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Aydin E, Nie S, Azizoglu S, Chong L, Gokhale M, Suphioglu C. What's the situation with ocular inflammation? A cross-seasonal investigation of proteomic changes in ocular allergy sufferers' tears in Victoria, Australia. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1386344. [PMID: 38855108 PMCID: PMC11157006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ocular allergy (OA) is a localized subset of allergy characterized by ocular surface itchiness, redness and inflammation. Inflammation and eye-rubbing, due to allergy-associated itch, are common in OA sufferers and may trigger changes to the ocular surface biochemistry. The primary aim of this study is to assess the differences in the human tear proteome between OA sufferers and Healthy Controls (HCs) across peak allergy season and off-peak season in Victoria, Australia. Methods 19 participants (14 OA sufferers, 5 HCs) aged 18-45 were recruited for this study. Participants were grouped based on allergy symptom assessment questionnaire scoring. Proteins were extracted from human tear samples and were run on an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Peaks were matched to a DIA library. Data was analyzed using the software MaxQuant, Perseus and IBM SPSS. Results 1267 proteins were identified in tear samples of OA sufferers and HCs. 23 proteins were differentially expressed between peak allergy season OA suffers vs HCs, and 21 were differentially expressed in off-peak season. Decreased proteins in OA sufferers related to cell structure regulation, inflammatory regulation and antimicrobial regulation. In both seasons, OA sufferers were shown to have increased expression of proteins relating to inflammation, immune responses and cellular development. Conclusion Tear protein identification showed dysregulation of proteins involved in inflammation, immunity and cellular structures. Proteins relating to cellular structure may suggest a possible link between OA-associated itch and the subsequent ocular surface damage via eye-rubbing, while inflammatory and immune protein changes highlight potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esrin Aydin
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Serap Azizoglu
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke Chong
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Moneisha Gokhale
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- NeuroAllergy Research Laboratory (NARL), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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2
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Khatif H, Bazzi H. Generation and characterization of a Dkk4-Cre knock-in mouse line. Genesis 2024; 62:e23532. [PMID: 37435631 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Ectodermal appendages in mammals, such as teeth, mammary glands, sweat glands and hair follicles, are generated during embryogenesis through a series of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Canonical Wnt signaling and its inhibitors are implicated in the early steps of ectodermal appendage development and patterning. To study the activation dynamics of the Wnt target and inhibitor Dickkopf4 (Dkk4) in ectodermal appendages, we used CRSIPR/Cas9 to generate a Dkk4-Cre knock-in mouse (Mus musculus) line, where the Cre recombinase cDNA replaces the expression of endogenous Dkk4. Using Cre reporters, the Dkk4-Cre activity was evident at the prospective sites of ectodermal appendages, overlapping with the Dkk4 mRNA expression. Unexpectedly, a predominantly mesenchymal cell population in the embryo posterior also showed Dkk4-Cre activity. Lineage-tracing suggested that these cells are likely derived from a few Dkk4-Cre-expressing cells in the epiblast at early gastrulation. Finally, our analyses of Dkk4-Cre-expressing cells in developing hair follicle epithelial placodes revealed intra- and inter-placodal cellular heterogeneity, supporting emerging data on the positional and transcriptional cellular variability in placodes. Collectively, we propose the new Dkk4-Cre knock-in mouse line as a suitable model to study Wnt and DKK4 inhibitor dynamics in early mouse development and ectodermal appendage morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Khatif
