1
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Goloe D, Gildor T, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. Expression and Transcriptional Targets of TGFβ-RII in Paracentrotus lividus Larval Skeletogenesis. Genesis 2024; 62:e23614. [PMID: 39139086 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Organisms from the five kingdoms of life use minerals to harden their tissues and make teeth, shells and skeletons, in the process of biomineralization. The sea urchin larval skeleton is an excellent system to study the biological regulation of biomineralization and its evolution. The gene regulatory network (GRN) that controls sea urchin skeletogenesis is known in great details and shows similarity to the GRN that controls vertebrates' vascularization while it is quite distinct from the GRN that drives vertebrates' bone formation. Yet, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling regulates both sea urchin and vertebrates' skeletogenesis. Here, we study the upstream regulation and identify transcriptional targets of TGF-β in the Mediterranean Sea urchin species, Paracentrotus lividus. TGF-βRII is transiently active in the skeletogenic cells downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, in P. lividus. Continuous perturbation of TGF-βRII activity significantly impairs skeletal elongation and the expression of key skeletogenic genes. Perturbation of TGF-βRII after skeletal initiation leads to a delay in skeletal elongation and minor changes in gene expression. TGF-β targets are distinct from its transcriptional targets during vertebrates' bone formation, suggesting that the role of TGF-β in biomineralization in these two phyla results from convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goloe
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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2
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Perillo M, Swartz SZ, Pieplow C, Wessel GM. Molecular mechanisms of tubulogenesis revealed in the sea star hydro-vascular organ. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2402. [PMID: 37160908 PMCID: PMC10170166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental goal in the organogenesis field is to understand how cells organize into tubular shapes. Toward this aim, we have established the hydro-vascular organ in the sea star Patiria miniata as a model for tubulogenesis. In this animal, bilateral tubes grow out from the tip of the developing gut, and precisely extend to specific sites in the larva. This growth involves cell migration coupled with mitosis in distinct zones. Cell proliferation requires FGF signaling, whereas the three-dimensional orientation of the organ depends on Wnt signaling. Specification and maintenance of tube cell fate requires Delta/Notch signaling. Moreover, we identify target genes of the FGF pathway that contribute to tube morphology, revealing molecular mechanisms for tube outgrowth. Finally, we report that FGF activates the Six1/2 transcription factor, which serves as an evolutionarily ancient regulator of branching morphogenesis. This study uncovers distinct mechanisms of tubulogenesis in vivo and we propose that cellular dynamics in the sea star hydro-vascular organ represents a key comparison for understanding the evolution of vertebrate organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Perillo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, BioMed Division, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - S Zachary Swartz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Cosmo Pieplow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, BioMed Division, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Gary M Wessel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, BioMed Division, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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3
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Zeng C, Guo M, Xiang Y, Song M, Xiao K, Li C. Mesentery AjFGF4-AjFGFR2-ERK pathway modulates intestinal regeneration via targeting cell cycle in echinoderms. Cell Prolif 2022; 56:e13351. [PMID: 36263902 PMCID: PMC9890533 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study aims to understand the regeneration process and its cytology mechanism in economic echinoderms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The intestine regeneration process of Apostichopus japonicus was investigated by immunohistochemistry and the cell proliferation was detected by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Fibroblast growth factor 4 of A. japonicus (AjFGF4) was screened by RNA-seq analysis and validated to regulate cell proliferation by siAjFGF4 and recombinant-AjFGF4 treatment. The binding and co-localization of AjFGF4 and AjFGFR2 were verified by Co-IP, GST-pull down, and immunofluorescence. Then, the AjFGF4-AjFGFR2-ERK-cell cycle axis was examined by western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry techniques. RESULTS The mesentery was served as the epicenter of intestinal regeneration via activating cell proliferation and other cellular events. Mechanically, AjFGF4-mediated cell proliferation was dependent on the binding to its receptor AjFGFR2, and then triggered the conserved ERK-MAPK pathway but not JNK and p38 pathway. The activated ERK-MAPK subsequently mediated the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins of CDK2, Cyclin A, and Cyclin B to promote cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first functional evidence that AjFGF4-AjFGFR2-ERK-cell cycle axis mediated cell proliferation was the engine for mesentery-derived intestine regeneration in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuili Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yangxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Mingshan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsNingbo UniversityNingboChina,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production ProcessesQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
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4
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Czarkwiani A, Taylor J, Oliveri P. Neurogenesis during Brittle Star Arm Regeneration Is Characterised by a Conserved Set of Key Developmental Genes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091360. [PMID: 36138839 PMCID: PMC9495562 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Injuries to the central nervous system most often lead to irreversible damage in humans. Brittle stars are marine animals related to sea stars and sea urchins, and are one of our closest evolutionary relatives among invertebrates. Extraordinarily, they can perfectly regenerate their nerves even after completely severing the nerve cord after arm amputation. Understanding what genes and cellular mechanisms are used for this natural repair process in the brittle star might lead to new insights to guide strategies for therapeutics to improve outcomes for central nervous system injuries in humans. Abstract Neural regeneration is very limited in humans but extremely efficient in echinoderms. The brittle star Amphiura filiformis can regenerate both components of its central nervous system as well as the peripheral system, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this ability is key for evolutionary comparisons not only within the echinoderm group, but also wider within deuterostomes. Here we characterise the neural regeneration of this brittle star using a combination of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and Nanostring nCounter to determine the spatial and temporal expression of evolutionary conserved neural genes. We find that key genes crucial for the embryonic development of the nervous system in sea urchins and other animals are also expressed in the regenerating nervous system of the adult brittle star in a hierarchic and spatio-temporally restricted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czarkwiani
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.O.)
