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Tarbashevich K, Ermlich L, Wegner J, Pfeiffer J, Raz E. The mitochondrial protein Sod2 is important for the migration, maintenance, and fitness of germ cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1250643. [PMID: 37954204 PMCID: PMC10639133 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1250643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain a range of cellular functions and to ensure cell survival, cells must control their levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main source of these molecules is the mitochondrial respiration machinery, and the first line of defense against these toxic substances is the mitochondrial enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2). Thus, investigating early expression patterns and functions of this protein is critical for understanding how an organism develops ways to protect itself against ROS and enhance tissue fitness. Here, we report on expression pattern and function of zebrafish Sod2, focusing on the role of the protein in migration and maintenance of primordial germ cells during early embryonic development. We provide evidence that Sod2 is involved in purifying selection of vertebrate germ cells, which can contribute to the fitness of the organism in the following generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Muenster, Germany
| | - Laura Ermlich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Muenster, Germany
| | - Julian Wegner
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Muenster, Germany
| | - Jana Pfeiffer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Muenster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Muenster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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2
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Adolfi MC, Depincé A, Wen M, Pan Q, Herpin A. Development of Ovaries and Sex Change in Fish: Bringing Potential into Action. Sex Dev 2023; 17:84-98. [PMID: 36878204 DOI: 10.1159/000526008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encompassing about half of the 60,000 species of vertebrates, fish display the greatest diversity of sex determination mechanisms among metazoans. As such that phylum offers a unique playground to study the impressive variety of gonadal morphogenetic strategies, ranging from gonochorism, with either genetic or environmental sex determination, to unisexuality, with either simultaneous or consecutive hermaphroditism. SUMMARY From the two main types of gonads, the ovaries embrace the important role to produce the larger and non-motile gametes, which is the basis for the development of a future organism. The production of the egg cells is complex and involves the formation of follicular cells, which are necessary for the maturation of the oocytes and the production of feminine hormones. In this vein, our review focuses on the development of ovaries in fish with special emphasis on the germ cells, including those that transition from one sex to the other as part of their life cycle and those that are capable of transitioning to the opposite sex depending on environmental cues. KEY MESSAGES Clearly, establishing an individual as either a female or a male is not accomplished by the sole development of two types of gonads. In most cases, that dichotomy, be it final or transient, is accompanied by coordinated transformations across the entire organism, leading to changes in the physiological sex as a whole. These coordinated transformations require both molecular and neuroendocrine networks, but also anatomical and behavioural adjustments. Remarkably, fish managed to tame the ins and outs of sex reversal mechanisms to take the most advantages of changing sex as adaptive strategies in some situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Contar Adolfi
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Ming Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaowei Pan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amaury Herpin
- Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRAE, UR 1037, Rennes, France
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3
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Carver JJ, Zhu Y. Metzincin metalloproteases in PGC migration and gonadal sex conversion. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114137. [PMID: 36191636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of a functional gonad includes migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs), differentiations of somatic and germ cells, formation of primary follicles or spermatogenic cysts with somatic gonadal cells, development and maturation of gametes, and subsequent releasing of mature germ cells. These processes require extensive cellular and tissue remodeling, as well as broad alterations of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Metalloproteases, including MMPs (matrix metalloproteases), ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases), and ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs), are suggested to have critical roles in the remodeling of the ECM during gonad development. However, few research articles and reviews are available on the functions and mechanisms of metalloproteases in remodeling gonadal ECM, gonadal development, or gonadal differentiation. Moreover, most studies focused on the roles of transcription and growth factors in early gonad development and primary sex determination, leaving a significant knowledge gap on how differentially expressed metalloproteases exert effects on the ECM, cell migration, development, and survival of germ cells during the development and differentiation of ovaries or testes. We will review gonad development with focus on the evidence of metalloprotease involvements, and with an emphasis on zebrafish as a model for studying gonadal sex differentiation and metalloprotease functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Carver
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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4
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Prummel KD, Crowell HL, Nieuwenhuize S, Brombacher EC, Daetwyler S, Soneson C, Kresoja-Rakic J, Kocere A, Ronner M, Ernst A, Labbaf Z, Clouthier DE, Firulli AB, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Naganathan SR, O'Rourke R, Raz E, Mercader N, Burger A, Felley-Bosco E, Huisken J, Robinson MD, Mosimann C. Hand2 delineates mesothelium progenitors and is reactivated in mesothelioma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1677. [PMID: 35354817 PMCID: PMC8967825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesothelium lines body cavities and surrounds internal organs, widely contributing to homeostasis and regeneration. Mesothelium disruptions cause visceral anomalies and mesothelioma tumors. Nonetheless, the embryonic emergence of mesothelia remains incompletely understood. Here, we track mesothelial origins in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) using zebrafish. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers a post-gastrulation gene expression signature centered on hand2 in distinct LPM progenitor cells. We map mesothelial progenitors to lateral-most, hand2-expressing LPM and confirm conservation in mouse. Time-lapse imaging of zebrafish hand2 reporter embryos captures mesothelium formation including pericardium, visceral, and parietal peritoneum. We find primordial germ cells migrate with the forming mesothelium as ventral migration boundary. Functionally, hand2 loss disrupts mesothelium formation with reduced progenitor cells and perturbed migration. In mouse and human mesothelioma, we document expression of LPM-associated transcription factors including Hand2, suggesting re-initiation of a developmental program. Our data connects mesothelium development to Hand2, expanding our understanding of mesothelial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin D Prummel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena L Crowell
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Nieuwenhuize
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eline C Brombacher
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Daetwyler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Charlotte Soneson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Kresoja-Rakic
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Agnese Kocere
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Ronner
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Zahra Labbaf
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Muenster, Germany
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biological and Chemical System - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sundar R Naganathan
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca O'Rourke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexa Burger
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emanuela Felley-Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Huisken
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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5
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Delbes G, Blázquez M, Fernandino JI, Grigorova P, Hales BF, Metcalfe C, Navarro-Martín L, Parent L, Robaire B, Rwigemera A, Van Der Kraak G, Wade M, Marlatt V. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on gonad development: Mechanistic insights from fish and mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112040. [PMID: 34509487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, evidence has emerged that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have an impact on reproductive health. An increased frequency of reproductive disorders has been observed worldwide in both wildlife and humans that is correlated with accidental exposures to EDCs and their increased production. Epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted the consequences of early exposures and the existence of key windows of sensitivity during development. Such early in life exposures can have an immediate impact on gonadal and reproductive tract development, as well as on long-term reproductive health in both males and females. Traditionally, EDCs were thought to exert their effects by modifying the endocrine pathways controlling reproduction. Advances in knowledge of the mechanisms regulating sex determination, differentiation and gonadal development in fish and rodents have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of early exposure to EDCs on reproduction. In this manuscript, we review the key developmental stages sensitive to EDCs and the state of knowledge on the mechanisms by which model EDCs affect these processes, based on the roadmap of gonad development specific to fish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Delbes
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada.