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hisham Bazzi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Yao Y, Yang R, Zhu J, Schlessinger D, Sima J. EDA ligand triggers plasma membrane trafficking of its receptor EDAR via PKA activation and SNAP23-containing complexes. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:128. [PMID: 37430358 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectodysplasin-A (EDA), a skin-specific TNF ligand, interacts with its membrane receptor EDAR to trigger EDA signaling in skin appendage formation. Gene mutations in EDA signaling cause Anhidrotic/Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (A/HED), which affects the formation of skin appendages including hair, teeth, and several exocrine glands. RESULTS We report that EDA triggers the translocation of its receptor EDAR from a cytosolic compartment into the plasma membrane. We use protein affinity purification to show that upon EDA stimulation EDAR associates with SNAP23-STX6-VAMP1/2/3 vesicle trafficking complexes. We find that EDA-dependent PKA activation is critical for the association. Notably, either of two HED-linked EDAR mutations, T346M and R420W, prevents EDA-induced EDAR translocation; and both EDA-induced PKA activation and SNAP23 are required for Meibomian gland (MG) growth in a skin appendage model. CONCLUSIONS Overall, in a novel regulatory mechanism, EDA increases plasma membrane translocation of its own receptor EDAR, augmenting EDA-EDAR signaling in skin appendage formation. Our findings also provide PKA and SNAP23 as potential targets for the intervention of HED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Yao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ruihan Yang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, 61920, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, NIA/NIH-IRP, 251 Bayview Blvd, Room 10B014, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jian Sima
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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4
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Tsutsumi N, Hwang S, Waghray D, Hansen S, Jude KM, Wang N, Miao Y, Glassman CR, Caveney NA, Janda CY, Hannoush RN, Garcia K. Structure of the Wnt-Frizzled-LRP6 initiation complex reveals the basis for coreceptor discrimination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218238120. [PMID: 36893265 PMCID: PMC10089208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218238120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt morphogens are critical for embryonic development and tissue regeneration. Canonical Wnts form ternary receptor complexes composed of tissue-specific Frizzled (Fzd) receptors together with the shared LRP5/6 coreceptors to initiate β-catenin signaling. The cryo-EM structure of a ternary initiation complex of an affinity-matured XWnt8-Frizzled8-LRP6 complex elucidates the basis of coreceptor discrimination by canonical Wnts by means of their N termini and linker domains that engage the LRP6 E1E2 domain funnels. Chimeric Wnts bearing modular linker "grafts" were able to transfer LRP6 domain specificity between different Wnts and enable non-canonical Wnt5a to signal through the canonical pathway. Synthetic peptides comprising the linker domain serve as Wnt-specific antagonists. The structure of the ternary complex provides a topological blueprint for the orientation and proximity of Frizzled and LRP6 within the Wnt cell surface signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Tsutsumi
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Sunhee Hwang
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - Deepa Waghray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Simon Hansen
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Caleb R. Glassman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Nathanael A. Caveney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Claudia Y. Janda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CSUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rami N. Hannoush
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA94080
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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5
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Ectodysplasin A (EDA) Signaling: From Skin Appendage to Multiple Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168911. [PMID: 36012178 PMCID: PMC9408960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodysplasin A (EDA) signaling is initially identified as morphogenic signaling regulating the formation of skin appendages including teeth, hair follicles, exocrine glands in mammals, feathers in birds and scales in fish. Gene mutation in EDA signaling causes hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), a congenital hereditary disease with malformation of skin appendages. Interestingly, emerging evidence suggests that EDA and its receptors can modulate the proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and migration of cancer cells, and thus may regulate tumorigenesis and cancer progression. More recently, as a newly discovered hepatocyte factor, EDA pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type II diabetes by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. In this review, we summarize the function of EDA signaling from skin appendage development to multiple other diseases, and discuss the clinical application of recombinant EDA protein as well as other potential targets for disease intervention.
