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Nikitina TV, Lebedev IN. Stem Cell-Based Trophoblast Models to Unravel the Genetic Causes of Human Miscarriages. Cells 2022; 11:1923. [PMID: 35741051 PMCID: PMC9221414 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscarriage affects approximately 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies, and 1-3% of couples experience pregnancy loss recurrently. Approximately 50-60% of miscarriages result from chromosomal abnormalities, whereas up to 60% of euploid recurrent abortions harbor variants in candidate genes. The growing number of detected genetic variants requires an investigation into their role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since placental defects are the main cause of first-trimester miscarriages, the purpose of this review is to provide a survey of state-of-the-art human in vitro trophoblast models that can be used for the functional assessment of specific abnormalities/variants implicated in pregnancy loss. Since 2018, when primary human trophoblast stem cells were first derived, there has been rapid growth in models of trophoblast lineage. It has been found that a proper balance between self-renewal and differentiation in trophoblast progenitors is crucial for the maintenance of pregnancy. Different responses to aneuploidy have been shown in human embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. Stem cell-based models provide a powerful tool to explore the effect of a specific aneuploidy/variant on the fetus through placental development, which is important, from a clinical point of view, for deciding on the suitability of embryos for transfer after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
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2
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Voggenreiter T, Laport E, Kahn-Schapowal B, Lang J, Schenkel J. Simulation of Air Travel-Related Irradiation Exposure of Cryopreserved Mouse Germplasm Samples. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:280-286. [PMID: 33646019 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of genetically modified mouse lines prevents the loss of specific mutants that are of enormous scientific value for both basic and applied research. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa or preimplantation embryos enables discontinuation of breeding as well as archiving of specific lines for future studies. Regarding active inter-laboratory exchange of mutants, cryopreserved material is more advantageous to transport than live animals. However, transportation stress should not be trivialized. Security scanning of transport boxes at airports and customs, in particular, as well as additional cosmic radiation, pose a threat to undefined dosages of irradiation exposure. To simulate this, cryopreserved samples of mouse spermatozoa and preimplantation embryos were exposed to an X-ray dosage of 1 mGy in an X-ray machine. For subsequent investigation of the cell integrity of irradiated spermatozoa and embryos, spermatozoa forward motility as well as embryo developmental capacity and apoptosis values were examined and compared with nonirradiated control samples. The percentage of forward-moving spermatozoa per sample appears to be significantly reduced after irradiation exposure. The in vitro developmental capacity of preimplantation embryos as well as their relative share of apoptotic cells do not seem to be influenced by irradiation exposure. This leads to the assumption that, at least in preimplantation embryos, X-ray dosages of 1 mGy do not induce sudden severe cellular harm. Nevertheless, stochastic effects of ionizing irradiation, such as mutations, do not have a dosage threshold and always represent the potential danger of alterations to cells and cellular components, especially the DNA. This could lead to undefined mutations inducing genetic drift, in the worst case to the loss of a mutant line. We therefore strongly recommend minimizing "transportation stress," in particular by irradiation exposure, to keep its potential consequences in mind, and to standardize shipping procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke Laport
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Cryopreservation, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Kahn-Schapowal
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Lang
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schenkel
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Cryopreservation, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Iwasa M, Fujii S, Fujishiro A, Maekawa T, Andoh A, Takaori-Kondo A, Ichinohe T, Miura Y. Impact of 2 Gy γ-irradiation on the hallmark characteristics of human bone marrow-derived MSCs. Int J Hematol 2021; 113:703-711. [PMID: 33386593 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-03072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two gray γ-irradiation is a widely employed basic module for total body irradiation (TBI) in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The effects of γ-irradiation on hematopoietic and immune cells have been well investigated, but its effects on the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) are unknown. Given the crucial contribution of mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSCs) in the BMM to hematopoiesis and osteogenesis, we investigated whether γ-irradiation affects the hallmark characteristics of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). Expansion of 2 Gy γ-irradiated BM-MSCs was delayed but eventually recovered. Colony formation and osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation capabilities of these cells were extensively suppressed. Irradiation of BM-MSCs did not affect the expansion of CD34 + hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or production of CD11b + mature myeloid cells in co-cultures. However, it reduced production of CD19 + B-cells, as well as expression of CXCL12 and interleukin-7, which are essential for B-cell lymphopoiesis, in 2 Gy γ-irradiated BM-MSCs. Collectively, colony formation, osteogenic differentiation, and B-cell lymphopoiesis-supportive capabilities of γ-irradiated BM-MSCs were reduced. These effects may predispose survivors receiving HCT with TBI to defective bone formation and a perturbed humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Iwasa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Sumie Fujii
