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Tulli MJ, Carrizo LV. From slenderness to robustness: Understanding long bone shape in sigmodontine rodents. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38877810 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The morphological evolution of the appendicular skeleton may reflect the selective pressures specific to different environments, phylogenetic inheritance, or allometry. Covariation in bone shapes enhances morphological integration in response to ecological specializations. In contrast to previous multivariate studies using classical linear morphometry, we use a geometric morphometric approach to explore the morphological diversity of long bones and examine relationships between ecological categories and morphological characters in a species-rich and ecomorphologically diverse group of rodents. We examined the humerus, ulna, femur, and tibiofibula of 19 sigmodontine species with different locomotor types (ambulatory, quadrupedal-saltatorial, natatorial, semifossorial and scansorial) to investigate the influence of locomotor type and phylogeny on limb bone shape and morphological integration of the appendicular skeleton. This study represents the most detailed examination of the morphological diversity of long bones in sigmodontines, employing geometric morphometrics within an ecomorphological framework. Our results indicate that functional demands and evolutionary history jointly influence the shape of forelimb and hindlimb bones. The main variation in bone shape is associated with a slenderness-robustness gradient observed across all ecological categories. Quadrupedal-saltatorial species, with their need for agility, possess slender and elongated limbs, while natatorial and semifossorial species exhibit shorter and more robust bone shapes, suited for their respective environments. This gradient also influences bone covariation within limbs, demonstrating interconnectedness between elements. We found functional covariation between the ulna-tibiofibula and humerus-tibiofibula, likely important for propulsion, and anatomical covariation between the humerus-ulna and femur-tibiofibula, potentially reflecting overall limb structure. This study demonstrates that the versatile morphology of long bones in sigmodontines plays a critical role in their remarkable ecological and phylogenetic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Tulli
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, (CONICET-FML), Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luz Valeria Carrizo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, UNaM-CONICET, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS)-nodo Posadas, Posadas, Argentina
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2
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Rothier PS, Fabre AC, Clavel J, Benson RBJ, Herrel A. Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity. eLife 2023; 12:81492. [PMID: 36700542 PMCID: PMC9908075 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate limb morphology often reflects the environment due to variation in locomotor requirements. However, proximal and distal limb segments may evolve differently from one another, reflecting an anatomical gradient of functional specialization that has been suggested to be impacted by the timing of development. Here, we explore whether the temporal sequence of bone condensation predicts variation in the capacity of evolution to generate morphological diversity in proximal and distal forelimb segments across more than 600 species of mammals. Distal elements not only exhibit greater shape diversity, but also show stronger within-element integration and, on average, faster evolutionary responses than intermediate and upper limb segments. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that late developing distal bones display greater morphological variation than more proximal limb elements. However, the higher integration observed within the autopod deviates from such developmental predictions, suggesting that functional specialization plays an important role in driving within-element covariation. Proximal and distal limb segments also show different macroevolutionary patterns, albeit not showing a perfect proximo-distal gradient. The high disparity of the mammalian autopod, reported here, is consistent with the higher potential of development to generate variation in more distal limb structures, as well as functional specialization of the distal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S Rothier
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Naturhistorisches Museum BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Julien Clavel
- Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023VilleurbanneFrance
| | - Roger BJ Benson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
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3
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Yang Z, Chen D, Xiao Q, Liu Z. Phase frustration induced remote synchronization. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:103125. [PMID: 36319294 DOI: 10.1063/5.0122971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Remote synchronization (RS) may take an important role in brain functioning and its study has attracted much attention in recent years. So far, most studies of RS are focused on the Stuart-Landau oscillators with mean-field coupling. However, realistic cases may have more complicated couplings and behaviors, such as the brain networks. To make the study of RS a substantial progress toward realistic situations, we here present a model of RS with phase frustration and show that RS can be induced for those systems where no RS exists when there is no phase frustration. By numerical simulations on both the Stuart-Landau and Kuramoto oscillators, we find that the optimal range of RS depends on the match of phase frustrations between the hub and leaf nodes and a fixed relationship of this match is figured out. While for the non-optimal range of RS, we find that RS exists only in a linear band between the phase frustrations of the hub and leaf nodes. A brief theoretical analysis is provided to explain these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyin Yang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehua Chen
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Xiao
- College of Science, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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4
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Komza K, Viola B, Netten T, Schroeder L. Morphological integration in the hominid midfoot. J Hum Evol 2022; 170:103231. [PMID: 35940157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The calculation of morphological integration across living apes and humans may provide important insights into the potential influence of integration on evolutionary trajectories in the hominid lineage. Here, we quantify magnitudes of morphological integration among and within elements of the midfoot in great apes and humans to examine the link between locomotor differences and trait covariance. We test the hypothesis that the medial elements of the great ape foot are less morphologically integrated with one another compared to humans based on their abducted halluces, and aim to determine how adaptations for midfoot mobility/stiffness and locomotor specialization influence magnitudes of morphological integration. The study sample is composed of all cuneiforms, the navicular, the cuboid, and metatarsals 1-5 of Homo sapiens (n = 80), Pan troglodytes (n = 63), Gorilla gorilla (n = 39), and Pongo sp. (n = 41). Morphological integration was quantified using the integration coefficient of variation of interlandmark distances organized into sets of a priori-defined modules. Magnitudes of integration across these modules were then compared against sets of random traits from the whole midfoot. Results show that all nonhuman apes have less integrated medial elements, whereas humans have highly integrated medial elements, suggesting a link between hallucal abduction and reduced levels of morphological integration. However, we find considerable variation in magnitudes of morphological integration across metatarsals 2-5, the intermediate and lateral cuneiform, the cuboid, and navicular, emphasizing the influence of functional and nonfunctional factors in magnitudes of integration. Lastly, we find that humans and orangutans show the lowest overall magnitudes of integration in the midfoot, which may be related to their highly specialized functions, and suggest a link between strong diversifying selection and reduced magnitudes of morphological integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Komza
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - Bence Viola
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Teagan Netten
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada; Human Evolution Research Institute, Department of Anthropology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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5
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Hirschberger C, Gillis JA. The pseudobranch of jawed vertebrates is a mandibular arch-derived gill. Development 2022; 149:275947. [PMID: 35762641 PMCID: PMC9340550 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pseudobranch is a gill-like epithelial elaboration that sits behind the jaw of most fishes. This structure was classically regarded as a vestige of the ancestral gill arch-like condition of the gnathostome jaw. However, more recently, hypotheses of jaw evolution by transformation of a gill arch have been challenged, and the pseudobranch has alternatively been considered a specialised derivative of the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch. Here, we demonstrate in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) that the pseudobranch does, in fact, derive from the mandibular arch, and that it shares gene expression features and cell types with gills. We also show that the skate mandibular arch pseudobranch is supported by a spiracular cartilage that is patterned by a shh-expressing epithelial signalling centre. This closely parallels the condition seen in the gill arches, where cartilaginous appendages called branchial rays, which support the respiratory lamellae of the gills, are patterned by a shh-expressing gill arch epithelial ridge. Together with similar discoveries in zebrafish, our findings support serial homology of the pseudobranch and gills, and an ancestral origin of gill arch-like anatomical features from the gnathostome mandibular arch. Summary: The skate pseudobranch is a gill serial homologue and reveals the ancestral gill arch-like nature of the jawed vertebrate mandibular arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hirschberger