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6
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Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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7
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Lou X, Meng Y, Hou Y. A literature review on function and regulation mechanism of DKK4. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2786-2794. [PMID: 33586359 PMCID: PMC7957263 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-related protein 4 (DKK4) is a member of the dickkopf family and an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. This review surveyed the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), copy number variations (CNVs), hypermethylation, regulation mechanism, correlation with clinicopathological parameters and chemotherapeutic resistance of DKK4. The signal pathways involved in DKK4 mainly include Wnt/β-catenin pathway and Wnt-JNK pathway independent β-catenin. DKK4 expression was upregulated in Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), Colorectal Cancer, Gastric Cancer (GC), Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC), while downregulated in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). DKK4 is not only involved in tumour growth, invasion, migration and chemotherapy resistance, but also in osteoblastogenesis and secondary hair or meibomian gland formation. DKK4 has also been linked to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Meng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiang Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Tsukui Y, Yamaguchi T, Maekawa S, Takano S, Sato T, Enomoto N. Dickkopf-4 gene expression is associated with differentiation and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. JGH OPEN 2019; 3:409-416. [PMID: 31633047 PMCID: PMC6788377 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim Although high expression of Dickkopf-4 (DKK-4) in colorectal cancer has been reported in previous studies, its impact on clinicopathological features, including the prognosis and mechanism of expression, has not been well clarified to date. Methods (i) DKK-4 protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-DKK-4 antibody using archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens obtained at surgery from 122 patients with colorectal cancer, and its association with clinicopathological findings was also investigated. (ii) The association between intratumoral DKK-4 protein expression and somatic hotspot mutations in cancer-associated genes in 40 patients was investigated using a next-generation sequencer. Results In cross-section, DKK-4 protein expression in colorectal tissue was related to an adenocarcinoma of a histologically differentiated type (tub1/tub2, P = 0.032) and distant metastasis (P = 0.012). Longitudinally, however, DKK-4 was not an independent prognostic factor determining overall survival (OS). On the other hand, in patients with metastasis, high DKK-4 protein was independently associated with short OS (P = 0.013). In addition, colorectal cancer tissue with high DKK-4 protein expression was associated with hotspot mutations in Wnt/β catenin-signaling molecules (APC, CTNNB1, and FBXW7, P = 0.03). Conclusion Intratumoral DKK-4 expression, by partly reflecting the Wnt/β catenin pathway, is strongly associated with the advancement of colorectal cancer and OS in colorectal cancer patients with metastasis, although further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsukui
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamaguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Shinya Maekawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Shinichi Takano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Tadashi Sato
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Enomoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Yamanashi Yamanashi Japan
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9
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Jiang X, Deng A, Yang J, Bai H, Yang Z, Wu J, Lv H, Li X, Wen T. Pathogens in the Meibomian gland and conjunctival sac: microbiome of normal subjects and patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:1729-1740. [PMID: 30349330 PMCID: PMC6188152 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s162135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the composition of the ocular microbiome in normal subjects and patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Subjects and methods Seventy subjects (140 eyes) were enrolled in our study. Signs of dry eye were evaluated and bacterial species in the conjunctival sac (CS) and Meibomian gland (MG) secretions were then identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, 17 subjects (34 eyes) were further evaluated to determine differences in the microbiomes in the surface and deep layers of MG using a segmental secretion analysis. Results The positive bacterial isolation rate was markedly higher in MG secretions than in the CS. The bacterial composition of the control and mild group was simple, whereas the composition of bacteria was more complex as the severity of MGD increased. The positive bacterial isolation rate and number of bacterial types were significantly higher in the severe MGD group than those in the control, mild and moderate MGD groups. Corynebacterium macginleyi was only detected in the severe MGD group, with an isolation rate of up to 26.3%. Furthermore, a new grading system for bacterial severity of MGD was proposed and the severity of MGD appeared to be positively correlated with a higher grade of bacterial severity. The segmental secretion analysis showed severe MGD had a significantly higher incidence of bacterial discordance rate. Conclusion The severity of MGD was positively correlated with a higher isolation rate, a greater number of bacterial species, and a higher grade of bacterial severity, which implied that MGD might be correlated with bacterial changes. This study provided some basis for the indications of antibiotic in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Aihua Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Jiarui Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Hua Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Zhao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Jie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Huibin Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China, .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Tingyi Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, .,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,
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10
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Molecular regulation of ocular gland development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:66-74. [PMID: 30266427 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tear film is produced by two ocular glands, the lacrimal glands, which produce the aqueous component of this film, and the meibomian glands, which secrete the lipidic component that is key to reduce evaporation of the watery film at the surface of the eye. Embryonic development of these exocrine glands has been mostly studied in mice, which also develop Harderian glands, a third type of ocular gland whose role is still not well understood. This review provides an update on the signalling pathways, transcription factors andextracellular matrix components that have been shown to play a role in ocular gland development.