| | - M Blázquez
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J I Fernandino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | - B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Metcalfe
- School of Environment, Trent University, Trent, Canada
| | - L Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Parent
- Université TELUQ, Montréal, Canada
| | - B Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Rwigemera
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - G Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - M Wade
- Environmental Health Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - V Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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6
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Zhu Y. Metalloproteases in gonad formation and ovulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 314:113924. [PMID: 34606745 PMCID: PMC8576836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in expression or activation of various metalloproteases including matrix metalloproteases (Mmp), a disintegrin and metalloprotease (Adam) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motif (Adamts), and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases, Timp), have been shown to be critical for ovulation in various species from studies in past decades. Some of these metalloproteases such as Adamts1, Adamts9, Mmp2, and Mmp9 have also been shown to be regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and/or progestin, which are essential triggers for ovulation in all vertebrate species. Most of these metalloproteases also express broadly in various tissues and cells including germ cells and somatic gonad cells. Thus, metalloproteases likely play roles in gonad formation processes comprising primordial germ cell (PGC) migration, development of germ and somatic cells, and sex determination. However, our knowledge on the functions and mechanisms of metalloproteases in these processes in vertebrates is still lacking. This review will summarize our current knowledge on the metalloproteases in ovulation and gonad formation with emphasis on PGC migration and germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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7
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Vong YH, Sivashanmugam L, Leech R, Zaucker A, Jones A, Sampath K. The RNA-binding protein Igf2bp3 is critical for embryonic and germline development in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009667. [PMID: 34214072 PMCID: PMC8282044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to reproduce is essential in all branches of life. In metazoans, this process is initiated by formation of the germline, a group of cells that are destined to form the future gonads, the tissue that will produce the gametes. The molecular mechanisms underlying germline formation differs between species. In zebrafish, development of the germline is dependent on the specification, migration and proliferation of progenitors called the primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGC specification is dependent on a maternally provided cytoplasmic complex of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), the germplasm. Here, we show that the conserved RNA-binding protein (RBP), Igf2bp3, has an essential role during early embryonic development and germline development. Loss of Igf2bp3 leads to an expanded yolk syncytial layer (YSL) in early embryos, reduced germline RNA expression, and mis-regulated germline development. We show that loss of maternal Igf2bp3 function results in translational de-regulation of a Nodal reporter during the mid-blastula transition. Furthermore, maternal igf2bp3 mutants exhibit reduced expression of germplasm transcripts, defects in chemokine guidance, abnormal PGC behavior and germ cell death. Consistently, adult igf2bp3 mutants show a strong male bias. Our findings suggest that Igf2bp3 is essential for normal embryonic and germline development, and acts as a key regulator of sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ho Vong
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lavanya Sivashanmugam
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Leech
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Zaucker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Karuna Sampath
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Early Life, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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8
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Gross-Thebing S, Truszkowski L, Tenbrinck D, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Camelo C, Westerich KJ, Singh A, Maier P, Prengel J, Lange P, Hüwel J, Gaede F, Sasse R, Vos BE, Betz T, Matis M, Prevedel R, Luschnig S, Diz-Muñoz A, Burger M, Raz E. Using migrating cells as probes to illuminate features in live embryonic tissues. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc5546. [PMID: 33277250 PMCID: PMC7821905 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical and biochemical properties of live tissues are important in the context of development and disease. Methods for evaluating these properties typically involve destroying the tissue or require specialized technology and complicated analyses. Here, we present a novel, noninvasive methodology for determining the spatial distribution of tissue features within embryos, making use of nondirectionally migrating cells and software we termed "Landscape," which performs automatized high-throughput three-dimensional image registration. Using the live migrating cells as bioprobes, we identified structures within the zebrafish embryo that affect the distribution of the cells and studied one such structure constituting a physical barrier, which, in turn, influences amoeboid cell polarity. Overall, this work provides a unique approach for detecting tissue properties without interfering with animal's development. In addition, Landscape allows for integrating data from multiple samples, providing detailed and reliable quantitative evaluation of variable biological phenotypes in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargon Gross-Thebing
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Lukasz Truszkowski
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Daniel Tenbrinck
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolina Camelo
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Kim J Westerich
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Amrita Singh
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Paul Maier
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jonas Prengel
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Pia Lange
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Hüwel
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Fjedor Gaede
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ramona Sasse
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bart E Vos
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Mechanics of Cellular Systems Group, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Mechanics of Cellular Systems Group, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Burger
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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9
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Presence of the matrix metalloproteinases during the migration of the primordial germ cells in zebrafish gonadal ridge. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:707-722. [PMID: 32960354 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) differentiate from extragonadal regions, migrating to gonadal ridge during the embryonic development. However, recent studies in mammals indicate that the PGCs originate from the epiblast and subsequently migrate into the yolk sac. Cell and molecular bases involved in routes during the migration of these cells are still not well understood. Thus, in an attempt to evaluate the participation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) during the gonadal primordium formation in Danio rerio (zebrafish), the route of migration of PGCs was analyzed. In zebrafish, during the migration of the PGCs to the forming gonad, they bind by cytoplasmic processes to the extracellular matrix and migrate through amoeboid movements until they reach the gonadal ridge. During the epiboly, MMPs were not detected. However, after organogenesis, three MMP types were expressed in the somatic cells that were located ahead of the PGCs in the migration route. This expression was maintained throughout the mesentery and was not detected in the PGCs. Upon reaching the gonadal ridge, the PGCs and somatic cells express MMPs and epithelium begins to be formed. After the formation of the basement membrane, the germinal epithelium is delineated by the somatic cells, which remodeling the extracellular matrix. So, a PGC organization occurs through the tissue, forming the gonadal primordium. Concomitantly, granulocytes expressing different MMPs are present. This data in exposing the role of MMPs during the PGC migration to the forming gonad, may point a new way in understanding the reproductive biology of the vertebrates in general.
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10
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Li J, Ge W. Zebrafish as a model for studying ovarian development: Recent advances from targeted gene knockout studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 507:110778. [PMID: 32142861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian development is a complex process controlled by precise coordination of multiple factors. The targeted gene knockout technique is a powerful tool to study the functions of these factors. The successful application of this technique in mice in the past three decades has significantly enhanced our understanding on the molecular mechanism of ovarian development. Recently, with the advent of genome editing techniques, targeted gene knockout research can be carried out in many species. Zebrafish has emerged as an excellent model system to study the control of ovarian development. Dozens of genes related to ovarian development have been knocked out in zebrafish in recent years. Much new information and perspectives on the molecular mechanism of ovarian development have been obtained from these mutant zebrafish. Some findings have challenged conventional views. Several genes have been identified for the first time in vertebrates to control ovarian development. Focusing on ovarian development, the purpose of this review is to briefly summarize recent findings using these gene knockout zebrafish models, and compare these findings with mammalian models. These established mutants and rapid development of gene knockout techniques have prompted zebrafish as an ideal animal model for studying ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, 730070.