- University of Cambridge 1 Department of Zoology , , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ , UK
| | - J. Andrew Gillis
- University of Cambridge 1 Department of Zoology , , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ , UK
- Marine Biological Laboratory 2 , 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 , USA
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Luo J, Chen J, Zhou J, Han K, Li S, Duan J, Cao C, Lin J, Xie D, Wang F. TBX20 inhibits colorectal cancer tumorigenesis by impairing NHEJ‐mediated DNA repair. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2008-2021. [PMID: 35348274 PMCID: PMC9207377 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA high methylation is one of driving force for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) pathogenesis. Transcription factors (TFs) can determine cell fate and play fundamental roles in multistep process of tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of DNA methylation of TFs should be vital for the progression of CRC. Here, we demonstrated that TBX20, a T‐box TF family protein, was downregulated with hypermethylation of promoter in early‐stage CRC tissues and correlated with a poor prognosis for CRC patients. Moreover, we identified PDZRN3 as the E3 ubiquitin ligase of TBX20 protein, which mediated the ubiquitination and degradation of TBX20. Furthermore, we revealed that TBX20 suppressed cell proliferation and tumor growth through impairing non‐homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ)‐mediated double‐stranded break repair by binding the middle domain of both Ku70 and Ku80 and therefore inhibiting their recruitment on chromatin in CRC cells. Altogether, our results reveal the tumor‐suppressive role of TBX20 by inhibiting NHEJ‐mediated DNA repair in CRC cells, and provide a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with early‐stage CRC and a therapeutic target for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Jie‐Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Pathology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Kai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Si Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Jin‐Ling Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Pathology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Chen‐Hui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Jin‐Long Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Pathology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Feng‐Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou Guangdong China
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7
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Rothier PS, Simon MN, Marroig G, Herrel A, Kohlsdorf T. Development and function explain the modular evolution of phalanges in gecko lizards. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212300. [PMID: 35016544 PMCID: PMC8753168 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective regimes favouring the evolution of functional specialization probably affect covariation among phenotypic traits. Phalanges of most tetrapods develop from a conserved module that constrains their relative proportions. In geckos, however, biomechanical specializations associated with adhesive toepads involve morphological variation in the autopodium and might reorganize such modular structures. We tested two hypotheses to explain the modular architecture of hand bones in geckos, one based on developmental interactions and another incorporating functional associations related to locomotion, and compared the empirical support for each hypothetical module between padded and padless lineages. We found strong evidence for developmental modules in most species, which probably reflects embryological constraints during phalangeal formation. Although padded geckos exhibit a functional specialization involving the hyperextension of the distal phalanges that is absent in padless species, the padless species are the ones that show a distal functional module with high integration. Some ancestrally padless geckos apparently deviate from developmental predictions and present a relatively weak developmental module of phalanges and a strongly integrated distal module, which may reflect selective regimes involving incipient frictional adhesion in digit morphology. Modularity of digit elements seems dynamic along the evolutionary history of geckos, being associated with the presence/absence of adhesive toepads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S. Rothier
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 3900 Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
| | - Monique N. Simon
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 Rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 3900 Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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8
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Griffing AH, Sanger TJ, Epperlein L, Bauer AM, Cobos A, Higham TE, Naylor E, Gamble T. And thereby hangs a tail: morphology, developmental patterns and biomechanics of the adhesive tails of crested geckos ( Correlophus ciliatus). Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210650. [PMID: 34130507 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the most specialized integumentary outgrowths in amniotes are the adhesive, scale-like scansors and lamellae on the digits of anoles and geckos. Less well-known are adhesive tail pads exhibited by 21 gecko genera. While described over 120 years ago, no studies have quantified their possible adhesive function or described their embryonic development. Here, we characterize adult and embryonic morphology and adhesive performance of crested gecko (Correlophus ciliatus) tail pads. Additionally, we use embryonic data to test whether tail pads are serial homologues to toe pads. External morphology and histology of C. ciliatus tail pads are largely similar to tail pads of closely related geckos. Functionally, C. ciliatus tail pads exhibit impressive adhesive ability, hypothetically capable of holding up to five times their own mass. Tail pads develop at approximately the same time during embryogenesis as toe pads. Further, tail pads exhibit similar developmental patterns to toe pads, which are markedly different from non-adhesive gecko toes and tails. Our data provide support for the serial homology of adhesive tail pads with toe pads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Griffing
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Lilian Epperlein
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Cobos
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Emily Naylor
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, PO Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.,Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W. Wells Street, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.,Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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9
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Bayramov AV, Ermakova GV, Kuchryavyy AV, Zaraisky AG. Genome Duplications as the Basis of Vertebrates’ Evolutionary Success. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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McKenna KZ, Wagner GP, Cooper KL. A developmental perspective of homology and evolutionary novelty. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 141:1-38. [PMID: 33602485 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and evolution of multicellular body plans is complex. Many distinct organs and body parts must be reproduced at each generation, and those that are traceable over long time scales are considered homologous. Among the most pressing and least understood phenomena in evolutionary biology is the mode by which new homologs, or "novelties" are introduced to the body plan and whether the developmental changes associated with such evolution deserve special treatment. In this chapter, we address the concepts of homology and evolutionary novelty through the lens of development. We present a series of case studies, within insects and vertebrates, from which we propose a developmental model of multicellular organ identity. With this model in hand, we make predictions regarding the developmental evolution of body plans and highlight the need for more integrative analysis of developing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Z McKenna
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Günter P Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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11
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Hu L, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Liao K, Xu S, Wang D. Cloning and expression of Hoxc6 gene from Pampus argenteus and its relationship with pelvic fin absence. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 39:119161. [PMID: 33309862 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hoxc6 gene can be described as having roles in axial patterning in early embryogenesis, and in at least some species, having a contribution to limb positioning. In this study, we cloned and characterised Pampus argenteus Hoxc6. The highly conserved HOXC6 protein sequence contains a homeodomain and a low-complexity region. Expression of Hoxc6 mRNA was measured at different developmental stages and in different tissues by real-time PCR (p < 0.05), and was high during eye capsule and brain differentiation stages, but low in 7 and 13-day-old larvae. Hoxc6 mRNA was more abundant in fin tissue than brain and eye tissues. Western blotting showed that HOXC6 protein levels were high at embryonic stages, but decreased significantly in 7, 13, 16 and 19-day-old larvae, and levels were essentially consistent with those of mRNA measured by real-time PCR in different tissues. In situ hybridisation showed that the Hoxc6 transcript was strongly expressed in the whole brain and anterior part of the body axis in 1-day-old larvae, but in the hindbrain, pectoral fin, mandible and hypothetical pelvic fin region in 7, 13, 16 and 19-day-old organisms. These results clarify the expression and localisation characteristics of Hoxc6 gene in P. argenteus, and provide a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of pelvic fin loss in silver pomfret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhu Hu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Kai Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanliang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.
