1
|
Tian H, Lyu R, Yi P. Crosstalk between Rho of Plants GTPase signalling and plant hormones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3778-3796. [PMID: 38616410 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROPs) constitute a plant-specific subset of small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins within the Cdc42/Rho/Rac family. These versatile proteins regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell growth, cell division, cell morphogenesis, organ development, and stress responses. In recent years, the dynamic cellular and subcellular behaviours orchestrated by ROPs have unveiled a notable connection to hormone-mediated organ development and physiological responses, thereby expanding our knowledge of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of this signalling pathway. This review delineates advancements in understanding the interplay between plant hormones and the ROP signalling cascade, focusing primarily on the connections with auxin and abscisic acid pathways, alongside preliminary discoveries in cytokinin, brassinosteroid, and salicylic acid responses. It endeavours to shed light on the intricate, coordinated mechanisms bridging cell- and tissue-level signals that underlie plant cell behaviour, organ development, and physiological processes, and highlights future research prospects and challenges in this rapidly developing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ruohan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Peishan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bellows S, Janes G, Avitabile D, King JR, Bishopp A, Farcot E. Fluctuations in auxin levels depend upon synchronicity of cell divisions in a one-dimensional model of auxin transport. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011646. [PMID: 38032890 PMCID: PMC10688697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a well-studied plant hormone, the spatial distribution of which remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the effects of cell growth and divisions on the dynamics of auxin patterning, using a combination of mathematical modelling and experimental observations. In contrast to most prior work, models are not designed or tuned with the aim to produce a specific auxin pattern. Instead, we use well-established techniques from dynamical systems theory to uncover and classify ranges of auxin patterns as exhaustively as possible as parameters are varied. Previous work using these techniques has shown how a multitude of stable auxin patterns may coexist, each attainable from a specific ensemble of initial conditions. When a key parameter spans a range of values, these steady patterns form a geometric curve with successive folds, often nicknamed a snaking diagram. As we introduce growth and cell division into a one-dimensional model of auxin distribution, we observe new behaviour which can be explained in terms of this diagram. Cell growth changes the shape of the snaking diagram, and this corresponds in turn to deformations in the patterns of auxin distribution. As divisions occur this can lead to abrupt creation or annihilation of auxin peaks. We term this phenomenon 'snake-jumping'. Under rhythmic cell divisions, we show how this can lead to stable oscillations of auxin. We also show that this requires a high level of synchronisation between cell divisions. Using 18 hour time-lapse imaging of the auxin reporter DII:Venus in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, we show auxin fluctuates greatly, both in terms of amplitude and periodicity, consistent with the snake-jumping events observed with non-synchronised cell divisions. Periodic signals downstream of the auxin signalling pathway have previously been recorded in plant roots. The present work shows that auxin alone is unlikely to play the role of a pacemaker in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bellows
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - George Janes
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Avitabile
- Department of Mathematics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John R. King
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Farcot
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kareem A, Bhatia N, Ohno C, Heisler MG. PIN-FORMED1 polarity in the plant shoot epidermis is insensitive to the polarity of neighboring cells. iScience 2022; 25:105062. [PMID: 36157591 PMCID: PMC9494258 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At the Arabidopsis shoot apex, epidermal cells are planar-polarized along an axis marked by the asymmetric localization patterns of several proteins including PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1), which facilitates the directional efflux of the plant hormone auxin to pattern phyllotaxis. While PIN1 polarity is known to be regulated non-cell autonomously via the MONOPTEROS (MP) transcription factor, how this occurs has not been determined. Here, we use mosaic expression of the serine threonine kinase PINOID (PID) to test whether PIN1 polarizes according to the polarity of neighboring cells. Our findings reveal that PIN1 is insensitive to the polarity of PIN1 in neighboring cells arguing against auxin flux or extracellular auxin concentrations acting as a polarity cue, in contrast to previous model proposals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Kareem
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Neha Bhatia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Carolyn Ohno
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Marcus G Heisler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morón-García O, Garzón-Martínez GA, Martínez-Martín MJP, Brook J, Corke FMK, Doonan JH, Camargo Rodríguez AV. Genetic architecture of variation in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263985. [PMID: 35171969 PMCID: PMC8849614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosette morphology across Arabidopsis accessions exhibits considerable variation. Here we report a high-throughput phenotyping approach based on automatic image analysis to quantify rosette shape and dissect the underlying genetic architecture. Shape measurements of the rosettes in a core set of Recombinant Inbred Lines from an advanced mapping population (Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross or MAGIC) derived from inter-crossing 19 natural accessions. Image acquisition and analysis was scaled to extract geometric descriptors from time stamped images of growing rosettes. Shape analyses revealed heritable morphological variation at early juvenile stages and QTL mapping resulted in over 116 chromosomal regions associated with trait variation within the population. Many QTL linked to variation in shape were located near genes related to hormonal signalling and signal transduction pathways while others are involved in shade avoidance and transition to flowering. Our results suggest rosette shape arises from modular integration of sub-organ morphologies and can be considered a functional trait subjected to selective pressures of subsequent morphological traits. On an applied aspect, QTLs found will be candidates for further research on plant architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odín Morón-García