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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11
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Grimaldi C, Raz E. Germ cell migration-Evolutionary issues and current understanding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:152-159. [PMID: 31864795 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many organisms, primordial germ cells (PGCs) are specified at a different location than where the gonad forms, meaning that PGCs must migrate toward the gonad within the early developing embryo. Following species-specific paths, PGCs can be passively carried by surrounding tissues and also perform active migration. When PGCs actively migrate through and along a variety of embryonic structures in different organisms, they adopt an ancestral robust migration mode termed "amoeboid motility", which allows cells to migrate within diverse environments. In this review, we discuss the possible significance of the PGC migration process in facilitating the evolution of animal body shape. In addition, we summarize the latest findings relevant for the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling the movement and the directed migration of PGCs in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grimaldi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
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12
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Zhang X, Li X, Li R, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li S. Transcriptomic profile of early zebrafish PGCs by single cell sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220364. [PMID: 31412047 PMCID: PMC6693734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell RNA-seq is a powerful and sensitive way to capture the genome-wide gene expression. Here, single cell RNA-seq was utilized to study the transcriptomic profile of early zebrafish PGCs (primordial germ cells) at three different developmental stages. The three stages were 6, 11 and 24 hpf (hours post fertilization). For each developmental stage, three zebrafish PGCs from one embryo were collected, and 9 samples in total were used in this experiment. Single cell RNA-seq results showed that 5099–7376 genes were detected among the 9 samples, and the number of expressed genes decreased as development progressed. Based on the gene expression pattern, samples from 6 and 11 hpf clustered closely, while samples from 24 hpf were more dispersed. By WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis), the two biggest modules that had inverse gene expression patterns were found to be related to PGC formation or migration. Functional enrichment analysis for these two modules showed that PGCs mainly conducted migration and cell division in early development (6/11 hpf) and translation activity became active in late development (24 hpf). Differentially expressed gene analyses showed that more genes were downregulated than upregulated between two adjacent stages, and genes related to PGC formation or migration reported by previous studies decreased significantly from 11 to 24 hpf. Our results provide base knowledge about zebrafish PGC development at the single cell level and can be further studied by other researchers interested in biological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xintian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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13
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Kossack ME, Draper BW. Genetic regulation of sex determination and maintenance in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 134:119-149. [PMID: 30999973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a major model organism for the study of vertebrate development and physiology. Given this, it may be surprising how little is known about the mechanism that zebrafish use to determine sex. While zebrafish are a gonochoristic species (having two sexes) that do not switch sex as adults, it was appreciated early on that sex ratios obtained from breeding lab domesticated lines were not typically a 1:1 ratio of male and female, suggesting that sex was not determined by a strict chromosomal mechanism. Here we will review the recent progress toward defining the genetic mechanism for sex determination in both wild and domesticated zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Kossack
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bruce W Draper
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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14
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Liao H, Chen Y, Li Y, Xue S, Liu M, Lin Z, Liu Y, Chan HC, Zhang X, Sun H. CFTR is required for the migration of primordial germ cells during zebrafish early embryogenesis. Reproduction 2018; 156:261-268. [PMID: 29930176 PMCID: PMC6106808 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene affect fertility in both sexes. However, the involvement of CFTR in regulating germ cell development remains largely unknown. Here, we used zebrafish model to investigate the role of CFTR in primordial germ cells (PGCs) development. We generated a cftr frameshift mutant zebrafish line using CRISPR/Cas9 technique and investigated the migration of PGCs during early embryo development. Our results showed that loss of Cftr impairs the migration of PGCs from dome stages onward. The migration of PGCs was also perturbed by treatment of CFTRinh-172, a gating-specific CFTR channel inhibitor. Moreover, defected PGCs migration in cftr mutant embryos can be partially rescued by injection of WT but not other channel-defective mutant cftr mRNAs. Finally, we observed the elevation of cxcr4b, cxcl12a, rgs14a and ca15b, key factors involved in zebrafish PGCs migration, in cftr-mutant zebrafish embryos. Taken together, the present study revealed an important role of CFTR acting as an ion channel in regulating PGCs migration during early embryogenesis. Defect of which may impair germ cell development through elevation of key factors involved in cell motility and response to chemotactic gradient in PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liao
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Li
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- The School of Life ScienceShandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaolong Xue
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research CenterSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Liu
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Lin
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Prenatal Diagnosis CenterDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research CenterSchool of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqin Sun
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive MedicineKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Pfeiffer J, Tarbashevich K, Bandemer J, Palm T, Raz E. Rapid progression through the cell cycle ensures efficient migration of primordial germ cells - The role of Hsp90. Dev Biol 2018; 436:84-93. [PMID: 29477339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) constitute a useful in vivo model to study cell migration and to elucidate the role of specific proteins in this process. Here we report on the role of the heat shock protein Hsp90aa1.2, a protein whose RNA level is elevated in the PGCs during their migration. Reducing Hsp90aa1.2 activity slows down the progression through the cell cycle and leads to defects in the control over the MTOC number in the migrating cells. These defects result in a slower migration rate and compromise the arrival of PGCs at their target, the region where the gonad develops. Our results emphasize the importance of ensuring rapid progression through the cell cycle during single-cell migration and highlight the role of heat shock proteins in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pfeiffer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Palm
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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16
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Liu Y, Lin Z, Liu M, Wang H, Sun H. Overexpression of DYRK1A, a Down Syndrome Candidate gene, Impairs Primordial Germ Cells Maintenance and Migration in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15313. [PMID: 29127398 PMCID: PMC5681638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DYRK1A, located on chromosome 21, is a major candidate gene of Down syndrome (DS, trisomy21), and its overexpression is associated with abnormal phenotype of Down syndrome patients. The defects of gonads and germ cells in Down Syndrome suggest that overexpression of DYRK1A has potential effect on primordial germ cells (PGCs) development. Human and zebrafish DYRK1A protein sequence possess 75.6% similarity and same function domains, suggesting the evolutional conservation. Here, we used zebrafish model to detect the definite role of excessive expression of DYRK1A in PGCs development during embryogenesis. We injected DYRK1A mRNA into embryos and detected the PGCs marker gene vasa and nanos1. Results showed depletion in numbers and disordering migration of PGCs in human or zebrafish DYRK1A overexpressed zebrafish embryos. Quantitative proteome analysis indicated that embryonic proteins were significantly altered in DYRK1A overexpressed embryos. Of note, ca15b and piwil1, two identified critical factors for PGCs development, showed ectopic expression induced by overexpressed DYRK1A. In brief, we demonstrate that overexpression of DYRK1A, a candidate gene of Down's syndrome, impairs PGCs development during early embryogenesis by altering key factors in embryos. Importantly, our work may provide a conceivable mechanism for the gonads and germ cells defects of Down syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Liu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Lin
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Liu
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecologic, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaqin Sun
- SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Li Q, Fujii W, Naito K, Yoshizaki G. Application of dead end-knockout zebrafish as recipients of germ cell transplantation. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:1100-1111. [PMID: 28731265 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell transplantation is a promising technology for the propagation of endangered or valuable fishes. In this technique, sterile male and female recipient fish are injected with donor germ cells so they can produce viable gametes derived from the donor cells. The dead end (dnd) gene is involved in the migration of primordial germ cells; therefore, dnd-knockout zebrafish are expected to be germ-cell-free, making them suitable recipients for germ cell transplantation. dnd mutants were produced by microinjecting 2 nl of 10 ng/μl cRNAs encoding zinc finger nucleases against dnd into the blastodisc of zebrafish embryos before the cell- cleavage stage. One of the resulting founder males was mated with a wild-type female, and produced heterozygous mutants in the F1 generation. Mating of these F1 mutants produced an F2 generation with approximately 25% of the clutch being homozygous mutant (dnd-knockout) male, and lacking germ cells (as confirmed by expression analyses of vasa). The resulting dnd-knockout zebrafish males were tested for suitability as germ cell transplantation recipients by intraperitoneal transplantation of testicular cells prepared from vasa-gfp zebrafish. GFP-positive germ cells incorporated into the germ-cell-free gonads of the dnd-knockout recipients matured into functional sperm. Progeny tests revealed that the sperm from these dnd-knockout recipients were derived entirely from donor cells. Thus, we demonstrated that homozygous dnd mutants became germ-cell-free males that are able to nurse donor-derived germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Naito
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Mechanisms of Vertebrate Germ Cell Determination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:383-440. [PMID: 27975276 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two unique characteristics of the germ line are the ability to persist from generation to generation and to retain full developmental potential while differentiating into gametes. How the germ line is specified that allows it to retain these characteristics within the context of a developing embryo remains unknown and is one focus of current research. Germ cell specification proceeds through one of two basic mechanisms: cell autonomous or inductive. Here, we discuss how germ plasm driven germ cell specification (cell autonomous) occurs in both zebrafish and the frog Xenopus. We describe the segregation of germ cells during embryonic development of solitary and colonial ascidians to provide an evolutionary context to both mechanisms. We conclude with a discussion of the inductive mechanism as exemplified by both the mouse and axolotl model systems. Regardless of mechanism, several general themes can be recognized including the essential role of repression and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.