| | - Danli Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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12
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Petrović TG, Vukov T, Tomašević Kolarov N. Patterns of correlations and locomotor specialization in anuran limbs: association with phylogeny and ecology. ZOOLOGY 2020; 144:125864. [PMID: 33220626 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As anuran saltatory locomotion has specific functional requirements achieved through certain intra- and inter-limb proportions, we analyzed pattern and degree of morphological integration in limbs of ten anuran species to reveal the relationship of shared developmental programs of serially homologous structures and locomotor specialization. Our main objectives were (1) to examine if morphological and functional differences in forelimb and hindlimb were associated with reduced covariation between limbs, (2) and to reveal patterns of correlation between species and the roles played by evolutionary history (phylogeny) and ecology (lifestyle and habitat use). Species with different locomotor behaviours (walking, jumping, hopping, running, climbing, swimming and burrowing) were used. Partial correlations showed that species shared similar patterns of functionally based morphological integration, with increased correlations in elements within limbs and reduced correlations between limbs. This was mainly based on strong correlations between proximal elements, humerus-radioulna and femur-tibiofibula. To test the influence of phylogenetic relationships and ecological demands we used different matrices (correlation similarity matrix, ecological similarity matrix, matrices of phylogenetic distance and morphological distance). The changes in correlation patterns are shown to be dissociated from phylogeny. On the other hand, they are to some extent shaped by habitat use and locomotion, as the species with similar locomotor behaviour also tend to have stronger similarity in integration patterns. The results from this study provide insight into the processes underlying the evolutionary change of anuran limbs, highlighting function as the main factor that shaped morphological integration of the examined species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G Petrović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tanja Vukov
- Department of Evolutionary biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Tomašević Kolarov
- Department of Evolutionary biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Cooper KL. Developmental and Evolutionary Allometry of the Mammalian Limb Skeleton. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1356-1368. [PMID: 31180500 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety of limb skeletal proportions enables a remarkable diversity of behaviors that include powered flight in bats and flipper-propelled swimming in whales using extremes of a range of homologous limb architectures. Even within human limbs, bone lengths span more than an order of magnitude from the short finger and toe bones to the long arm and leg bones. Yet all of this diversity arises from embryonic skeletal elements that are each a very similar size at formation. In this review article, I survey what is and is not yet known of the development and evolution of skeletal proportion at multiple hierarchical levels of biological organization. These include the cellular parameters of skeletal elongation in the cartilage growth plate, genes associated with differential growth, and putative gene regulatory mechanisms that would allow both covariant and independent evolution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs and of individual limb segments. Although the genetic mechanisms that shape skeletal proportion are still largely unknown, and most of what is known is limited to mammals, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the diversity of bone lengths is an emergent property of a complex system that controls elongation of individual skeletal elements using a genetic toolkit shared by all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
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14
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Mabee PM, Balhoff JP, Dahdul WM, Lapp H, Mungall CJ, Vision TJ. A Logical Model of Homology for Comparative Biology. Syst Biol 2020; 69:345-362. [PMID: 31596473 PMCID: PMC7672696 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of research on the evolution of anatomy in a wide variety of organisms. Discoveries in this field could be greatly accelerated by computational methods and resources that enable these findings to be compared across different studies and different organisms and linked with the genes responsible for anatomical modifications. Homology is a key concept in comparative anatomy; two important types are historical homology (the similarity of organisms due to common ancestry) and serial homology (the similarity of repeated structures within an organism). We explored how to most effectively represent historical and serial homology across anatomical structures to facilitate computational reasoning. We assembled a collection of homology assertions from the literature with a set of taxon phenotypes for the skeletal elements of vertebrate fins and limbs from the Phenoscape Knowledgebase. Using seven competency questions, we evaluated the reasoning ramifications of two logical models: the Reciprocal Existential Axioms (REA) homology model and the Ancestral Value Axioms (AVA) homology model. The AVA model returned all user-expected results in addition to the search term and any of its subclasses. The AVA model also returns any superclass of the query term in which a homology relationship has been asserted. The REA model returned the user-expected results for five out of seven queries. We identify some challenges of implementing complete homology queries due to limitations of OWL reasoning. This work lays the foundation for homology reasoning to be incorporated into other ontology-based tools, such as those that enable synthetic supermatrix construction and candidate gene discovery. [Homology; ontology; anatomy; morphology; evolution; knowledgebase; phenoscape.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Mabee
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - James P Balhoff
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, 100 Europa Drive, Suite 540, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Wasila M Dahdul
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Hilmar Lapp
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Christopher J Mungall
- Division of Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Todd J Vision
- Department of Biology and School of Information and Library Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
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15
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Rolian C. Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e373. [PMID: 31997553 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals. This article is categorized under: Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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16
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Mano H, Asaoka Y, Kojima D, Fukada Y. Brain-specific homeobox Bsx specifies identity of pineal gland between serially homologous photoreceptive organs in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2019; 2:364. [PMID: 31602413 PMCID: PMC6779754 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland functioning as a photoreceptive organ in non-mammalian species is a serial homolog of the retina. Here we found that Brain-specific homeobox (Bsx) is a key regulator conferring individuality on the pineal gland between the two serially homologous photoreceptive organs in zebrafish. Bsx knock-down impaired the pineal development with reduced expression of exorh, the pineal-specific gene responsible for the photoreception, whereas it induced ectopic expression of rho, a retina-specific gene, in the pineal gland. Bsx remarkably transactivated the exorh promoter in combination with Otx5, but not with Crx, through its binding to distinct subtypes of PIRE, a DNA cis-element driving Crx/Otx-dependent pineal-specific gene expression. These results demonstrate that the identity of pineal photoreceptive neurons is determined by the combinatorial code of Bsx and Otx5, the former confers the pineal specificity at the tissue level and the latter determines the photoreceptor specificity at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mano
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoichi Asaoka
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kojima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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17
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Onimaru K, Kuraku S. Inference of the ancestral vertebrate phenotype through vestiges of the whole-genome duplications. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:352-361. [PMID: 29566222 PMCID: PMC6158797 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring the phenotype of the last common ancestor of living vertebrates is a challenging problem because of several unresolvable factors. They include the lack of reliable out-groups of living vertebrates, poor information about less fossilizable organs and specialized traits of phylogenetically important species, such as lampreys and hagfishes (e.g. secondary loss of vertebrae in adult hagfishes). These factors undermine the reliability of ancestral reconstruction by traditional character mapping approaches based on maximum parsimony. In this article, we formulate an approach to hypothesizing ancestral vertebrate phenotypes using information from the phylogenetic and functional properties of genes duplicated by genome expansions in early vertebrate evolution. We named the conjecture as ‘chronological reconstruction of ohnolog functions (CHROF)’. This CHROF conjecture raises the possibility that the last common ancestor of living vertebrates may have had more complex traits than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Onimaru