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Gina A. Garzón-Martínez
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - M. J. Pilar Martínez-Martín
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Brook
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. K. Corke
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Doonan
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AVCR); (JHD)
| | - Anyela V. Camargo Rodríguez
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Rural and Environmental Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AVCR); (JHD)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pernisová M, Vernoux T. Auxin Does the SAMba: Auxin Signaling in the Shoot Apical Meristem. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a039925. [PMID: 33903154 PMCID: PMC8634999 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants, in contrast to animals, are unique in their capacity to postembryonically develop new organs due to the activity of stem cell populations, located in specialized tissues called meristems. Above ground, the shoot apical meristem generates aerial organs and tissues throughout plant life. It is well established that auxin plays a central role in the functioning of the shoot apical meristem. Auxin distribution in the meristem is not uniform and depends on the interplay between biosynthesis, transport, and degradation. Auxin maxima and minima are created, and result in transcriptional outputs that drive the development of new organs and contribute to meristem maintenance. To uncover and understand complex signaling networks such as the one regulating auxin responses in the shoot apical meristem remains a challenge. Here, we will discuss our current understanding and point to important research directions for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pernisová
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University at Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecula Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University and CEITEC MU, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, University at Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhatia N, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Leaf Shape Diversity: From Genetic Modules to Computational Models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:325-356. [PMID: 34143649 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display considerable variation in shape. Here, we introduce key aspects of leaf development, focusing on the morphogenetic basis of leaf shape diversity. We discuss the importance of the genetic control of the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth for the emergence of leaf form. We highlight how the combined use of live imaging and computational frameworks can help conceptualize how regulated cellular growth is translated into different leaf shapes. In particular, we focus on the morphogenetic differences between simple and complex leaves and how carnivorous plants form three-dimensional insect traps. We discuss how evolution has shaped leaf diversity in the case of complex leaves, by tinkering with organ-wide growth and local growth repression, and in carnivorous plants, by modifying the relative growth of the lower and upper sides of the leaf primordium to create insect-digesting traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Current affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Genome sequencing sheds light on the contribution of structural variants to Brassica oleracea diversification. BMC Biol 2021; 19:93. [PMID: 33952264 PMCID: PMC8097969 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brassica oleracea includes several morphologically diverse, economically important vegetable crops, such as the cauliflower and cabbage. However, genetic variants, especially large structural variants (SVs), that underlie the extreme morphological diversity of B. oleracea remain largely unexplored. Results Here we present high-quality chromosome-scale genome assemblies for two B. oleracea morphotypes, cauliflower and cabbage. Direct comparison of these two assemblies identifies ~ 120 K high-confidence SVs. Population analysis of 271 B. oleracea accessions using these SVs clearly separates different morphotypes, suggesting the association of SVs with B. oleracea intraspecific divergence. Genes affected by SVs selected between cauliflower and cabbage are enriched with functions related to response to stress and stimulus and meristem and flower development. Furthermore, genes affected by selected SVs and involved in the switch from vegetative to generative growth that defines curd initiation, inflorescence meristem proliferation for curd formation, maintenance and enlargement, are identified, providing insights into the regulatory network of curd development. Conclusions This study reveals the important roles of SVs in diversification of different morphotypes of B. oleracea, and the newly assembled genomes and the SVs provide rich resources for future research and breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01031-2.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yin X, Kitazawa MS. Beyond Fibonacci patterns and the golden angle: phyllotactic variations and their cellular origin. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:369-371. [PMID: 33909170 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miho S Kitazawa