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11
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Eda-activated RelB recruits an SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin-remodeling complex and initiates gene transcription in skin appendage formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8173-8178. [PMID: 30037996 PMCID: PMC6094125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800930115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific gene regulation in organ development remains poorly understood. Here, we report that skin-specific ectodysplasin A (Eda) signaling triggers the formation of a protein complex that includes a BAF complex, an NF-kB dimer of p50/RelB, and a specific “linker” protein, Tfg. We further find that Eda-activated RelB recruits BAF complex to specific gene loci for local chromatin remodeling of target genes. These findings may exemplify a more general model for specific gene regulation involving unique ligand–receptor complexes leading to selective activation of transcription factors, specific linkers, and tissue-specific chromatin-remodeling complex. Ectodysplasin A (Eda) signaling activates NF-κB during skin appendage formation, but how Eda controls specific gene transcription remains unclear. Here, we find that Eda triggers the formation of an NF-κB–associated SWI/SNF (BAF) complex in which p50/RelB recruits a linker protein, Tfg, that interacts with BAF45d in the BAF complex. We further reveal that Tfg is initially induced by Eda-mediated RelB activation and then bridges RelB and BAF for subsequent gene regulation. The BAF component BAF250a is particularly up-regulated in skin appendages, and epidermal knockout of BAF250a impairs skin appendage development, resulting in phenotypes similar to those of Eda-deficient mouse models. Transcription profiling identifies several target genes regulated by Eda, RelB, and BAF. Notably, RelB and the BAF complex are indispensable for transcription of Eda target genes, and both BAF complex and Eda signaling are required to open chromatin of Eda targets. Our studies thus suggest that Eda initiates a signaling cascade and recruits a BAF complex to specific gene loci to facilitate transcription during organogenesis.
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12
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Patel S, Barkell AM, Gupta D, Strong SL, Bruton S, Muskett FW, Addis PW, Renshaw PS, Slocombe PM, Doyle C, Clargo A, Taylor RJ, Prosser CE, Henry AJ, Robinson MK, Waters LC, Holdsworth G, Carr MD. Structural and functional analysis of Dickkopf 4 (Dkk4): New insights into Dkk evolution and regulation of Wnt signaling by Dkk and Kremen proteins. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12149-12166. [PMID: 29925589 PMCID: PMC6078440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf (Dkk) family proteins are important regulators of Wnt signaling pathways, which play key roles in many essential biological processes. Here, we report the first detailed structural and dynamics study of a full-length mature Dkk protein (Dkk4, residues 19–224), including determination of the first atomic-resolution structure for the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD1) conserved among Dkk proteins. We discovered that CRD1 has significant structural homology to the Dkk C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD2), pointing to multiple gene duplication events during Dkk family evolution. We also show that Dkk4 consists of two independent folded domains (CRD1 and CRD2) joined by a highly flexible, nonstructured linker. Similarly, the N-terminal region preceding CRD1 and containing a highly conserved NXI(R/K) sequence motif was shown to be dynamic and highly flexible. We demonstrate that Dkk4 CRD2 mediates high-affinity binding to both the E1E2 region of low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 6 (LRP6 E1E2) and the Kremen1 (Krm1) extracellular domain. In contrast, the N-terminal region alone bound with only moderate affinity to LRP6 E1E2, consistent with binding via the conserved NXI(R/K) motif, but did not interact with Krm proteins. We also confirmed that Dkk and Krm family proteins function synergistically to inhibit Wnt signaling. Insights provided by our integrated structural, dynamics, interaction, and functional studies have allowed us to refine the model of synergistic regulation of Wnt signaling by Dkk proteins. Our results indicate the potential for the formation of a diverse range of ternary complexes comprising Dkk, Krm, and LRP5/6 proteins, allowing fine-tuning of Wnt-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Patel
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Alice M Barkell
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Deepti Gupta
- UCB, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Strong
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Bruton
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Addis
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip S Renshaw
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carl Doyle
- UCB, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christine E Prosser
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; UCB, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lorna C Waters
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Mark D Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.