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19
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Golpour A, Siddique MAM, Siqueira-Silva DH, Pšenička M. Induced sterility in fish and its potential and challenges for aquaculture and germ cell transplantation technology: a review. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Presslauer C, Bizuayehu TT, Razmi K, Fernandes JMO, Babiak I. See-Thru-Gonad zebrafish line: developmental and functional validation. Reproduction 2016; 152:507-17. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are an important model species in developmental biology. However, their potential in reproductive biology research has yet to be realized. In this study, we established See-Thru-Gonad zebrafish, a transparent line with fluorescently labeled germ cells visible throughout the life cycle, validated its gonadal development features, and demonstrated its applicability by performing a targeted gene knockdown experiment using vivo-morpholinos (VMOs). To establish the line, we crossed the zf45Tg and mitfaw2/w2; mpv17b18/b18 zebrafish lines. We documented the in vivo visibility of the germline-specific fluorescent signal throughout development, from gametes through embryonic and juvenile stages up to sexual maturity, and validated gonadal development with histology. We performed targeted gene knockdown of the microRNA (miRNA) miR-92a-3p through injection of VMOs directly to maturing ovaries. After the treatment, zebrafish were bred naturally. Embryos from miR-92a-3p knockdown ovaries had a significant reduction in relative miR-92a-3p expression and a higher percentage of developmental arrest at the 1-cell stage as compared with 5-base mismatch-treated controls. The experiment demonstrates that See-Thru-Gonad line can be successfully used for vertical transmission of the effects of targeted gene knockdown in ovaries into their offspring.
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21
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Barton LJ, LeBlanc MG, Lehmann R. Finding their way: themes in germ cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:128-137. [PMID: 27484857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic germ cell migration is a vital component of the germline lifecycle. The translocation of germ cells from the place of origin to the developing somatic gonad involves several processes including passive movements with underlying tissues, transepithelial migration, cell adhesion dynamics, the establishment of environmental guidance cues and the ability to sustain directed migration. How germ cells accomplish these feats in established model organisms will be discussed in this review, with a focus on recent discoveries and themes conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Michelle G LeBlanc
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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22
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Paksa A, Bandemer J, Hoeckendorf B, Razin N, Tarbashevich K, Minina S, Meyen D, Biundo A, Leidel SA, Peyrieras N, Gov NS, Keller PJ, Raz E. Repulsive cues combined with physical barriers and cell-cell adhesion determine progenitor cell positioning during organogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11288. [PMID: 27088892 PMCID: PMC4837475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells constitutes an essential, yet poorly understood step during organogenesis. Using primordial germ cells that participate in gonad formation, we present the developmental mechanisms maintaining a motile progenitor cell population at the site where the organ develops. Employing high-resolution live-cell microscopy, we find that repulsive cues coupled with physical barriers confine the cells to the correct bilateral positions. This analysis revealed that cell polarity changes on interaction with the physical barrier and that the establishment of compact clusters involves increased cell–cell interaction time. Using particle-based simulations, we demonstrate the role of reflecting barriers, from which cells turn away on contact, and the importance of proper cell–cell adhesion level for maintaining the tight cell clusters and their correct positioning at the target region. The combination of these developmental and cellular mechanisms prevents organ fusion, controls organ positioning and is thus critical for its proper function. The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells is essential for organ development and function. Here the authors use live imaging and mathematical modelling to show that the confinement of a motile progenitor cell population results from coupled physical barriers and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Nitzan Razin
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Sofia Minina
- Germ Cell Development, Max-Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dana Meyen
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Antonio Biundo
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadine Peyrieras
- USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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23
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Sanchez A, Amatruda JF. Zebrafish Germ Cell Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:479-94. [PMID: 27165367 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are malignant cancers that arise from embryonic precursors known as Primordial Germ Cells. GCTs occur in neonates, children, adolescents and young adults and can occur in the testis, the ovary or extragonadal sites. Because GCTs arise from pluripotent cells, the tumors can exhibit a wide range of different histologies. Current cisplatin-based combination therapies cures most patients, however at the cost of significant toxicity to normal tissues. While GWAS studies and genomic analysis of human GCTs have uncovered somatic mutations and loci that might confer tumor susceptibility, little is still known about the exact mechanisms that drive tumor development, and animal models that faithfully recapitulate all the different GCT subtypes are lacking. Here, we summarize current understanding of germline development in humans and zebrafish, describe the biology of human germ cell tumors, and discuss progress and prospects for zebrafish GCT models that may contribute to better understanding of human GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Sanchez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Paksa A, Raz E. Zebrafish germ cells: motility and guided migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:80-5. [PMID: 26232877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the course of embryonic development, the process of cell migration is critical for establishment of the embryonic body plan, for morphogenesis and for organ function. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying cell migration is thus crucial for understanding developmental processes and clinical conditions resulting from abnormal cell migration such as cancer metastasis. The long-range migration of primordial germ cells toward the region at which the gonad develops occurs in embryos of various species and thus constitutes a useful in vivo model for single-cell migration. Recent studies employing zebrafish embryos have greatly contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms facilitating the migration of these cells en route to their target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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The dnd RNA Identifies Germ Cell Origin and Migration in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:428591. [PMID: 26180800 PMCID: PMC4477439 DOI: 10.1155/2015/428591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study obtained a germ cell-specific marker dead end (dnd) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) named Podnd. The tissue-specific expressions of Podnd transcripts were present in testis and ovary but were not detectable in other somatic tissues detected. SISH showed that Podnd expressed only in germ cells at different developmental stages but not in surrounding somatic cells. The expression of Podnd during embryonic development at 16 different stages revealed that the relative expression of Podnd transcript fluctuated at a high level in the cleavage stages, gradually decreased through subsequent development, and reached the lowest at late gastrula stage till it was nearly undetectable. The Podnd transcripts localization and migration were similar to zebrafish. Further research on the specification migration mechanism of PGCs and the role of germ cell during gonadal development in olive flounder would improve our understanding of germline development.