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, 1-16 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang T, Cieslak M, Owens A, Wang F, Broholm SK, Teeri TH, Elomaa P, Prusinkiewicz P. Phyllotactic patterning of gerbera flower heads. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016304118. [PMID: 33771923 PMCID: PMC8020676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016304118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phyllotaxis, the distribution of organs such as leaves and flowers on their support, is a key attribute of plant architecture. The geometric regularity of phyllotaxis has attracted multidisciplinary interest for centuries, resulting in an understanding of the patterns in the model plants Arabidopsis and tomato down to the molecular level. Nevertheless, the iconic example of phyllotaxis, the arrangement of individual florets into spirals in the heads of the daisy family of plants (Asteraceae), has not been fully explained. We integrate experimental data and computational models to explain phyllotaxis in Gerbera hybrida We show that phyllotactic patterning in gerbera is governed by changes in the size of the morphogenetically active zone coordinated with the growth of the head. The dynamics of these changes divides the patterning process into three phases: the development of an approximately circular pattern with a Fibonacci number of primordia near the head rim, its gradual transition to a zigzag pattern, and the development of a spiral pattern that fills the head on the template of this zigzag pattern. Fibonacci spiral numbers arise due to the intercalary insertion and lateral displacement of incipient primordia in the first phase. Our results demonstrate the essential role of the growth and active zone dynamics in the patterning of flower heads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi K Broholm
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Godin C, Golé C, Douady S. Phyllotaxis as geometric canalization during plant development. Development 2020; 147:147/19/dev165878. [PMID: 33046454 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Why living forms develop in a relatively robust manner, despite various sources of internal or external variability, is a fundamental question in developmental biology. Part of the answer relies on the notion of developmental constraints: at any stage of ontogenesis, morphogenetic processes are constrained to operate within the context of the current organism being built. One such universal constraint is the shape of the organism itself, which progressively channels the development of the organism toward its final shape. Here, we illustrate this notion with plants, where strikingly symmetric patterns (phyllotaxis) are formed by lateral organs. This Hypothesis article aims first to provide an accessible overview of phyllotaxis, and second to argue that the spiral patterns in plants are progressively canalized from local interactions of nascent organs. The relative uniformity of the organogenesis process across all plants then explains the prevalence of certain patterns in plants, i.e. Fibonacci phyllotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Christophe Golé
- Department of Mathematics, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Stéphane Douady
- Laboratoire MSC, UMR 7057 Université Paris Diderot - CNRS, Bâtiment Condorcet, CC 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arribas-Hernández L, Simonini S, Hansen MH, Paredes EB, Bressendorff S, Dong Y, Østergaard L, Brodersen P. Recurrent requirement for the m 6A-ECT2/ECT3/ECT4 axis in the control of cell proliferation during plant organogenesis. Development 2020; 147:dev189134. [PMID: 32611605 PMCID: PMC7390628 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
mRNA methylation at the N6-position of adenosine (m6A) enables multiple layers of post-transcriptional gene control, often via RNA-binding proteins that use a YT521-B homology (YTH) domain for specific m6A recognition. In Arabidopsis, normal leaf morphogenesis and rate of leaf formation require m6A and the YTH-domain proteins ECT2, ECT3 and ECT4. In this study, we show that ect2/ect3 and ect2/ect3/ect4 mutants also exhibit slow root and stem growth, slow flower formation, defective directionality of root growth, and aberrant flower and fruit morphology. In all cases, the m6A-binding site of ECT proteins is required for in vivo function. We also demonstrate that both m6A methyltransferase mutants and ect2/ect3/ect4 exhibit aberrant floral phyllotaxis. Consistent with the delayed organogenesis phenotypes, we observe particularly high expression of ECT2, ECT3 and ECT4 in rapidly dividing cells of organ primordia. Accordingly, ect2/ect3/ect4 mutants exhibit decreased rates of cell division in leaf and vascular primordia. Thus, the m6A-ECT2/ECT3/ECT4 axis is employed as a recurrent module to stimulate plant organogenesis, at least in part by enabling rapid cellular proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arribas-Hernández
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Mathias Henning Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Esther Botterweg Paredes
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Simon Bressendorff
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yang Dong
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Peter Brodersen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ali S, Khan N, Xie L. Molecular and Hormonal Regulation of Leaf Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145132. [PMID: 32698541 PMCID: PMC7404056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoot apical meristems (SAM) are tissues that function as a site of continuous organogenesis, which indicates that a small pool of pluripotent stem cells replenishes into lateral organs. The coordination of intercellular and intracellular networks is essential for maintaining SAM structure and size and also leads to patterning and formation of lateral organs. Leaves initiate from the flanks of SAM and then develop into a flattened structure with variable sizes and forms. This process is mainly regulated by the transcriptional regulators and mechanical properties that modulate leaf development. Leaf initiation along with proper orientation is necessary for photosynthesis and thus vital for plant survival. Leaf development is controlled by different components such as hormones, transcription factors, miRNAs, small peptides, and epigenetic marks. Moreover, the adaxial/abaxial cell fate, lamina growth, and shape of margins are determined by certain regulatory mechanisms. The over-expression and repression of various factors responsible for leaf initiation, development, and shape have been previously studied in several mutants. However, in this review, we collectively discuss how these factors modulate leaf development in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment, leaf flattening and shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (L.X.)