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13
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Yang X, Liu Y, Li W, Li A, Sun Q. DKK4-knockdown enhances chemosensitivity of A549/DTX cells to docetaxel. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 49:899-906. [PMID: 28981599 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance greatly limits docetaxel efficiency in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Dickkopf 4 (DKK4), a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, is believed to be involved in various human cancers; whereas the association of DKK4 with acquired docetaxel resistance in NSCLC remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of DKK4 in the docetaxel-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma A549 (A549/DTX) cells. Our results showed that DKK4 expression was significantly increased in the A549/DTX cells compared with in the A549 cells, as well as in the culture supernatant of A549/DTX cells. DKK4 overexpression increased the resistance of A549 cells to docetaxel. DKK4-knockdown promoted inhibition of A549/DTX cell growth, and reduced the colony formation and invasion capacity of A549/DTX cells. Moreover, DKK4-knockdown promoted the pro-apoptotic effect of docetaxel characterized with caspase 3 activation and inhibition of BCL-2 expression in A549/DTX cells, which was possibly mediated by inducing the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-related signaling pathway. Thus, our results indicated that DKK4-knockdown promoted the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity of A549/DTX cells, which suggests a critical role of DKK4 in docetaxel resistance of the A549 cells and provides the potential to combine docetaxel therapy with DKK4 depletion in treating NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan 030013, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Respiration, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan 030013, China
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14
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Dame MK, Attili D, McClintock SD, Dedhia PH, Ouillette P, Hardt O, Chin AM, Xue X, Laliberte J, Katz EL, Newsome GM, Hill DR, Miller AJ, Tsai YH, Agorku D, Altheim CH, Bosio A, Simon B, Samuelson LC, Stoerker JA, Appelman HD, Varani J, Wicha MS, Brenner DE, Shah YM, Spence JR, Colacino JA. Identification, isolation and characterization of human LGR5-positive colon adenoma cells. Development 2018; 145:dev.153049. [PMID: 29467240 DOI: 10.1242/dev.153049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is maintained by stem cells located at the base of crypts and distinguished by the expression of LGR5. Genetically engineered mouse models have provided a wealth of information about intestinal stem cells, whereas less is known about human intestinal stem cells owing to difficulty detecting and isolating these cells. We established an organoid repository from patient-derived adenomas, adenocarcinomas and normal colon, which we analyzed for variants in 71 colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated genes. Normal and neoplastic colon tissue organoids were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent-activated cell sorting for LGR5. LGR5-positive cells were isolated from four adenoma organoid lines and were subjected to RNA sequencing. We found that LGR5 expression in the epithelium and stroma was associated with tumor stage, and by integrating functional experiments with LGR5-sorted cell RNA sequencing data from adenoma and normal organoids, we found correlations between LGR5 and CRC-specific genes, including dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 4 (DKK4) and SPARC-related modular calcium binding 2 (SMOC2). Collectively, this work provides resources, methods and new markers to isolate and study stem cells in human tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Durga Attili
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Priya H Dedhia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter Ouillette
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Olaf Hardt
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany
| | - Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Xue
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julie Laliberte
- Department of Research and Development, Progenity, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica L Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gina M Newsome
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alyssa J Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Agorku
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany
| | - Christopher H Altheim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andreas Bosio
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, 51429, Germany
| | - Becky Simon
- BioCentury Publications, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jay A Stoerker
- Department of Research and Development, Progenity, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry D Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Wang S, Wei H, Zhang S. Dickkopf-4 is frequently overexpressed in epithelial ovarian carcinoma and promotes tumor invasion. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:455. [PMID: 28666421 PMCID: PMC5493011 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dickkopf-4 (DKK4), a member of DKK family, appears to be a divergent protein. It remained multi-biological functions in carcinogenesis. The effect of DKK4 on the ovarian cancer cells remains unclear. This study detected the clinical significance of DKK4 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients and its role in invasion. Methods QRT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to examine the levels of DKK4 mRNA and protein in 33 EOC tissues and 33 benign ovarian tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess DKK4 expression in 239 EOC samples. siRNA-mediated DKK4 silence was conducted. Transwell assay was used to detect the invasive ability. Phalloidin was used to stain the formations of actin filaments. Results The expressions of DKK4 mRNA and protein were elevated in EOC tissues as compared with those in benign ovarian tumors (p = 0.001 and <0.0001 respectively). Immunohistochemical results showed the strong expression of DKK4 protein was positively associated with late FIGO stage (p = 0.005) and poor disease free survival in univariate and multivariate analysis (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively). SiRNA-mediated DKK4 knockdown inhibited cell invasive ability (all p < 0.0001) and the formations of actin filaments. DKK4 could promote the phosphration of c-JUN and JNK (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Our results indicated that DKK4 might be contributed to predicting EOC progression and prognosis. DKK4 could promote the invasion of EOC through JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhuo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Heng Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, 36 San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China.
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