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School for Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Aya Fujishiro
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Taira Maekawa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School for Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School for Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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4
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Shahbazi MN, Wang T, Tao X, Weatherbee BAT, Sun L, Zhan Y, Keller L, Smith GD, Pellicer A, Scott RT, Seli E, Zernicka-Goetz M. Developmental potential of aneuploid human embryos cultured beyond implantation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3987. [PMID: 32778678 PMCID: PMC7418029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy, the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes, is a major cause of early pregnancy loss in humans. Yet, the developmental consequences of specific aneuploidies remain unexplored. Here, we determine the extent of post-implantation development of human embryos bearing common aneuploidies using a recently established culture platform. We show that while trisomy 15 and trisomy 21 embryos develop similarly to euploid embryos, monosomy 21 embryos exhibit high rates of developmental arrest, and trisomy 16 embryos display a hypo-proliferation of the trophoblast, the tissue that forms the placenta. Using human trophoblast stem cells, we show that this phenotype can be mechanistically ascribed to increased levels of the cell adhesion protein E-CADHERIN, which lead to premature differentiation and cell cycle arrest. We identify three cases of mosaicism in embryos diagnosed as full aneuploid by pre-implantation genetic testing. Our results present the first detailed analysis of post-implantation development of aneuploid human embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Shahbazi
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Tianren Wang
- Foundation for Embryonic Competence, 140 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA
| | - Xin Tao
- Foundation for Embryonic Competence, 140 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA
| | - Bailey A T Weatherbee
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Li Sun
- Foundation for Embryonic Competence, 140 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA
| | - Yiping Zhan
- Foundation for Embryonic Competence, 140 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA
| | - Laura Keller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, 1301 E Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gary D Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, 1301 E Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Antonio Pellicer
- University of Valencia, Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- IVIRMA Roma, Largo Ildebrando Pizzetti, 1, Rome, 00197, Italy
| | - Richard T Scott
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Science, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- IVIRMA New Jersey, 140 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA.
| | - Emre Seli
- IVIRMA New Jersey, 140 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA.
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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Kafer GR, Cesare AJ. A Survey of Essential Genome Stability Genes Reveals That Replication Stress Mitigation Is Critical for Peri-Implantation Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:416. [PMID: 32548123 PMCID: PMC7274024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine development demands that pluripotent epiblast stem cells in the peri-implantation embryo increase from approximately 120 to 14,000 cells between embryonic days (E) 4.5 and E7.5. This is possible because epiblast stem cells can complete cell cycles in under 3 h in vivo. To ensure conceptus fitness, epiblast cells must undertake this proliferative feat while maintaining genome integrity. How epiblast cells maintain genome health under such an immense proliferation demand remains unclear. To illuminate the contribution of genome stability pathways to early mammalian development we systematically reviewed knockout mouse data from 347 DDR and repair associated genes. Cumulatively, the data indicate that while many DNA repair functions are dispensable in embryogenesis, genes encoding replication stress response and homology directed repair factors are essential specifically during the peri-implantation stage of early development. We discuss the significance of these findings in the context of the unique proliferative demands placed on pluripotent epiblast stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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6