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo Japan.,Department of biological science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Esteve-Altava B, Molnar JL, Johnston P, Hutchinson JR, Diogo R. Anatomical network analysis of the musculoskeletal system reveals integration loss and parcellation boost during the fins-to-limbs transition. Evolution 2019; 72:601-618. [PMID: 29363112 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapods evolved from within the lobe-finned fishes around 370 Ma. The evolution of limbs from lobe-fins entailed a major reorganization of the skeletal and muscular anatomy of appendages in early tetrapods. Concurrently, a degree of similarity between pectoral and pelvic appendages also evolved. Here, we compared the anatomy of appendages in extant lobe-finned fishes (Latimeria and Neoceratodus) and anatomically plesiomorphic amphibians (Ambystoma, Salamandra) and amniotes (Sphenodon) to trace and reconstruct the musculoskeletal changes that took place during the fins-to-limbs transition. We quantified the anatomy of appendages using network analysis. First, we built network models-in which nodes represent bones and muscles, and links represent their anatomical connections-and then we measured network parameters related to their anatomical integration, heterogeneity, and modularity. Our results reveal an evolutionary transition toward less integrated, more modular appendages. We interpret this transition as a diversification of muscle functions in tetrapods compared to lobe-finned fishes. Limbs and lobe-fins show also a greater similarity between their pectoral and pelvic appendages than ray-fins do. These findings on extant species provide a basis for future quantitative and comprehensive reconstructions of the anatomy of limbs in early tetrapod fossils, and a way to better understand the fins-to-limbs transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Esteve-Altava
- Structure and Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom.,Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20059
| | - Julia L Molnar
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20059
| | - Peter Johnston
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20059
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19
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Prakash A, Monteiro A. apterous A specifies dorsal wing patterns and sexual traits in butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2685. [PMID: 29467265 PMCID: PMC5832707 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Butterflies have evolved different colour patterns on their dorsal and ventral wing surfaces to serve different signalling functions, yet the developmental mechanisms controlling surface-specific patterning are still unknown. Here, we mutate both copies of the transcription factor apterous in Bicyclus anynana butterflies using CRISPR/Cas9 and show that apterous A, expressed dorsally, functions both as a repressor and modifier of ventral wing colour patterns, as well as a promoter of dorsal sexual ornaments in males. We propose that the surface-specific diversification of wing patterns in butterflies proceeded via the co-option of apterous A or its downstream effectors into various gene regulatory networks involved in the differentiation of discrete wing traits. Further, interactions between apterous and sex-specific factors such as doublesex may have contributed to the origin of sexually dimorphic surface-specific patterns. Finally, we discuss the evolution of eyespot number diversity in the family Nymphalidae within the context of developmental constraints due to apterous regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Prakash
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore .,Yale-NUS College, Singapore
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20
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Coelacanth-specific adaptive genes give insights into primitive evolution for water-to-land transition of tetrapods. Mar Genomics 2018; 38:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Conaway MA, Schroeder L, von Cramon-Taubadel N. Morphological integration of anatomical, developmental, and functional postcranial modules in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:661-670. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Conaway
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology; University at Buffalo; Buffalo New York 14261
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology; University at Buffalo; Buffalo New York 14261
- Department of Anthropology; University of Toronto Mississauga; L5L 1C6, Ontario Canada
| | - Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel
- Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology; University at Buffalo; Buffalo New York 14261
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22
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Young NM. Integrating “Evo” and “Devo”: The Limb as Model Structure. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1293-1302. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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23
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Riley C, Cloutier R, Grogan ED. Similarity of morphological composition and developmental patterning in paired fins of the elephant shark. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9985. [PMID: 28855616 PMCID: PMC5577158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, have two sets of paired appendages, pectoral and pelvic fins in fishes and fore- and hindlimbs in tetrapods. As for paired limbs, paired fins are purported serial homologues, and the advent of pelvic fins has been hypothesized to have resulted from a duplication of the developmental mechanisms present in the pectoral fins, but re-iterated at a posterior location. Developmental similarity of gene expression between pectoral and pelvic fins has been documented in chondrichthyans, but a detailed morphological description of the progression of paired fin development for this group is still lacking. We studied paired fin development in an ontogenetic series of a phylogenetically basal chondrichthyan, the elephant shark Callorhinchus milii. A strong similarity in the morphology and progression of chondrification between the pectoral and pelvic fins was found, which could be interpretated as further evidence of serial homology in paired fins, that could have arisen by duplication. Furthermore, this high degree of morphological and developmental similarity suggests the presence of morphological and developmental modules within paired fins, as observed in paired limbs. This is the first time morphological and developmental modules are described for the paired fins of chimaeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrena Riley
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Richard Cloutier
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Eileen D Grogan
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19131, USA
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24
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Ziermann JM, Freitas R, Diogo R. Muscle development in the shark Scyliorhinus canicula: implications for the evolution of the gnathostome head and paired appendage musculature. Front Zool 2017; 14:31. [PMID: 28649268 PMCID: PMC5480186 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-017-0216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of jawed vertebrates was marked by profound reconfigurations of the skeleton and muscles of the head and by the acquisition of two sets of paired appendages. Extant cartilaginous fish retained numerous plesiomorphic characters of jawed vertebrates, which include several aspects of their musculature. Therefore, myogenic studies on sharks are essential in yielding clues on the developmental processes involved in the origin of the muscular anatomy. RESULTS Here we provide a detailed description of the development of specific muscular units integrating the cephalic and appendicular musculature of the shark model, Scyliorhinus canicula. In addition, we analyze the muscle development across gnathostomes by comparing the developmental onset of muscle groups in distinct taxa. Our data reveal that appendicular myogenesis occurs earlier in the pectoral than in the pelvic appendages. Additionally, the pectoral musculature includes muscles that have their primordial developmental origin in the head. This culminates in a tight muscular connection between the pectoral girdle and the cranium, which founds no parallel in the pelvic fins. Moreover, we identified a lateral to ventral pattern of formation of the cephalic muscles, that has been equally documented in osteichthyans but, in contrast with these gnathostomes, the hyoid muscles develop earlier than mandibular muscle in S. canicula. CONCLUSION Our analyses reveal considerable differences in the formation of the pectoral and pelvic musculatures in S. canicula, reinforcing the idea that head tissues have contributed to the formation of the pectoral appendages in the common ancestor of extant gnathostomes. In addition, temporal differences in the formation of some cranial muscles between chondrichthyans and osteichthyans might support the hypothesis that the similarity between the musculature of the mandibular arch and of the other pharyngeal arches represents a derived feature of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Renata Freitas
- IBMC—Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Oporto, Portugal
- I3S, Institute for Innovation and Health Research, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059 USA
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25