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Cui X, Luo D, Xia H, Dai J, Zhu Z, Hu W. A controllable on-off strategy for the reproductive containment of fish. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7614. [PMID: 25556821 PMCID: PMC5154594 DOI: 10.1038/srep07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A major impediment to the commercialization and cultivation of transgenic fish is the potential ecological risks they pose to natural environments: a problem that could be solved by the production of sterile transgenic fish. Here, we have developed an on-off reproductive containment strategy for fish that renders the offspring sterile but leaves their parents fertile. TG1 (Tol2-CMV-GFP-pA-CMV-gal4-pA-Tol2) and TG2 (Tol2-CMV-RFP-pA-5 × UAS-as/dnd-pA-Tol2) zebrafish lines were established using a GAL4/UAS system. While the parental lines remained fertile, in the hybrid offspring, GAL4 induced 5 × UAS to drive the transcription of antisense dnd, which significantly down-regulated endogenous dnd expression. This disrupted the migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs), led to their apoptosis, and resulted in few or no PGCs migrating to the genital ridge. This process induced sterility or reduced fertility in adult fish. This on-off strategy is a potentially effective means of generating sterile fish for commercialization while retaining fertility in brood stocks, and offers a novel method to mitigate the ecological risks of fish introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Zhang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cui
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daji Luo
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China [2] Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, No. 185 Donghu East Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Xia
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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Gross-Thebing T, Paksa A, Raz E. Simultaneous high-resolution detection of multiple transcripts combined with localization of proteins in whole-mount embryos. BMC Biol 2014; 12:55. [PMID: 25124741 PMCID: PMC4172952 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a fundamental tool for studying the spatio-temporal expression pattern of RNA molecules in intact embryos and tissues. The available methodologies for detecting mRNAs in embryos rely on enzymatic activities and chemical reactions that generate diffusible products, which are not fixed to the detected RNA, thereby reducing the spatial resolution of the technique. In addition, current WISH techniques are time-consuming and are usually not combined with methods reporting the expression of protein molecules. Results The protocol we have developed and present here is based on the RNAscope technology that is currently employed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and frozen tissue sections for research and clinical applications. By using zebrafish embryos as an example, we provide a robust and rapid method that allows the simultaneous visualization of multiple transcripts, demonstrated here for three different RNA molecules. The optimized procedure allows the preservation of embryo integrity, while exhibiting excellent signal-to-noise ratios. Employing this method thus allows the determination of the spatial expression pattern and subcellular localization of multiple RNA molecules relative to each other at high resolution, in the three-dimensional context of the developing embryo or tissue under investigation. Lastly, we show that this method preserves the function of fluorescent proteins that are expressed in specific cells or cellular organelles and conserves antigenicity, allowing protein detection using antibodies. Conclusions By fine-tuning the RNAscope technology, we have successfully redesigned the protocol to be compatible with whole-mount embryo samples. Using this robust method for zebrafish and extending it to other organisms would have a strong impact on research in developmental, molecular and cell biology. Of similar significance would be the adaptation of the method to whole-mount clinical samples. Such a protocol would contribute to biomedical research and clinical diagnostics by providing information regarding the three-dimensional expression pattern of clinical markers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0055-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Sequential effects of spadetail, one-eyed pinhead and no tail on midline convergence of nephric primordia during zebrafish embryogenesis. Dev Biol 2013; 384:290-300. [PMID: 23860396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Midline convergence of organ primordia is an important mechanism that shapes the vertebrate body plan. Here, we focus on the morphogenetic movements of pronephric glomerular primordia (PGP) occurring during zebrafish embryonic kidney development. To characterize the process of PGP midline convergence, we used Wilms' tumour 1a (wt1a) as a marker to label kidney primordia, and performed quantitative analyses of the migration of the bilateral PGP. The PGP initially are approximately 350 μm apart in a wild type embryo at 10h post fertilization (hpf). The inter-PGP distance decreases exponentially between 10 and 48 hpf, while the anterior-posterior (A-P) dimension of each PGP increases linearly between 10 and 12 hpf, then decreases substantially between 12 and 24 hpf. Using mutants in the Nodal receptor cofactor one-eyed pinhead (oep) and the T-box transcription factors spadetail (spt) and no tail (ntl), we were able to define distinctive regulation underlying these sequential phases of PGP midline migration. Zygotic oep mutants (Zoep(-/-)) exhibited defects in midline convergence after 16 hpf. Spt is necessary for PGP convergence from 10 hpf, whereas ntl's effect on convergence does not begin until 24 hpf. Notably, we observed normal cardiac convergence in spt(-/-) and ntl(-/-) embryos implying that these novel roles of spt and ntl in PGP migration cannot be explained simply by generalised effects on midline convergence. These findings demonstrate that quantitative approaches to developmental migration allow the parsing of early patterning events, and in this instance suggest that the zebrafish may offer insights into midline urogenital migration anomalies in humans.
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Hayakawa Y, Kobayashi M. Histological observations of early gonadal development to form asymmetrically in the dwarf gourami Colisa lalia. Zoolog Sci 2013; 29:807-14. [PMID: 23215971 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetrical and latitudinal formation of the gonads during early development in the dwarf gourami Colisa lalia was histologically observed using fish reared in laboratory. Hatching larvae obtained 33 hours after spawning possessed primordial germ cells (PGCs), which aggregated to the dorsal surface of the gut. In prolarvae on day 7, the gonadal anlagen were still situated on the dorsal surface of the gut, however, in those on day 10, the left gonadal anläge began to shift leftward, although the coelom did not develop sufficiently. In prolarvae on day 20, the right gonadal anlage also began to move leftward. During this period, the gut developed considerably in the right side of the coelom. On day 25, the developing gonads were located in the interspace of the developing spiral valve intestine. Sex differentiation of gonads appeared to begin by day 25. From those observations, we concluded that asymmetricity of gonads in C. lalia is caused by a limited space of the coelom opened on the left side of the body during the early phase of the formation of gonadal anlagen, which may be accurately determined by the position in which the gut develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Hayakawa
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan.
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30
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Abstract
One of the most important and evolutionarily conserved strategies to control gene expression in higher metazoa is posttranscriptional regulation via small regulatory RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Primordial germ cells, which are defined by their totipotent potential and noted for their dependence on posttranscriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins, rely on these small regulatory RNAs for virtually every aspect of their development, including specification, migration, and differentiation into competent gametes. Here, we review current knowledge of the roles miRNAs, endo-siRNAs, and piRNAs play at all stages of germline development in various organisms, focusing on studies in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Cook
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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31
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Saito T, Goto-Kazeto R, Kawakami Y, Nomura K, Tanaka H, Adachi S, Arai K, Yamaha E. The mechanism for primordial germ-cell migration is conserved between Japanese eel and zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24460. [PMID: 21931724 PMCID: PMC3171466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are segregated and specified from somatic cells during early development. These cells arise elsewhere and have to migrate across the embryo to reach developing gonadal precursors. Several molecules associated with PGC migration (i.e. dead-end, nanos1, and cxcr4) are highly conserved across phylum boundaries. However, since cell migration is a complicated process that is regulated spatially and temporally by multiple adaptors and signal effectors, the process is unlikely to be explained by these known genes only. Indeed, it has been shown that there are variations in PGC migration pattern during development among teleost species. However, it is still unclear whether the actual mechanism of PGC migration is conserved among species. In this study, we studied the migration of PGCs in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) embryos and tested the migration mechanism between Japanese eel and zebrafish (Danio rerio) for conservation, by transplanting eel PGCs into zebrafish embryos. The experiments showed that eel PGCs can migrate toward the gonadal region of zebrafish embryos along with endogenous PGCs, even though the migration patterns, behaviors, and settlements of PGCs are somewhat different between these species. Our results demonstrate that the migration mechanism of PGCs during embryonic development is highly conserved between these two distantly related species (belonging to different teleost orders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiju Saito
- Nanae Fresh Water Laboratory, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Nanae, Japan.