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Tharmalingam S, Sreetharan S, Brooks AL, Boreham DR. Re-evaluation of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model using new paradigms and modern molecular studies. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 301:54-67. [PMID: 30763548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) model is currently used to estimate low dose radiation (LDR) induced health risks. This model lacks safety thresholds and postulates that health risks caused by ionizing radiation is directly proportional to dose. Therefore even the smallest radiation dose has the potential to cause an increase in cancer risk. Advances in LDR biology and cell molecular techniques demonstrate that the LNT model does not appropriately reflect the biology or the health effects at the low dose range. The main pitfall of the LNT model is due to the extrapolation of mutation and DNA damage studies that were conducted at high radiation doses delivered at a high dose-rate. These studies formed the basis of several outdated paradigms that are either incorrect or do not hold for LDR doses. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the modern cellular and molecular literature in LDR biology and provide new paradigms that better represent the biological effects in the low dose range. We demonstrate that LDR activates a variety of cellular defense mechanisms including DNA repair systems, programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell cycle arrest, senescence, adaptive memory, bystander effects, epigenetics, immune stimulation, and tumor suppression. The evidence presented in this review reveals that there are minimal health risks (cancer) with LDR exposure, and that a dose higher than some threshold value is necessary to achieve the harmful effects classically observed with high doses of radiation. Knowledge gained from this review can help the radiation protection community in making informed decisions regarding radiation policy and limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Shayenthiran Sreetharan
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Antone L Brooks
- Environmental Science, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; Bruce Power, Tiverton, ON(3), UK.
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Khan C, Muliyil S, Rao BJ. Genome Damage Sensing Leads to Tissue Homeostasis in Drosophila. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 345:173-224. [PMID: 30904193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair is a critical cellular process required for the maintenance of genomic integrity. It is now well appreciated that cells employ several DNA repair pathways to take care of distinct types of DNA damage. It is also well known that a cascade of signals namely DNA damage response or DDR is activated in response to DNA damage which comprise cellular responses, such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death, if the damage is irreparable. There is also emerging literature suggesting a cross-talk between DNA damage signaling and several signaling networks within a cell. Moreover, cell death players themselves are also well known to engage in processes outside their canonical function of apoptosis. This chapter attempts to build a link between DNA damage, DDR and signaling from the studies mainly conducted in mammals and Drosophila model systems, with a special emphasis on their relevance in overall tissue homeostasis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sonia Muliyil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - B J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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8
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Bowling S, Di Gregorio A, Sancho M, Pozzi S, Aarts M, Signore M, D Schneider M, Martinez-Barbera JP, Gil J, Rodríguez TA. P53 and mTOR signalling determine fitness selection through cell competition during early mouse embryonic development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1763. [PMID: 29720666 PMCID: PMC5932021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the fitness of the pluripotent cells that will contribute to future development is important both for the integrity of the germline and for proper embryogenesis. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly apparent that pluripotent cells can compare their fitness levels and signal the elimination of those cells that are less fit than their neighbours. In mammals the nature of the pathways that communicate fitness remain largely unknown. Here we identify that in the early mouse embryo and upon exit from naive pluripotency, the confrontation of cells with different fitness levels leads to an inhibition of mTOR signalling in the less fit cell type, causing its elimination. We show that during this process, p53 acts upstream of mTOR and is required to repress its activity. Finally, we demonstrate that during normal development around 35% of cells are eliminated by this pathway, highlighting the importance of this mechanism for embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bowling
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Aida Di Gregorio
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Margarida Sancho
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sara Pozzi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Marieke Aarts
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Massimo Signore
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Jesús Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Tristan A Rodríguez
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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9
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Lima A, Burgstaller J, Sanchez-Nieto JM, Rodríguez TA. The Mitochondria and the Regulation of Cell Fitness During Early Mammalian Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 128:339-363. [PMID: 29477168 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From fertilization until the onset of gastrulation the early mammalian embryo undergoes a dramatic series of changes that converts a single fertilized cell into a remarkably complex organism. Much attention has been given to the molecular changes occurring during this process, but here we will review what is known about the changes affecting the mitochondria and how they impact on the energy metabolism and apoptotic response of the embryo. We will also focus on understanding what quality control mechanisms ensure optimal mitochondrial activity in the embryo, and in this way provide an overview of the importance of the mitochondria in determining cell fitness during early mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lima