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Larouche O, Zelditch ML, Cloutier R. Fin modules: an evolutionary perspective on appendage disparity in basal vertebrates. BMC Biol 2017; 15:32. [PMID: 28449681 PMCID: PMC5406925 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fishes are extremely speciose and also highly disparate in their fin configurations, more specifically in the number of fins present as well as their structure, shape, and size. How they achieved this remarkable disparity is difficult to explain in the absence of any comprehensive overview of the evolutionary history of fish appendages. Fin modularity could provide an explanation for both the observed disparity in fin configurations and the sequential appearance of new fins. Modularity is considered as an important prerequisite for the evolvability of living systems, enabling individual modules to be optimized without interfering with others. Similarities in developmental patterns between some of the fins already suggest that they form developmental modules during ontogeny. At a macroevolutionary scale, these developmental modules could act as evolutionary units of change and contribute to the disparity in fin configurations. This study addresses fin disparity in a phylogenetic perspective, while focusing on the presence/absence and number of each of the median and paired fins. RESULTS Patterns of fin morphological disparity were assessed by mapping fin characters on a new phylogenetic supertree of fish orders. Among agnathans, disparity in fin configurations results from the sequential appearance of novel fins forming various combinations. Both median and paired fins would have appeared first as elongated ribbon-like structures, which were the precursors for more constricted appendages. Among chondrichthyans, disparity in fin configurations relates mostly to median fin losses. Among actinopterygians, fin disparity involves fin losses, the addition of novel fins (e.g., the adipose fin), and coordinated duplications of the dorsal and anal fins. Furthermore, some pairs of fins, notably the dorsal/anal and pectoral/pelvic fins, show non-independence in their character distribution, supporting expectations based on developmental and morphological evidence that these fin pairs form evolutionary modules. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the pectoral/pelvic fins and the dorsal/anal fins form two distinct evolutionary modules, and that the latter is nested within a more inclusive median fins module. Because the modularity hypotheses that we are testing are also supported by developmental and variational data, this constitutes a striking example linking developmental, variational, and evolutionary modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Larouche
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et de Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | | | - Richard Cloutier
- Laboratoire de Paléontologie et de Biologie évolutive, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1 Canada
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26
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Abstract
Comparative data on the developing gastropod foregut suggest that this multicomponent feeding complex consists of two developmental modules. Modularity is revealed by delayed development of the buccal cavity and radular sac (“ventral module”) relative to the dorsal food channel (“dorsal module”) in gastropods with feeding larvae compared with those that may have never had a feeding larval stage. If nonfeeding larvae like those of extant patellogastropods and vetigastropods are ancestral for gastropods, then the uncoupling and heterochronic offset of dorsal and ventral foregut modules allowed the post-metamorphic dorsal food channel to be co-opted as a simple but functional esophagus for feeding larvae. Furthermore, by reducing energy cost per ovum, the heterochronic offset may have given mothers the evolutionary option of increasing fecundity or investing in protective egg encapsulation material. A second developmental innovation was spatial separation of the dorsal and ventral foregut modules, as illustrated by distal foregut development in buccinid neogastropods and venom gland development in cone snails. Spatial uncoupling may have enhanced the evolvability of gastropod foreguts by allowing phenotypic variants of ventral module components to be selected within post-metamorphic ecological settings, without needing to be first tested for compatibility with larval feeding. Finally, we describe a case in which foregut modularity has helped facilitate a highly derived life history in which encapsulated embryos ingest nurse eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise R. Page
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Brenda Hookham
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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27
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Pantalacci S, Guéguen L, Petit C, Lambert A, Peterkovà R, Sémon M. Transcriptomic signatures shaped by cell proportions shed light on comparative developmental biology. Genome Biol 2017; 18:29. [PMID: 28202034 PMCID: PMC5312534 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative transcriptomics can answer many questions in developmental and evolutionary developmental biology. Most transcriptomic studies start by showing global patterns of variation in transcriptomes that differ between species or organs through developmental time. However, little is known about the kinds of expression differences that shape these patterns. Results We compared transcriptomes during the development of two morphologically distinct serial organs, the upper and lower first molars of the mouse. We found that these two types of teeth largely share the same gene expression dynamics but that three major transcriptomic signatures distinguish them, all of which are shaped by differences in the relative abundance of different cell types. First, lower/upper molar differences are maintained throughout morphogenesis and stem from differences in the relative abundance of mesenchyme and from constant differences in gene expression within tissues. Second, there are clear time-shift differences in the transcriptomes of the two molars related to cusp tissue abundance. Third, the transcriptomes differ most during early-mid crown morphogenesis, corresponding to exaggerated morphogenetic processes in the upper molar involving fewer mitotic cells but more migrating cells. From these findings, we formulate hypotheses about the mechanisms enabling the two molars to reach different phenotypes. We also successfully applied our approach to forelimb and hindlimb development. Conclusions Gene expression in a complex tissue reflects not only transcriptional regulation but also abundance of different cell types. This knowledge provides valuable insights into the cellular processes underpinning differences in organ development. Our approach should be applicable to most comparative developmental contexts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1157-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Pantalacci
- UnivLyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, 15 parvis Descartes, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Laurent Guéguen
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE), Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Coraline Petit
- UnivLyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, 15 parvis Descartes, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Lambert
- UnivLyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, 15 parvis Descartes, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Renata Peterkovà
- Department of Teratology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Sémon
- UnivLyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, 15 parvis Descartes, F-69007, Lyon, France.
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28
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Chang F, Xing P, Song F, Du X, Wang G, Chen K, Yang J. The role of T-box genes in the tumorigenesis and progression of cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4305-4311. [PMID: 28105146 PMCID: PMC5228544 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-box (TBX) genes are part of an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors involved in organ development. They serve key roles in a number of molecular mechanisms, including proliferation, cell fate and organ identity. In addition, previous studies suggest that TBX genes have essential functions in the tumorigenesis and progression of various types of cancer. For example, TBX proteins served significant roles in carcinogenesis, proliferation and differentiation, senescence and apoptosis, invasion and migration, mesenchymal-epithelial and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, oncogenic signaling pathways and drug sensitivity. However, the exact mechanisms by which TBX genes carry out these functions have not yet been fully elucidated. The present review focuses on the role of TBX genes in cancer, with the aim of further clarifying their function. As altered levels of TBX proteins have detrimental consequences in numerous types of cancer, there is a need for further research into TBX genes, which this review may aid through providing a comprehensive insight into the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Chang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Xing
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Fengju Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300061, P.R. China
| | - Guowen Wang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Kexin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Yang
- Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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Abstract
The diversification of paired appendages has been a major factor in the evolutionary radiation of vertebrates. Despite its importance, an understanding of the origin of paired appendages has remained elusive. To address this problem, we focused on T-box transcription factor 5 (Tbx5), a gene indispensable for pectoral appendage initiation and development. Comparison of gene expression in jawless and jawed vertebrates reveals that the Tbx5 expression in jawed vertebrates is derived in having an expression domain that extends caudal to the heart and gills. Chromatin profiling, phylogenetic footprinting, and functional assays enabled the identification of a Tbx5 fin enhancer associated with this apomorphic pattern of expression. Comparative functional analysis of reporter constructs reveals that this enhancer activity is evolutionarily conserved among jawed vertebrates and is able to rescue the finless phenotype of tbx5a mutant zebrafish. Taking paleontological evidence of early vertebrates into account, our results suggest that the gain of apomorphic patterns of Tbx5 expression and regulation likely contributed to the morphological transition from a finless to finned condition at the base of the vertebrate lineage.
