB, Richards J, Koop BF, Devlin RH. Effect of triploidy on liver gene expression in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) under different metabolic states. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:336. [PMID: 31053056 PMCID: PMC6500012 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triploid coho salmon are excellent models for studying gene dosage and the effects of increased cell volume on gene expression. Triploids have an additional haploid genome in each cell and have fewer but larger cells than diploid coho salmon to accommodate the increased genome size. Studying gene expression in triploid coho salmon provides insight into how gene expression may have been affected after the salmonid-specific genome duplication which occurred some 90 MYA. Triploid coho salmon are sterile and consequently can live longer and grow larger than diploid congeners in many semelparous species (spawning only once) because they never reach maturity and post-spawning mortality is averted. Triploid fishes are also of interest to the commercial sector (larger fish are more valuable) and to fisheries management since sterile fish can potentially minimize negative impacts of escaped fish in the wild. RESULTS The vast majority of genes in liver tissue had similar expression levels between diploid and triploid coho salmon, indicating that the same amount of mRNA transcripts were being produced per gene copy (positive gene dosage effects) within a larger volume cell. Several genes related to nutrition and compensatory growth were differentially expressed between diploid and triploid salmon, indicating that some loci are sensitive to cell size and/or DNA content per cell. To examine how robust expression between ploidies is under different conditions, a genetic/metabolic modifier in the form of different doses of a growth hormone transgene was used to assess gene expression under conditions that the genome has not naturally experienced or adapted to. While many (up to 1400) genes were differentially expressed between non-transgenic and transgenic fish, relatively few genes were differentially expressed between diploids and triploids with similar doses of the transgene. These observations indicate that the small effect of ploidy on gene expression is robust to large changes in physiological state. CONCLUSIONS These findings are of interest from a gene regulatory perspective, but also valuable for understanding phenotypic effects in triploids, transgenics, and triploid transgenics that could affect their utility in culture conditions and their fitness and potential consequences of release into nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A Christensen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Eric B Rondeau
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffery Richards
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Whole-genome and centrosome duplication as a consequence of cytokinesis failure can drive tumorigenesis in experimental model systems. However, whether cytokinesis failure is in fact an important cause of human cancers has remained unclear. In this Review, we summarize evidence that whole-genome-doubling events are frequently observed in human cancers and discuss the contribution that cytokinesis defects can make to tumorigenesis. We provide an overview of the potential causes of cytokinesis failure and discuss how tetraploid cells that are generated through cytokinesis defects are used in cancer as a transitory state on the route to aneuploidy. Finally, we discuss how cytokinesis defects can facilitate genetic diversification within the tumour to promote cancer development and could constitute the path of least resistance in tumour evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M A Lens
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - René H Medema
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- Division of Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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13
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Wang H, Zhang W, Yu J, Wu C, Gao Q, Li X, Li Y, Zhang J, Tian Y, Tan T, Ji W, Li L, Yu Y, Shuai L. Genetic screening and multipotency in rhesus monkey haploid neural progenitor cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.160531. [PMID: 29784672 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs) have been extensively applied in forward and reverse genetic screening. However, a mammalian haploid somatic cell line is difficult to achieve because of spontaneous diploidization in differentiation. As a non-human primate species, monkeys are widely used in basic and pre-clinical research in which haploid cells are restricted to ESCs. Here, we report that rhesus monkey haESCs in an optimized culture medium show naïve-state pluripotency and stable haploidy. This model facilitated the derivation of haploid neural progenitor cells (haNPCs), which maintained haploidy and differentiation potential into neurons and glia for a long period in vitro High-throughput trapping mutations can be efficiently introduced into haNPCs via piggyBac transposons. This system proves useful when identifying gene targets of neural toxicants via a proof-of-concept experiment. Using CRISPR/Cas9 editing, we confirmed that B4GALT6, from the candidate gene list, is a resistance gene of A803467 (a tetrodotoxin-like toxicant). This model is the first non-human primate haploid somatic cell line with proliferative ability, multipotency and an intact genome, thus providing a cellular resource for recessive genetic and potential drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Chair of RNAi and Genome Integrity, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Congyu Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yanni Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yaru Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Luyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ling Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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14
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Yaguchi K, Yamamoto T, Matsui R, Tsukada Y, Shibanuma A, Kamimura K, Koda T, Uehara R. Uncoordinated centrosome cycle underlies the instability of non-diploid somatic cells in mammals. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2463-2483. [PMID: 29712735 PMCID: PMC6028549 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian somatic cells are more stable as diploids, but the mechanisms underlying this stability are unclear. Yaguchi et al. show that changes in centriole licensing compromise the control of centrosome number in haploid or tetraploid human cells, suggesting that the ploidy-dependent control of the centrosome cycle explains the instability of non-diploid karyotypes. In animals, somatic cells are usually diploid and are unstable when haploid for unknown reasons. In this study, by comparing isogenic human cell lines with different ploidies, we found frequent centrosome loss specifically in the haploid state, which profoundly contributed to haploid instability through subsequent mitotic defects. We also found that the efficiency of centriole licensing and duplication changes proportionally to ploidy level, whereas that of DNA replication stays constant. This caused gradual loss or frequent overduplication of centrioles in haploid and tetraploid cells, respectively. Centriole licensing efficiency seemed to be modulated by astral microtubules, whose development scaled with ploidy level, and artificial enhancement of aster formation in haploid cells restored centriole licensing efficiency to diploid levels. The ploidy–centrosome link was observed in different mammalian cell types. We propose that incompatibility between the centrosome duplication and DNA replication cycles arising from different scaling properties of these bioprocesses upon ploidy changes underlies the instability of non-diploid somatic cells in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Yaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsui
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsukada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shibanuma
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiko Kamimura
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Koda
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryota Uehara
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan .,Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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He W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Xiong Z, Hu X, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhao K, Qiao Z, Lai W, Lv C, Kou X, Zhao Y, Yin J, Liu W, Jiang Y, Chen M, Xu R, Le R, Li C, Wang H, Wan X, Wang H, Han Z, Jiang C, Gao S, Chen J. Reduced Self-Diploidization and Improved Survival of Semi-cloned Mice Produced from Androgenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells through Overexpression of Dnmt3b. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:477-493. [PMID: 29396184 PMCID: PMC5831042 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic haploid embryonic stem cells (AG-haESCs) hold great promise for exploring gene functions and generating gene-edited semi-cloned (SC) mice. However, the high incidence of self-diploidization and low efficiency of SC mouse production are major obstacles preventing widespread use of these cells. Moreover, although SC mice generation could be greatly improved by knocking out the differentially methylated regions of two imprinted genes, 50% of the SC mice did not survive into adulthood. Here, we found that the genome-wide DNA methylation level in AG-haESCs is extremely low. Subsequently, downregulation of both de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3b and other methylation-related genes was determined to be responsible for DNA hypomethylation. We further demonstrated that ectopic expression of Dnmt3b in AG-haESCs could effectively improve DNA methylation level, and the high incidence of self-diploidization could be markedly rescued. More importantly, the developmental potential of SC embryos was improved, and most SC mice could survive into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenteng He
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaobai Zhang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weisheng Zheng
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zeyu Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Xinjie Hu
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibin Qiao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weiyi Lai
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cong Lv
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiqing Yin
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruimin Xu
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rongrong Le
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chong Li
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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16
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Parasramka M, Yan IK, Wang X, Nguyen P, Matsuda A, Maji S, Foye C, Asmann Y, Patel T. BAP1 dependent expression of long non-coding RNA NEAT-1 contributes to sensitivity to gemcitabine in cholangiocarcinoma. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:22. [PMID: 28122578 PMCID: PMC5264287 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic alterations in chromatin modulators such as BRCA-1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) are the most frequent genetic alteration in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (CCA). We evaluated the contribution of BAP1 expression on tumor cell behavior and therapeutic sensitivity to identify rationale therapeutic strategies. METHODS The impact of BAP1 expression on sensitivity to therapeutic agents was evaluated in CCA cells with a 7-fold difference in BAP1 expression (KMBC-low, HuCCT1-high) and genetically engineered haplo-insufficient BAP1 knockout cells. We also identified long non-coding RNA genes associated with loss of BAP1 and their role in therapeutic sensitivity. RESULTS Sensitivity to gemcitabine was greater in low BAP1 expressing or BAP1 knockout cells compared with the high BAP1 expressing cells or control haplo-insufficient cells respectively. Similar results were observed with TSA, olaparib, b-AP15 but not with GSK126. A differential synergistic effect was observed in combinations of gemcitabine with olaparib or GSK126 in KMBC cells and TSA or bAP15 in HuCCT1 cells, indicating BAP1 dependent target-specific synergism and sensitivity to gemcitabine. A BAP1 dependent alteration in expression of lncRNA NEAT-1 was identified by RT-PCR based lncRNA expression profiling, and an inverse relationship between this lncRNA and BAP1 was observed in analysis of the Tumor Cancer Genome Atlas cholangiocarcinoma dataset. Exogenous modulation of NEAT-1 and/or BAP1 expression altered tumor cell phenotype and modulated sensitivity to gemcitabine. CONCLUSIONS NEAT-1 is a downstream effector of gemcitabine sensitivity in CCA. The expression of BAP1 is a determinant of sensitivity to therapeutic drugs that can be exploited to enhance responses through combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Parasramka
- Department of Transplantation and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
| | - Irene K. Yan
- Department of Transplantation and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Transplantation and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
| | - Akiko Matsuda
- Department of Transplantation and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
| | - Sayantan Maji
- Department of Transplantation and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
| | - Catherine Foye
- Department of Transplantation and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
| | - Yan Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Transplantation and Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 USA
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17
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Zhao H, Yang L, Cui H. SIRT1 regulates autophagy and diploidization in parthenogenetic haploid embryonic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Application guide for omics approaches to cell signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:387-97. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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