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Cell Stress Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Burgstaller
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Juan M Sanchez-Nieto
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan A Rodríguez
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Fujishiro A, Miura Y, Iwasa M, Fujii S, Sugino N, Andoh A, Hirai H, Maekawa T, Ichinohe T. Effects of acute exposure to low-dose radiation on the characteristics of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:19. [PMID: 29259718 PMCID: PMC5725824 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the effects of low-dose irradiation on human health. We examined whether low-dose irradiation affected the functions of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), which are tissue/organ-supportive stem cells, derived from bone marrow (BM). Methods Normal human BM-MSCs from five healthy individuals were used in this study. Culture-expanded BM-MSCs were exposed to 0.1 gray (Gy) of γ-radiation (Cesium-137) at a rate of 0.8 Gy/min (Ir-MSCs), and their expansion, multi-differentiation, and hematopoiesis-supportive capabilities were investigated. Results The expansion of BM-MSCs was transiently delayed after low-dose γ-irradiation compared with that of non-irradiated BM-MSCs (non-Ir-MSCs) in two out of five lots. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capabilities were not significantly affected by low-dose irradiation, although one lot of BM-MSCs tended to have transiently reduced differentiation. When human BM hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs) were co-cultured with Ir-MSCs, the generation of CD34+CD38+ cells from HPCs was enhanced compared with that in co-cultures with non-Ir-MSCs in two out of five lots. The mRNA expression level of interleukin (IL)-6 was increased and those of stem cell factor (SCF) and fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) were decreased in the affected lots of Ir-MSCs. In the other three lots of BM-MSCs, a cell growth delay, enhanced generation of CD34+CD38+ cells from HPCs in co-culture, and a combination of increased expression of IL-6 and decreased expression of SCF and Flt3L were not observed. Of note, the characteristics of these affected Ir-MSCs recovered to a similar level as those of non-Ir-MSCs following culture for 3 weeks. Conclusions Our results suggest that acute exposure to low-dose (0.1 Gy) radiation can transiently affect the functional characteristics of human BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Fujishiro
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yasuo Miura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8553 Japan
| | - Masaki Iwasa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Sumie Fujii
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School for Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Noriko Sugino
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School for Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowacho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Hideyo Hirai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Taira Maekawa
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima, 734-8553 Japan
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Bhargava S, Cox B, Polydorou C, Gresakova V, Korinek V, Strnad H, Sedlacek R, Epp TA, Chawengsaksophak K. The epigenetic modifier Fam208a is required to maintain epiblast cell fitness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9322. [PMID: 28839193 PMCID: PMC5570896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation initiates with the formation of the primitive streak, during which, cells of the epiblast delaminate to form the mesoderm and definitive endoderm. At this stage, the pluripotent cell population of the epiblast undergoes very rapid proliferation and extensive epigenetic programming. Here we show that Fam208a, a new epigenetic modifier, is essential for early post-implantation development. We show that Fam208a mutation leads to impaired primitive streak elongation and delayed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Fam208a mutant epiblasts had increased expression of p53 pathway genes as well as several pluripotency-associated long non-coding RNAs. Fam208a mutants exhibited an increase in p53-driven apoptosis and complete removal of p53 could partially rescue their gastrulation block. This data demonstrates a new in vivo function of Fam208a in maintaining epiblast fitness, establishing it as an important factor at the onset of gastrulation when cells are exiting pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohag Bhargava
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division, BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christiana Polydorou
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division, BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Gresakova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division, BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Krc, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Krc, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division, BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Trevor Allan Epp
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division, BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic. .,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Kallayanee Chawengsaksophak
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division, BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic. .,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic.