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Oyston JW, Hughes M, Gerber S, Wills MA. Why should we investigate the morphological disparity of plant clades? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:859-79. [PMID: 26658292 PMCID: PMC4845799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparity refers to the morphological variation in a sample of taxa, and is distinct from diversity or taxonomic richness. Diversity and disparity are fundamentally decoupled; many groups attain high levels of disparity early in their evolution, while diversity is still comparatively low. Diversity may subsequently increase even in the face of static or declining disparity by increasingly fine sub-division of morphological 'design' space (morphospace). Many animal clades reached high levels of disparity early in their evolution, but there have been few comparable studies of plant clades, despite their profound ecological and evolutionary importance. This study offers a prospective and some preliminary macroevolutionary analyses. METHODS Classical morphometric methods are most suitable when there is reasonable conservation of form, but lose traction where morphological differences become greater (e.g. in comparisons across higher taxa). Discrete character matrices offer one means to compare a greater diversity of forms. This study explores morphospaces derived from eight discrete data sets for major plant clades, and discusses their macroevolutionary implications. KEY RESULTS Most of the plant clades in this study show initial, high levels of disparity that approach or attain the maximum levels reached subsequently. These plant clades are characterized by an initial phase of evolution during which most regions of their empirical morphospaces are colonized. Angiosperms, palms, pines and ferns show remarkably little variation in disparity through time. Conifers furnish the most marked exception, appearing at relatively low disparity in the latest Carboniferous, before expanding incrementally with the radiation of successive, tightly clustered constituent sub-clades. CONCLUSIONS Many cladistic data sets can be repurposed for investigating the morphological disparity of plant clades through time, and offer insights that are complementary to more focused morphometric studies. The unique structural and ecological features of plants make them ideally suited to investigating intrinsic and extrinsic constraints on disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Oyston
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Martin Hughes
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK and
| | - Sylvain Gerber
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Matthew A Wills
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK,
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31
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Pavličev M, Cheverud JM. Constraints Evolve: Context Dependency of Gene Effects Allows Evolution of Pleiotropy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Pavličev
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229;
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32
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Sears KE, Capellini TD, Diogo R. On the serial homology of the pectoral and pelvic girdles of tetrapods. Evolution 2015; 69:2543-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Sears
- School of Integrative Biology; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | | | - Rui Diogo
- Howard University College of Medicine; Washington District of Columbia 20059
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33
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Larouche O, Cloutier R, Zelditch ML. Head, Body and Fins: Patterns of Morphological Integration and Modularity in Fishes. Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Schachat SR, Oliver JC, Monteiro A. Nymphalid eyespots are co-opted to novel wing locations following a similar pattern in independent lineages. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:20. [PMID: 25886182 PMCID: PMC4335541 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in the number of repeated traits, or serial homologs, has contributed greatly to animal body plan diversity. Eyespot color patterns of nymphalid butterflies, like arthropod and vertebrate limbs, are an example of serial homologs. These eyespot color patterns originated in a small number of wing sectors on the ventral hindwing surface and later appeared in novel wing sectors, novel wings, and novel wing surfaces. However, the details of how eyespots were co-opted to these novel wing locations are currently unknown. RESULTS We used a large data matrix of eyespot/presence absence data, previously assembled from photographs of contemporary species, to perform a phylogenetic investigation of eyespot origins in nine independent nymphalid lineages. To determine how the eyespot gene regulatory network acquired novel positional information, we used phylogenetic correlation analyses to test for non-independence in the origination of eyespots. We found consistent patterns of eyespot gene network redeployment in the nine lineages, where eyespots first redeployed from the ventral hindwing to the ventral forewing, then to new sectors within the ventral wing surface, and finally to the dorsal wing surface. Eyespots that appeared in novel wing sectors modified the positional information of their serial homolog ancestors in one of two ways: by changing the wing or surface identity while retaining sector identity, or by changing the sector identity while retaining wing and surface identity. CONCLUSIONS Eyespot redeployment to novel sectors, wings, and surfaces happened multiple times in different nymphalid subfamilies following a similar pattern. This indicates that parallel mutations altering expression of the eyespot gene regulatory network led to its co-option to novel wing locations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA. .,Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Oliver
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore. .,Yale-NUS College, 138614, Singapore, Singapore.
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35
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Oliver JC, Beaulieu JM, Gall LF, Piel WH, Monteiro A. Nymphalid eyespot serial homologues originate as a few individualized modules. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2013.3262. [PMID: 24870037 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial homologues are repeated traits that share similar development but occur in different parts of the body. Variation in number of repeats accounts for substantial diversity in animal form and considerable work has focused on identifying the factors accounting for this variation. Little is known, however, about how serial homologues originally become repeated, or about the relative timing of repeat individuation relative to repeat origin. Here, we show that the serially repeated eyespots on nymphalid butterfly wings most likely arose as a small cluster of units on the ventral hindwing that were later co-opted to the dorsal and anterior wing surfaces. Based on comparative analyses of over 400 species, we found support for a model of eyespot origin followed by redeployment, rather than by the conventional model, where eyespots arose as a complete row of undifferentiated units that later gained individuation. In addition, eyespots most likely evolved from simpler pattern elements, single-coloured spots, which were already individuated among different wing sectors. Finally, the late appearance of eyespots on the dorsal, hidden wing surface further suggests that these novel complex traits originally evolved for one function (thwarting predator attacks) and acquired a second function (sexual signalling) when moved to a different body location. This broad comparative analysis illustrates how serial homologues may initially evolve as a few units serving a particular function and subsequently become repeated in novel body locations with new functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Oliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beaulieu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA National Institute for Biological and Mathematical Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Lawrence F Gall
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William H Piel
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Republic of Singapore Yale-NUS College, 138614 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Republic of Singapore Yale-NUS College, 138614 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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36
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Abstract
This article reviews the latest developments in our understanding of the origin, development, and evolution of nymphalid butterfly eyespots. Recent contributions to this field include insights into the evolutionary and developmental origin of eyespots and their ancestral deployment on the wing, the evolution of eyespot number and eyespot sexual dimorphism, and the identification of genes affecting eyespot development and black pigmentation. I also compare features of old and more recently proposed models of eyespot development and propose a schematic for the genetic regulatory architecture of eyespots. Using this schematic I propose two hypotheses for why we observe limits to morphological diversity across these serially homologous traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antónia Monteiro
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Yale-NUS-College, Singapore;
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37
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Legge D. Yin and Yang Surfaces: An Evolutionary Perspective. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2014; 7:281-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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38
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The lineage-specific evolution of aquaporin gene clusters facilitated tetrapod terrestrial adaptation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113686. [PMID: 25426855 PMCID: PMC4245216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A major physiological barrier for aquatic organisms adapting to terrestrial life is dessication in the aerial environment. This barrier was nevertheless overcome by the Devonian ancestors of extant Tetrapoda, but the origin of specific molecular mechanisms that solved this water problem remains largely unknown. Here we show that an ancient aquaporin gene cluster evolved specifically in the sarcopterygian lineage, and subsequently diverged into paralogous forms of AQP2, -5, or -6 to mediate water conservation in extant Tetrapoda. To determine the origin of these apomorphic genomic traits, we combined aquaporin sequencing from jawless and jawed vertebrates with broad taxon assembly of >2,000 transcripts amongst 131 deuterostome genomes and developed a model based upon Bayesian inference that traces their convergent roots to stem subfamilies in basal Metazoa and Prokaryota. This approach uncovered an unexpected diversity of aquaporins in every lineage investigated, and revealed that the vertebrate superfamily consists of 17 classes of aquaporins (Aqp0 - Aqp16). The oldest orthologs associated with water conservation in modern Tetrapoda are traced to a cluster of three aqp2-like genes in Actinistia that likely arose >500 Ma through duplication of an aqp0-like gene present in a jawless ancestor. In sea lamprey, we show that aqp0 first arose in a protocluster comprised of a novel aqp14 paralog and a fused aqp01 gene. To corroborate these findings, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of five syntenic nuclear receptor subfamilies, which, together with observations of extensive genome rearrangements, support the coincident loss of ancestral aqp2-like orthologs in Actinopterygii. We thus conclude that the divergence of sarcopterygian-specific aquaporin gene clusters was permissive for the evolution of water conservation mechanisms that facilitated tetrapod terrestrial adaptation.