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Linan Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetative Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (L.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lamport DTA, Tan L, Held M, Kieliszewski MJ. Phyllotaxis Turns Over a New Leaf-A New Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1145. [PMID: 32050457 PMCID: PMC7037126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllotaxis describes the periodic arrangement of plant organs most conspicuously floral. Oscillators generally underlie periodic phenomena. A hypothetical algorithm generates phyllotaxis regulated by the Hechtian growth oscillator of the stem apical meristem (SAM) protoderm. The oscillator integrates biochemical and mechanical force that regulate morphogenetic gradients of three ionic species, auxin, protons and Ca2+. Hechtian adhesion between cell wall and plasma membrane transduces wall stress that opens Ca2+ channels and reorients auxin efflux "PIN" proteins; they control the auxin-activated proton pump that dissociates Ca2+ bound by periplasmic arabinogalactan proteins (AGP-Ca2+) hence the source of cytosolic Ca2+ waves that activate exocytosis of wall precursors, AGPs and PIN proteins essential for morphogenesis. This novel approach identifies the critical determinants of an algorithm that generates phyllotaxis spiral and Fibonaccian symmetry: these determinants in order of their relative contribution are: (1) size of the apical meristem and the AGP-Ca2+ capacitor; (2) proton pump activity; (3) auxin efflux proteins; (4) Ca2+ channel activity; (5) Hechtian adhesion that mediates the cell wall stress vector. Arguably, AGPs and the AGP-Ca2+ capacitor plays a decisive role in phyllotaxis periodicity and its evolutionary origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (M.H.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Marcia J. Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (M.H.); (M.J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heisler MG, Byrne ME. Progress in understanding the role of auxin in lateral organ development in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:73-79. [PMID: 31785585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously produce lateral organs from the shoot apex such as leaves and flowers, providing an excellent opportunity to study their development. The plant hormone auxin plays a central role in this process by promoting organ formation where it accumulates due to polar auxin transport. Recently, the use of live-imaging, fine perturbation techniques and computational modelling has helped researchers make exciting progress in addressing long-standing questions on plant organogenesis, not only regarding the role of auxin in promoting growth but also on the regulation of morphogenesis and transcriptional control. In this review, we discuss a number of recent studies that address these points, with particular reference to how auxin acts in early leaf development and in leaf shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Heisler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mary E Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schweisguth F, Corson F. Self-Organization in Pattern Formation. Dev Cell 2020; 49:659-677. [PMID: 31163171 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-organization is pervasive in development, from symmetry breaking in the early embryo to tissue patterning and morphogenesis. For a few model systems, the underlying molecular and cellular processes are now sufficiently characterized that mathematical models can be confronted with experiments, to explore the dynamics of pattern formation. Here, we review selected systems, ranging from cyanobacteria to mammals, where different forms of cell-cell communication, acting alone or together with positional cues, drive the patterning of cell fates, highlighting the insights that even very simple models can provide as well as the challenges on the path to a predictive understanding of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 3738 F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Francis Corson
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Grall E, Tschopp P. A sense of place, many times over ‐ pattern formation and evolution of repetitive morphological structures. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:313-327. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
17
|