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12
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Wang F, Gao P, Guo L, Meng P, Fan Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Guo G, Ding G, Wang H. Radio-protective effect and mechanism of 4-Acetamido-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl in HUVEC cells. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:14. [PMID: 29165102 PMCID: PMC5664570 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To search for more effective radiation protectors with minimal toxicity, a water-soluble nitroxides Acetamido-Tempol (AA-Tempol) was evaluated for potential radioprotective properties in HUVEC cells (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cell line). METHODS To study the anti-radiation effect of AA-Tempol in cell culture, the viability of irradiated HUVEC cells using a clonogenic survival assay was examined. The anti-apoptosis effects of AA-Tempol using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining in a flow cytometry assay was also evaluated. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the anti-apoptosis effect of AA-Tempol against X-radiation induced HUVEC cell apoptosis, the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and p53 and caspase-3 were examined. The changes in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in HUVEC cells after X-radiation were also investigated. RESULTS Pretreatment of the HUVEC cells colony with AA-Tempol 1 h before X-radiation significantly increased the colony survival (p < 0.05) compared with the cells without pretreatment. This demonstrates that AA-Tempol provides an effective radiation protection in the irradiated HUVEC cells, thus reducing apoptosis from 20.1 ± 1.3% in 8 Gy X-radiated cells to 12.2 ± 0.9% (1.0 mmol/L-1 AA-Tempol) in AA-Tempo pretreated HUVEC cells. This implies that 1.0 mM AA-Tempol treatment significantly block the increase of caspase-3 activity in radiated HUVEC cells (P < 0.01), causing down-regulation in expressions of Bax and P53 and up-regulation in the expression of Bcl-2. Pretreatment with AA-Tempol also decreased the MDA activities (P < 0.01) and increase the GSH level (P < 0.05) in HUVEC cells compared to the 8Gy X-radiated cells without pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that AA-Tempol is a potential therapeutic agent against the radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
- Shanxi Province Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Guo
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Meng
- Department of urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexing Fan
- Shanxi Province Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyun Lin
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Guo
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guirong Ding
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Konstantinidou C, Taraviras S, Pachnis V. Geminin prevents DNA damage in vagal neural crest cells to ensure normal enteric neurogenesis. BMC Biol 2016; 14:94. [PMID: 27776507 PMCID: PMC5075986 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vertebrate organisms, the neural crest (NC) gives rise to multipotential and highly migratory progenitors which are distributed throughout the embryo and generate, among other structures, the peripheral nervous system, including the intrinsic neuroglial networks of the gut, i.e. the enteric nervous system (ENS). The majority of enteric neurons and glia originate from vagal NC-derived progenitors which invade the foregut mesenchyme and migrate rostro-caudally to colonise the entire length of the gut. Although the migratory behaviour of NC cells has been studied extensively, it remains unclear how their properties and response to microenvironment change as they navigate through complex cellular terrains to reach their target embryonic sites. Results Using conditional gene inactivation in mice we demonstrate here that the cell cycle-dependent protein Geminin (Gem) is critical for the survival of ENS progenitors in a stage-dependent manner. Gem deletion in early ENS progenitors (prior to foregut invasion) resulted in cell-autonomous activation of DNA damage response and p53-dependent apoptosis, leading to severe intestinal aganglionosis. In contrast, ablation of Gem shortly after ENS progenitors had invaded the embryonic gut did not result in discernible survival or migratory deficits. In contrast to other developmental systems, we obtained no evidence for a role of Gem in commitment or differentiation of ENS lineages. The stage-dependent resistance of ENS progenitors to mutation-induced genotoxic stress was further supported by the enhanced survival of post gut invasion ENS lineages to γ-irradiation relative to their predecessors. Conclusions Our experiments demonstrate that, in mammals, NC-derived ENS lineages are sensitive to genotoxic stress in a stage-specific manner. Following gut invasion, ENS progenitors are distinctly resistant to Gem ablation and irradiation in comparison to their pre-enteric counterparts. These studies suggest that the microenvironment of the embryonic gut protects ENS progenitors and their progeny from genotoxic stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0314-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Konstantinidou
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.,Present address: MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, GR 26 500, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
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14
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Laurent A, Blasi F. Differential DNA damage signalling and apoptotic threshold correlate with mouse epiblast-specific hypersensitivity to radiation. J Cell Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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