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39
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Heude É, Shaikho S, Ekker M. The dlx5a/dlx6a genes play essential roles in the early development of zebrafish median fin and pectoral structures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98505. [PMID: 24858471 PMCID: PMC4032342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlx5 and Dlx6 genes encode homeodomain transcription factors essential for the proper development of limbs in mammalian species. However, the role of their teleost counterparts in fin development has received little attention. Here, we show that dlx5a is an early marker of apical ectodermal cells of the pectoral fin buds and of the median fin fold, but also of cleithrum precursor cells during pectoral girdle development. We propose that early median fin fold establishment results from the medial convergence of dlx5a-expressing cells at the lateral edges of the neural keel. Expression analysis also shows involvement of dlx5a during appendage skeletogenesis. Using morpholino-mediated knock down, we demonstrate that disrupted dlx5a/6a function results in pectoral fin agenesis associated with misexpression of bmp4, fgf8a, and1 and msx genes. In contrast, the median fin fold presents defects in mesenchymal cell migration and actinotrichia formation, whereas the initial specification seems to occur normally. Our results demonstrate that the dlx5a/6a genes are essential for the induction of pectoral fin outgrowth, but are not required during median fin fold specification. The dlx5a/6a knock down also causes a failure of cleithrum formation associated with a drastic loss of runx2b and col10a1 expression. The data indicate distinct requirements for dlx5a/6a during median and pectoral fin development suggesting that initiation of unpaired and paired fin formation are not directed through the same molecular mechanisms. Our results refocus arguments on the mechanistic basis of paired appendage genesis during vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Églantine Heude
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Shaikho
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Ekker
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Pavlicev M, Wagner GP, Noonan JP, Hallgrímsson B, Cheverud JM. Genomic correlates of relationship QTL involved in fore- versus hind limb divergence in mice. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 5:1926-36. [PMID: 24065733 PMCID: PMC3814202 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergence of serially homologous elements of organisms is a common evolutionary pattern contributing to increased phenotypic complexity. Here, we study the genomic intervals affecting the variational independence of fore- and hind limb traits within an experimental mouse population. We use an advanced intercross of inbred mouse strains to map the loci associated with the degree of autonomy between fore- and hind limb long bone lengths (loci affecting the relationship between traits, relationship quantitative trait loci [rQTL]). These loci have been proposed to interact locally with the products of pleiotropic genes, thereby freeing the local trait from the variational constraint due to pleiotropic mutations. Using the known polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) between the parental strains, we characterized and compared the genomic regions in which the rQTL, as well as their interaction partners (intQTL), reside. We find that these two classes of QTL intervals harbor different kinds of molecular variation. SNPs in rQTL intervals more frequently reside in limb-specific cis-regulatory regions than SNPs in intQTL intervals. The intQTL loci modified by the rQTL, in contrast, show the signature of protein-coding variation. This result is consistent with the widely accepted view that protein-coding mutations have broader pleiotropic effects than cis-regulatory polymorphisms. For both types of QTL intervals, the underlying candidate genes are enriched for genes involved in protein binding. This finding suggests that rQTL effects are caused by local interactions among the products of the causal genes harbored in rQTL and intQTL intervals. This is the first study to systematically document the population-level molecular variation underlying the evolution of character individuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Pavlicev
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Altenberg, Austria
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41
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Nuño de la Rosa L, Müller GB, Metscher BD. The lateral mesodermal divide: an epigenetic model of the origin of paired fins. Evol Dev 2014; 16:38-48. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nuño de la Rosa
- Department of Theoretical Biology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Wien Austria
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research; Adolf-Lorenz-Gasse 2 3422 Altenberg Austria
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Wien Austria
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research; Adolf-Lorenz-Gasse 2 3422 Altenberg Austria
| | - Brian D. Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Wien Austria
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42
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Huang AH, Riordan TJ, Wang L, Eyal S, Zelzer E, Brigande JV, Schweitzer R. Repositioning forelimb superficialis muscles: tendon attachment and muscle activity enable active relocation of functional myofibers. Dev Cell 2013; 26:544-51. [PMID: 24044893 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The muscles that govern hand motion are composed of extrinsic muscles that reside within the forearm and intrinsic muscles that reside within the hand. We find that the extrinsic muscles of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) first differentiate as intrinsic muscles within the hand and then relocate as myofibers to their final position in the arm. This remarkable translocation of differentiated myofibers across a joint is dependent on muscle contraction and muscle-tendon attachment. Interestingly, the intrinsic flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscles of the foot are identical to the FDS in tendon pattern and delayed developmental timing but undergo limited muscle translocation, providing strong support for evolutionary homology between the FDS and FDB muscles. We propose that the intrinsic FDB pattern represents the original tetrapod limb and that translocation of the muscles to form the FDS is a mammalian evolutionary addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Huang
- Research Division, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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43
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Nicosia V, Valencia M, Chavez M, Díaz-Guilera A, Latora V. Remote synchronization reveals network symmetries and functional modules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:174102. [PMID: 23679731 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.174102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study a Kuramoto model in which the oscillators are associated with the nodes of a complex network and the interactions include a phase frustration, thus preventing full synchronization. The system organizes into a regime of remote synchronization where pairs of nodes with the same network symmetry are fully synchronized, despite their distance on the graph. We provide analytical arguments to explain this result, and we show how the frustration parameter affects the distribution of phases. An application to brain networks suggests that anatomical symmetry plays a role in neural synchronization by determining correlated functional modules across distant locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Nicosia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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44
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Sansom RS, Gabbott SE, Purnell MA. Unusual anal fin in a Devonian jawless vertebrate reveals complex origins of paired appendages. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130002. [PMID: 23576777 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) have undergone radical anatomical and developmental changes in comparison with their jawless cousins (cyclostomes). Key among these is paired appendages (fins, legs and wings), which first evolved at some point on the gnathostome stem. The anatomy of fossil stem gnathostomes is, therefore, fundamental to our understanding of the nature and timing of the origin of this complex innovation. Here, we show that Euphanerops, a fossil jawless fish from the Devonian, possessed paired anal-fin radials, but no pectoral or pelvic fins. This unique condition occurs at an early stage on the stem-gnathostome lineage. This condition, and comparison with the varied condition of paired fins in other ostracoderms, indicates that there was a large amount of developmental plasticity during this episode-rather than a gradual evolution of this complex feature. Apparently, a number of different clades were exploring morphospace or undergoing multiple losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Sansom