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32
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Hypoxia impairs primordial germ cell migration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24540. [PMID: 21931746 PMCID: PMC3169607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a global environmental concern, hypoxia is known to be associated with many biological and physiological impairments in aquatic ecosystems. Previous studies have mainly focused on the effect of hypoxia in adult animals. However, the effect of hypoxia and the underlying mechanism of how hypoxia affects embryonic development of aquatic animals remain unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the current study, the effect of hypoxia on primordial germ cell (PGC) migration in zebrafish embryos was investigated. Hypoxic embryos showed PGC migration defect as indicated by the presence of mis-migrated ectopic PGCs. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is required for embryonic germ line development. Using real-time PCR, we found that the mRNA expression levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-1), an inhibitor of IGF bioactivity, were significantly increased in hypoxic embryos. Morpholino knockdown of IGFBP-1 rescued the PGC migration defect phenotype in hypoxic embryos, suggesting the role of IGFBP-1 in inducing PGC mis-migration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides novel evidence that hypoxia disrupts PGC migration during embryonic development in fish. IGF signaling is shown to be one of the possible mechanisms for the causal link between hypoxia and PGC migration. We propose that hypoxia causes PGC migration defect by inhibiting IGF signaling through the induction of IGFBP-1.
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33
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Belting HG, Wendik B, Lunde K, Leichsenring M, Mössner R, Driever W, Onichtchouk D. Pou5f1 contributes to dorsoventral patterning by positive regulation of vox and modulation of fgf8a expression. Dev Biol 2011; 356:323-36. [PMID: 21621531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pou5f1/Oct-4 in mice is required for maintenance of embryonic pluripotent cell populations. Zebrafish pou5f1 maternal-zygotic mutant embryos (spiel ohne grenzen; MZspg) lack endoderm and have gastrulation and dorsoventral patterning defects. A contribution of Pou5f1 to the control of bmp2b, bmp4 and vox expression has been suggested, however the mechanisms remained unclear and are investigated in detail here. Low-level overexpression of a Pou5f1-VP16 activator fusion protein can rescue dorsalization in MZspg mutants, indicating that Pou5f1 acts as a transcriptional activator during dorsoventral patterning. Overexpression of larger quantities of Pou5f1-VP16 can ventralize wild-type embryos, while overexpression of a Pou5f1-En repressor fusion protein can dorsalize embryos. Lack of Pou5f1 causes a transient upregulation of fgf8a expression after mid-blastula transition, providing a mechanism for delayed activation of bmp2b in MZspg embryos. Overexpression of the Pou5f1-En repressor induces fgf8, suggesting an indirect mechanism of Pou5f1 control of fgf8a expression. Transcription of vox is strongly activated by Pou5f1-VP16 even when translation of zygotically expressed transcripts is experimentally inhibited by cycloheximide. In contrast, bmp2b and bmp4 are not activated under these conditions. We show that Pou5f1 binds to phylogenetically conserved Oct/Pou5f1 sites in the vox promoter, both in vivo (ChIP) and in vitro. Our data reveals a set of direct and indirect interactions of Pou5f1 with the BMP dorsoventral patterning network that serve to fine-tune dorsoventral patterning mechanisms and coordinate patterning with developmental timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Georg Belting
- Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 1, Freiburg, Germany
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34
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Staton AA, Knaut H, Giraldez AJ. miRNA regulation of Sdf1 chemokine signaling provides genetic robustness to germ cell migration. Nat Genet 2011; 43:204-11. [PMID: 21258340 PMCID: PMC3071589 DOI: 10.1038/ng.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs function as genetic rheostats to control gene output. Based on their role as modulators, it has been postulated that microRNAs canalize development and provide genetic robustness. Here, we uncover a novel regulatory layer of chemokine signaling by microRNAs that confers genetic robustness on primordial-germ-cell (PGC) migration. In zebrafish, PGCs are guided to the gonad by the ligand Sdf1a, which is regulated by sequestration receptor Cxcr7b. We find that miR-430 regulates sdf1a- and cxcr7-mRNAs. Using Target Protectors, we demonstrate that miR-430-mediated regulation of endogenous sdf1a and cxcr7b (i) facilitates dynamic expression of sdf1a by clearing its mRNA from previous expression domains, (ii) modulates the levels of the decoy receptor Cxcr7b to avoid excessive depletion of Sdf1a and (iii) buffers against variation in gene dosage of chemokine signaling components to ensure accurate PGC migration. Our results indicate that losing microRNA-mediated regulation can expose otherwise buffered genetic lesions leading to developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Staton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Abstract
Germ cell tumors are neoplasms arising from pluripotent germ cells. In humans, these tumors occur in infants, children and young adults. The tumors display a wide range of histologic differentiation states which exhibit different clinical behaviors. Information about the molecular basis of germ cell tumors, and representative animal models of these neoplasms, are lacking. Germline development in zebrafish and humans is broadly conserved, making the fish a useful model to probe the connections between germ cell development and tumorigenesis. Here, we provide an overview of germline development and a brief review of germ cell tumor biology in humans and zebrafish. We also outline some methods for studying the zebrafish germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanie C. Neumann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - Kate Lillard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - Vanessa Damoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
| | - James F. Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 USA
,Corresponding Author: Depts. of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology UT Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, TX 75390-8534 Phone: 214-648-1645 FAX: 214-645-5915
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Xu H, Li M, Gui J, Hong Y. Fish germ cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:435-46. [PMID: 20596909 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish, like many other animals, have two major cell lineages, namely the germline and soma. The germ-soma separation is one of the earliest events of embryonic development. Germ cells can be specifically labeled and isolated for culture and transplantation, providing tools for reproduction of endangered species in close relatives, such as surrogate production of trout in salmon. Haploid cell cultures, such as medaka haploid embryonic stem cells have recently been obtained, which are capable of mimicking sperm to produce fertile offspring, upon nuclear being directly transferred into normal eggs. Such fish originated from a mosaic oocyte that had a haploid meiotic nucleus and a transplanted haploid mitotic cell culture nucleus. The first semi-cloned fish is Holly. Here we review the current status and future directions of understanding and manipulating fish germ cells in basic research and reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongYan Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
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37
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Dudley B, Palumbo C, Nalepka J, Molyneaux K. BMP signaling controls formation of a primordial germ cell niche within the early genital ridges. Dev Biol 2010; 343:84-93. [PMID: 20417197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis and the microenvironment (a.k.a. the niche) surrounding these cells controls their ability to self-renew or differentiate. For many stem cell populations it remains unclear precisely what cells and signals comprise a niche. Here we identify a possible PGC niche in the mouse genital ridges. Conditional ablation of Bmpr1a was used to demonstrate that BMP signaling is required for PGC survival and migration as these cells colonize the genital ridges. Reduced BMP signaling within the genital ridges led to increased somatic cell death within the mesonephric mesenchyme. Loss of these supporting cells correlated with decreased levels of the mesonephric marker, Pax2, as well as a reduction in genes expressed in the coelomic epithelium including the putative PGC chemo-attractants Kitl and Sdf1a. We propose that BMP signaling promotes mesonephric cell survival within the genital ridges and that these cells support correct development of the coelomic epithelium, the target of PGC migration. Loss of BMP signaling leads to the loss of the PGC target resulting in reduced PGC numbers and disrupted PGC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dudley