Toward a 3D model of phyllotaxis based on a biochemically plausible auxin-transport mechanism. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006896. [PMID: 30998674 PMCID: PMC6490938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar auxin transport lies at the core of many self-organizing phenomena sustaining continuous plant organogenesis. In angiosperms, the shoot apical meristem is a potentially unique system in which the two main modes of auxin-driven patterning—convergence and canalization—co-occur in a coordinated manner and in a fully three-dimensional geometry. In the epidermal layer, convergence points form, from which auxin is canalized towards inner tissue. Each of these two patterning processes has been extensively investigated separately, but the integration of both in the shoot apical meristem remains poorly understood. We present here a first attempt of a three-dimensional model of auxin-driven patterning during phyllotaxis. We base our simulations on a biochemically plausible mechanism of auxin transport proposed by Cieslak et al. (2015) which generates both convergence and canalization patterns. We are able to reproduce most of the dynamics of PIN1 polarization in the meristem, and we explore how the epidermal and inner cell layers act in concert during phyllotaxis. In addition, we discuss the mechanism by which initiating veins connect to the already existing vascular system. The regularity of leaf arrangement around stems has long puzzled scientists. The key role played by the plant hormone auxin is now well established. On the surface of the tissue responsible for leaf formation, auxin accumulates at several points, from which new leaves eventually emerge. Auxin also guides the progression of new veins from the nascent leaves to the vascular system of the plant. Models of auxin transport have been developed to explain either auxin accumulation or auxin-driven venation. We propose the first three-dimensional model embracing both phenomena using a unifying mechanism of auxin transport. This integrative approach allows an assessment of our present knowledge on how auxin contributes to the early development of leaves. Our model reproduces many observations of auxin dynamics. It highlights how the inner and epidermal tissues act together to position new leaves. We also show that an additional, yet unknown, mechanism is required to attract new developing veins towards the main vasculature of the plant.
Collapse
|
18
|
Long Y, Boudaoud A. Emergence of robust patterns from local rules during plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:127-137. [PMID: 30577002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of spatial and temporal patterns is an essential component of organismal development. Patterns can be observed on every level from subcellular to organismal and may emerge from local rules that correspond to the interactions between molecules, cells, or tissues. The emergence of robust patterns may seem in contradiction with the prominent heterogeneity at subcellular and cellular scales, however it has become increasingly clear that heterogeneity can be instrumental for pattern formation. Here we review recent examples in plant development, involving genetic regulation, cell arrangement, growth and signal gradient. We discuss how patterns emerge from local rules, whether heterogeneity is stochastic or can be patterned, and whether stochastic noise is amplified or requires filtering for robust patterns to be achieved. We also stress the importance of modelling in investigating such questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Banasiak A, Biedroń M, Dolzblasz A, Berezowski MA. Ontogenetic Changes in Auxin Biosynthesis and Distribution Determine the Organogenic Activity of the Shoot Apical Meristem in pin1 Mutants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E180. [PMID: 30621327 PMCID: PMC6337202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis, PIN1-dependent polar auxin transport (PAT) regulates two crucial developmental processes: organogenesis and vascular system formation. However, the knockout mutation in the PIN1 gene does not fully inhibit these two processes. Therefore, we investigated a potential source of auxin for organogenesis and vascularization during inflorescence stem development. We analyzed auxin distribution in wild-type (WT) and pin1 mutant plants using a refined protocol of auxin immunolocalization; auxin activity, with the response reporter pDR5:GFP; and expression of auxin biosynthesis genes YUC1 and YUC4. Our results revealed that regardless of the functionality of PIN1-mediated PAT, auxin is present in the SAM and vascular strands. In WT plants, auxin always accumulates in all cells of the SAM, whereas in pin1 mutants, its localization within the SAM changes ontogenetically and is related to changes in the structure of the vascular system, organogenic activity of SAM, and expression levels of YUC1 and YUC4 genes. Our findings indicate that the presence of auxin in the meristem of pin1 mutants is an outcome of at least two PIN1-independent mechanisms: acropetal auxin transport from differentiated tissues with the use of vascular strands and auxin biosynthesis within the SAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Biedroń
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Dolzblasz
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Adam Berezowski
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
|