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester, eicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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45
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Parrie LE, Renfrew EM, Wal AV, Mueller RL, Garrity DM. Zebrafishtbx5paralogs demonstrate independent essential requirements in cardiac and pectoral fin development. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:485-502. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E. Parrie
- Colorado State University (CSU); Department of Biology; Fort Collins; Colorado
| | - Erin M. Renfrew
- Colorado State University (CSU); Department of Biology; Fort Collins; Colorado
| | - Aimee Vander Wal
- Colorado State University (CSU); Department of Biology; Fort Collins; Colorado
| | | | - Deborah M. Garrity
- Colorado State University (CSU); Department of Biology; Fort Collins; Colorado
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46
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Abstract
The diversity of animal and plant forms is shaped by nested evolutionary innovations. Understanding the genetic and molecular changes responsible for these innovations is therefore one of the key goals of evolutionary biology. From the genetic point of view, the origin of novel traits implies the origin of new regulatory pathways to control their development. To understand how these new pathways are assembled in the course of evolution, we need model systems that combine relatively recent innovations with a powerful set of genetic and molecular tools. One such model is provided by the Drosophila sex comb-a male-specific morphological structure that evolved in a relatively small lineage related to the model species D. melanogaster. Our extensive knowledge of sex comb development in D. melanogaster provides the basis for investigating the genetic changes responsible for sex comb origin and diversification. At the same time, sex combs can change on microevolutionary timescales and differ spectacularly among closely related species, providing opportunities for direct genetic analysis and for integrating developmental and population-genetic approaches. Sex comb evolution is associated with the origin of novel interactions between Hox and sex determination genes. Activity of the sex determination pathway was brought under the control of the Hox code to become segment-specific, while Hox gene expression became sexually dimorphic. At the same time, both Hox and sex determination genes were integrated into the intrasegmental spatial patterning network, and acquired new joint downstream targets. Phylogenetic analysis shows that similar sex comb morphologies evolved independently in different lineages. Convergent evolution at the phenotypic level reflects convergent changes in the expression of Hox and sex determination genes, involving both independent gains and losses of regulatory interactions. However, the downstream cell-differentiation programs have diverged between species, and in some lineages, similar adult morphologies are produced by different morphogenetic mechanisms. These features make the sex comb an excellent model for examining not only the genetic changes responsible for its evolution, but also the cellular processes that translate DNA sequence changes into morphological diversity. The origin and diversification of sex combs provides insights into the roles of modularity, cooption, and regulatory changes in evolutionary innovations, and can serve as a model for understanding the origin of the more drastic novelties that define higher order taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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47
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Don EK, Currie PD, Cole NJ. The evolutionary history of the development of the pelvic fin/hindlimb. J Anat 2013; 222:114-33. [PMID: 22913749 PMCID: PMC3552419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The arms and legs of man are evolutionarily derived from the paired fins of primitive jawed fish. Few evolutionary changes have attracted as much attention as the origin of tetrapod limbs from the paired fins of ancestral fish. The hindlimbs of tetrapods are derived from the pelvic fins of ancestral fish. These evolutionary origins can be seen in the examination of shared gene and protein expression patterns during the development of pelvic fins and tetrapod hindlimbs. The pelvic fins of fish express key limb positioning, limb bud induction and limb outgrowth genes in a similar manner to that seen in hindlimb development of higher vertebrates. We are now at a point where many of the key players in the development of pelvic fins and vertebrate hindlimbs have been identified and we can now readily examine and compare mechanisms between species. This is yielding fascinating insights into how the developmental programme has altered during evolution and how that relates to anatomical change. The role of pelvic fins has also drastically changed over evolutionary history, from playing a minor role during swimming to developing into robust weight-bearing limbs. In addition, the pelvic fins/hindlimbs have been lost repeatedly in diverse species over evolutionary time. Here we review the evolution of pelvic fins and hindlimbs within the context of the changes in anatomical structure and the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Don
- Department of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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48
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Tanaka M. Molecular and evolutionary basis of limb field specification and limb initiation. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:149-63. [PMID: 23216351 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Specification of limb field and initiation of limb development involve multiple steps, each of which is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. Recent developmental analyses on various vertebrates have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms that specify limb field and have revealed several genetic interactions of signals involved in limb initiation processes. Furthermore, new approaches to the study of the developmental mechanisms of the lateral plate mesoderm of amphioxus and lamprey embryos have given us clues to understand the evolutionary scenarios that led to the acquisition of paired appendages during evolution. This review highlights such recent findings and discusses the mechanisms of limb field specification and limb bud initiation during development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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49
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Minguillon C, Nishimoto S, Wood S, Vendrell E, Gibson-Brown JJ, Logan MPO. Hox genes regulate the onset of Tbx5 expression in the forelimb. Development 2012; 139:3180-8. [PMID: 22872086 DOI: 10.1242/dev.084814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tbx4 and Tbx5 are two closely related T-box genes that encode transcription factors expressed in the prospective hindlimb and forelimb territories, respectively, of all jawed vertebrates. Despite their striking limb type-restricted expression pattern, we have shown that these genes do not participate in the acquisition of limb type-specific morphologies. Instead, Tbx4 and Tbx5 play similar roles in the initiation of hindlimb and forelimb outgrowth, respectively. We hypothesized that different combinations of Hox proteins expressed in different rostral and caudal domains of the lateral plate mesoderm, where limb induction occurs, might be involved in regulating the limb type-restricted expression of Tbx4 and Tbx5 and in the later determination of limb type-specific morphologies. Here, we identify the minimal regulatory element sufficient for the earliest forelimb-restricted expression of the mouse Tbx5 gene and show that this sequence is Hox responsive. Our results support a mechanism in which Hox genes act upstream of Tbx5 to control the axial position of forelimb formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Minguillon
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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50
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Diogo R, Linde-Medina M, Abdala V, Ashley-Ross MA. New, puzzling insights from comparative myological studies on the old and unsolved forelimb/hindlimb enigma. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 88:196-214. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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