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Clelland E, Peng C. Endocrine/paracrine control of zebrafish ovarian development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 312:42-52. [PMID: 19406202 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian differentiation and the processes of follicle development, oocyte maturation and ovulation are complex events, requiring the coordinated action of regulatory molecules. In zebrafish, ovarian development is initiated at 10 days after hatching and fish become sexually mature at 3 months. Adult zebrafish have asynchronous ovaries, which contain follicles of all stages of development. Eggs are spawned daily under proper environmental conditions in a population of zebrafish, with individual females spawning irregularly every 4-7 days in mixed sex conditions. Maximal embryo viability is achieved when sexually isolated females are bred in 10-day intervals [Niimi, A.J., LaHam, Q.N., 1974. Influence of breeding time interval on egg number, mortality, and hatching of the zebra fish Brachydanio verio. Can. J. Zool. 52, 515-517]. Similar to other vertebrates, hormones from the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis play important roles in regulating follicle development. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates estradiol production, which in turn, promotes viteollogenesis. Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the production of 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20betaP) or maturation inducing hormone (MIH) which acts through membrane progestin receptors to activate maturation promoting factor, leading to oocyte maturation. Recent studies in zebrafish have also provided novel insights into the functions of ovary-derived growth factors in follicle development and oocyte maturation. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on how endocrine and paracrine factors regulate ovarian development in zebrafish. Special emphasis is placed on how follicle development and oocyte maturation in adult females is regulated by gonadotropins, ovarian steroids and growth factors produced by the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Clelland
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Prenylation-deficient G protein gamma subunits disrupt GPCR signaling in the zebrafish. Cell Signal 2009; 22:221-33. [PMID: 19786091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation of G protein gamma (gamma) subunits is necessary for the membrane localization of heterotrimeric G proteins and for functional heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. To evaluate GPCR signaling pathways during development, we injected zebrafish embryos with mRNAs encoding Ggamma subunits mutated so that they can no longer be prenylated. Low-level expression of these prenylation-deficient Ggamma subunits driven either ubiquitously or specifically in the primordial germ cells (PGCs) disrupts GPCR signaling and manifests as a PGC migration defect. This disruption results in a reduction of calcium accumulation in the protrusions of migrating PGCs and a failure of PGCs to directionally migrate. When co-expressed with a prenylation-deficient Ggamma, 8 of the 17 wildtype Ggamma isoforms individually confer the ability to restore calcium accumulation and directional migration. These results suggest that while the Ggamma subunits possess the ability to interact with G Beta (beta) proteins, only a subset of wildtype Ggamma proteins are stable within PGCs and can interact with key signaling components necessary for PGC migration. This in vivo study highlights the functional redundancy of these signaling components and demonstrates that prenylation-deficient Ggamma subunits are an effective tool to investigate the roles of GPCR signaling events during vertebrate development.
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Lam PY, Webb SE, Leclerc C, Moreau M, Miller AL. Inhibition of stored Ca2+ release disrupts convergence-related cell movements in the lateral intermediate mesoderm resulting in abnormal positioning and morphology of the pronephric anlagen in intact zebrafish embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:429-42. [PMID: 19382938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is a highly versatile intra- and intercellular signal that has been reported to regulate a variety of different pattern-forming processes during early development. To investigate the potential role of Ca(2+) signaling in regulating convergence-related cell movements, and the positioning and morphology of the pronephric anlagen, we treated zebrafish embryos from 11.5 h postfertilization (hpf; i.e. just before the pronephric anlagen are morphologically distinguishable in the lateral intermediate mesoderm; LIM) to 16 hpf, with a variety of membrane permeable pharmacological reagents known to modulate [Ca(2+)](i). The effect of these treatments on pronephric anlagen positioning and morphology was determined in both fixed and live embryos via in situ hybridization using the pronephic-specific probes, cdh17, pax2.1 and sim1, and confocal imaging of BODIPY FL C(5)-ceramide-labeled embryos, respectively. We report that Ca(2+) released from intracellular stores via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors plays a significant role in the positioning and morphology of the pronephric anlagen, but does not affect the fate determination of the LIM cells that form these primordia. Our data suggest that when Ca(2+) release is inhibited, the resulting effects on the pronephric anlagen are a consequence of the disruption of normal convergence-related movements of LIM cells toward the embryonic midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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41
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Park PJ, Colletti E, Ozturk F, Wood JA, Tellez J, Almeida-Porada G, Porada C. Factors determining the risk of inadvertent retroviral transduction of male germ cells after in utero gene transfer in sheep. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:201-15. [PMID: 19301473 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of permanent genetic changes to the germline is central to the bioethics of in utero gene therapy (IUGT) because of the concern of inadvertent potentially deleterious alterations to the gene pool. Despite presumed protection of the male germline due to early germ cell (GC) compartmentalization, we reported that GCs within the developing ovine testes are transduced at low levels after retrovirus-mediated IUGT, thus underscoring the need for a thorough understanding of GC development in clinically predictive models to determine the optimal time to perform IUGT and avoid germline modification. In the present studies, we used the fetal sheep model to analyze GCs for phenotype, location, proliferation, and incidence of transduction after IUGT at various fetal ages to learn when during development the nascent germline is likely to be at greatest risk of retrovirus-mediated alteration. Our studies show that although GCs were transduced at all injection ages, the levels of transduction varied by nearly 700-fold as a function of the age at transfer. After remaining largely quiescent as they migrated to/settled within nascent sex cords, GCs began active cycling before cord closure was complete, suggesting this is likely the point at which they would be most susceptible to retroviral transduction.Furthermore, we observed that compartmentalization of GCs continued into early postnatal life, suggesting the male germline may be vulnerable to low-level inadvertent retroviral vector modification throughout fetal life, but that this risk can be minimized by performing IUGT later in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Park PJ, Colletti E, Ozturk F, Wood JA, Tellez J, Almeida-Porada G, Porada C. Factors Determining the Risk of Inadvertent Retroviral Transduction of Male Germ Cells Following in Utero Gene Transfer in Sheep. Hum Gene Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/hgt.2007.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Sang X, Curran MS, Wood AW. Paracrine insulin-like growth factor signaling influences primordial germ cell migration: in vivo evidence from the zebrafish model. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5035-42. [PMID: 18566124 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IGF signaling has been shown to stimulate migration of multiple cell types in vitro, but few studies have confirmed an equivalent function for IGF signaling in vivo. We recently showed that suppression of IGF receptors in the zebrafish embryo disrupts primordial germ cell (PGC) migration, but the mechanism underlying these effects has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that PGCs are intrinsically dependent upon IGF signaling during the migratory phase of development. To test this hypothesis, we first examined the spatial expression patterns of IGF ligand genes (igf1, igf2a, and igf2b) in the zebrafish embryo. In situ analyses revealed distinct expression patterns for each IGF ligand gene, with igf2b mRNA expressed in a spatial pattern that correlates strongly with PGC migration. To determine whether PGC migration is responsive to IGF signaling in vivo, we synthesized gene hybrid expression constructs that permit conditional overexpression of IGF ligands by PGCs into the PGC microenvironment. Conditional overexpression of IGF ligands consistently disrupted PGC migration, confirming that PGC migration is sensitive to local aberrations in IGF signaling. Finally, we show that conditional suppression of IGF signaling, via PGC-specific overexpression of a mutant IGF-I receptor, disrupts PGC migration, confirming that zebrafish PGCs intrinsically require IGF signaling for directional migration in vivo. Collectively, these studies confirm an in vivo role for IGF signaling in cell migration and identify a candidate ligand gene (igf2b) regulating PGC migration in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Sang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, THR 933, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Strasser MJ, Mackenzie NC, Dumstrei K, Nakkrasae LI, Stebler J, Raz E. Control over the morphology and segregation of Zebrafish germ cell granules during embryonic development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:58. [PMID: 18507824 PMCID: PMC2441585 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish germ cells contain granular-like structures, organized around the cell nucleus. These structures share common features with polar granules in Drosophila, germinal granules in Xenopus and chromatoid bodies in mice germ cells, such as the localization of the zebrafish Vasa, Piwi and Nanos proteins, among others. Little is known about the structure of these granules as well as their segregation in mitosis during early germ-cell development. RESULTS Using transgenic fish expressing a fluorescently labeled novel component of Zebrafish germ cell granules termed Granulito, we followed the morphology and distribution of the granules. We show that whereas these granules initially exhibit a wide size variation, by the end of the first day of development they become a homogeneous population of medium size granules. We investigated this resizing event and demonstrated the role of microtubules and the minus-end microtubule dependent motor protein Dynein in the process. Last, we show that the function of the germ cell granule resident protein the Tudor domain containing protein-7 (Tdrd7) is required for determination of granule morphology and number. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Zebrafish germ cell granules undergo a transformation process, which involves germ cell specific proteins as well as the microtubular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Strasser
- Germ Cell Development, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Lassiter CS, Linney E. Embryonic expression and steroid regulation of brain aromatase cyp19a1b in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2008; 4:49-57. [PMID: 18041942 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2006.9995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol is produced from testosterone by the aromatase gene, cyp19. In the zebrafish Danio rerio, brain aromatase, cyp19a1b, is highly expressed during development. We report the developmental expression pattern of cyp19a1b using whole mount in situ hybridization and describe hormonal effects on the gene using RT-PCR. Expression is up-regulated between 24 and 48 hours postfertilization (hpf). Localized expression of cyp19a1b is first detected at 48 hpf in the preoptic area, hypothalamus, terminal nerve, and olfactory bulb. The gene is itself induced by estradiol in a positive feedback loop. Testosterone exposure also induces the cyp19a1b gene in zebrafish; however, a majority of this induction is blocked by an estrogen receptor antagonist. The expression pattern of aromatase in the brain and its control by steroid hormones is well conserved among the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Lassiter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Boldajipour B, Mahabaleshwar H, Kardash E, Reichman-Fried M, Blaser H, Minina S, Wilson D, Xu Q, Raz E. Control of chemokine-guided cell migration by ligand sequestration. Cell 2008; 132:463-73. [PMID: 18267076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cell (PGC) migration in zebrafish is directed by the chemokine SDF-1a that activates its receptor CXCR4b. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling the distribution of this chemoattractant in vivo. We demonstrate that the activity of a second SDF-1/CXCL12 receptor, CXCR7, is crucial for proper migration of PGCs toward their targets. We show that CXCR7 functions primarily in the somatic environment rather than within the migrating cells. In CXCR7 knocked-down embryos, the PGCs exhibit a phenotype that signifies defects in SDF-1a gradient formation as the cells fail to polarize effectively and to migrate toward their targets. Indeed, somatic cells expressing CXCR7 show enhanced internalization of the chemokine suggesting that CXCR7 acts as a sink for SDF-1a, thus allowing the dynamic changes in the transcription of sdf-1a to be mirrored by similar dynamics at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Boldajipour
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Mulligan TS, Farber SA. A "block and rescue" pharmacogenetic approach to dissecting a biochemical pathway controlling germ cell migration. Zebrafish 2008; 1:343-7. [PMID: 18248212 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2005.1.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific small molecule inhibitors of the de novo cholesterol synthesis pathway (statins) and the protein prenylation pathway were used to study their effect on germ cell migration. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway that produces isoprenoids and cholesterol. Pharmacological HMGCoAR inhibition by statins alters zebrafish development and germ cell migration. These effects were completely blocked by prior injection of mevalonate, the product of HMGCoAR activity, or the prenylation precursors farnesol and geranylgeraniol. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of geranylgeranyl transferase I activity, an enzyme downstream from mevalonate synthesis and responsible for the transfer of a lipid to target proteins, resulted in abnormal germ cell migration. These data together with new data from Drosophila demonstrate that protein prenylation is an evolutionarily conserved pathway mediating germ cell migration. Further, pharmacological block-and-rescue approach provided detailed information about the elements of isoprenoid biosynthesis that contribute to germ cell migration. A key question raised by this work is the identity of the prenylated protein which facilitates proper germ cell migration. Work from other laboratories suggests that germ cell migration might be a general model for the long-range migration of other cell types including cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Mulligan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, USA
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Minina S, Reichman-Fried M, Raz E. Control of receptor internalization, signaling level, and precise arrival at the target in guided cell migration. Curr Biol 2008; 17:1164-72. [PMID: 17600713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by SDF1 controls a variety of biological processes in development, immune response, and disease [1-5]. The carboxyl-terminal region of CXCR4 is subject to phosphorylation that allows binding of regulatory proteins [5]; this results in downregulation of CXCR4 signaling and receptor internalization [6]. Notably, truncations of this part of CXCR4 have been implicated in WHIM syndrome, a dominantly inherited immunodeficiency disorder [7, 8]. Despite its importance in receptor signaling and the clinical relevance of its regulation, the precise function of regulating signaling level and internalization in controlling cell behavior is not known. Whereas a number of in vitro studies suggested that the carboxyl terminus of CXCR4 positively regulates chemotaxis (e.g., [9]), others reached the opposite conclusion [8, 10, 11]. These conflicting results highlight the importance of investigating this process under physiological conditions in the live animal. In this study, we demonstrate the significance of internalization and of controlling receptor signaling level for SDF-1-guided migration. We found that whereas internalization and the control over signaling intensity are dispensable for cell motility and directional sensing, they are essential for fine-tuning of migration in vivo, allowing precise arrival of zebrafish PGCs at their target, the region where the gonad develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Minina
- Germ Cell Development, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, Göttingen, Germany
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Rebscher N, Zelada-González F, Banisch TU, Raible F, Arendt D. Vasa unveils a common origin of germ cells and of somatic stem cells from the posterior growth zone in the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. Dev Biol 2007; 306:599-611. [PMID: 17467683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the evolution of germ cell specification in Metazoa, recent comparative studies focus on ancestral animal groups. Here, we followed the germline throughout the life cycle of the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii, by examining mRNA and protein expression of vasa and other germline-specific factors in combination with lineage tracing experiments. In the fertilised egg, maternal Vasa protein localises to the yolk-free cytoplasm at the animal pole. It then asymmetrically segregates first into the micromeres, then into the founder cells of the mesodermal posterior growth zone (MPGZ). Vasa transcripts initially show ubiquitous distribution, but then become progressively restricted to the MPGZ. The cells of the MPGZ are highly proliferative, as evidenced by BrdU pulse labelling experiments. Besides vasa, they express nanos along with the stem cell-specific genes piwi, and PL10. At 4 days of development, four primordial germ cells are singled out from within the MPGZ, and migrate into the anterior segments to colonise a newly discovered "primary gonad". Our data suggest a common origin of germ cells and of somatic stem cells, similar to the situation found in planarians and cnidarians, which may constitute the ancestral mode of germ cell specification in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rebscher
- Institute of Zoology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl von Frisch Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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