| | - Jack Taylor
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paola Oliveri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Center for Life’s Origins and Evolution, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.O.)
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Mashanov V, Machado DJ, Reid R, Brouwer C, Kofsky J, Janies DA. Twinkle twinkle brittle star: the draft genome of Ophioderma brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) as a resource for regeneration research. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:574. [PMID: 35953768 PMCID: PMC9367165 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinoderms are established models in experimental and developmental biology, however genomic resources are still lacking for many species. Here, we present the draft genome of Ophioderma brevispinum, an emerging model organism in the field of regenerative biology. This new genomic resource provides a reference for experimental studies of regenerative mechanisms. Results We report a de novo nuclear genome assembly for the brittle star O. brevispinum and annotation facilitated by the transcriptome assembly. The final assembly is 2.68 Gb in length and contains 146,703 predicted protein-coding gene models. We also report a mitochondrial genome for this species, which is 15,831 bp in length, and contains 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs genes, respectively. In addition, 29 genes of the Notch signaling pathway are identified to illustrate the practical utility of the assembly for studies of regeneration. Conclusions The sequenced and annotated genome of O. brevispinum presented here provides the first such resource for an ophiuroid model species. Considering the remarkable regenerative capacity of this species, this genome will be an essential resource in future research efforts on molecular mechanisms regulating regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12864-022-08750-y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mashanov
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Winston-Salem, 27101, NC, USA. .,University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, 32224, FL, USA.
| | - Denis Jacob Machado
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, 28223, NC, USA
| | - Robert Reid
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, North Carolina Research Campus, 150 Research Campus Drive, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Cory Brouwer
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, North Carolina Research Campus, 150 Research Campus Drive, Kannapolis, 28081, NC, USA
| | - Janice Kofsky
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, 28223, NC, USA
| | - Daniel A Janies
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, College of Computing and Informatics, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, 28223, NC, USA
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6
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Sinigaglia C, Almazán A, Lebel M, Sémon M, Gillet B, Hughes S, Edsinger E, Averof M, Paris M. Distinct gene expression dynamics in developing and regenerating crustacean limbs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119297119. [PMID: 35776546 PMCID: PMC9271199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119297119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating animals have the ability to reproduce body parts that were originally made in the embryo and subsequently lost due to injury. Understanding whether regeneration mirrors development is an open question in most regenerative species. Here, we take a transcriptomics approach to examine whether leg regeneration shows similar temporal patterns of gene expression as leg development in the embryo, in the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. We find that leg development in the embryo shows stereotypic temporal patterns of gene expression. In contrast, the dynamics of gene expression during leg regeneration show a higher degree of variation related to the physiology of individual animals. A major driver of this variation is the molting cycle. We dissect the transcriptional signals of individual physiology and regeneration to obtain clearer temporal signals marking distinct phases of leg regeneration. Comparing the transcriptional dynamics of development and regeneration we find that, although the two processes use similar sets of genes, the temporal patterns in which these genes are deployed are different and cannot be systematically aligned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sinigaglia
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Alba Almazán
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Marie Lebel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Marie Sémon
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Eric Edsinger
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michalis Averof
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Mathilde Paris
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon 69007, France
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7
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Zamora S, Rahman IA, Sumrall CD, Gibson AP, Thompson JR. Cambrian edrioasteroid reveals new mechanism for secondary reduction of the skeleton in echinoderms. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212733. [PMID: 35232240 PMCID: PMC8889179 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms are characterized by a distinctive high-magnesium calcite endoskeleton as adults, but elements of this have been drastically reduced in some groups. Herein, we describe a new pentaradial echinoderm, Yorkicystis haefneri n. gen. n. sp., which provides, to our knowledge, the oldest evidence of secondary non-mineralization of the echinoderm skeleton. This material was collected from the Cambrian Kinzers Formation in York (Pennsylvania, USA) and is dated as ca 510 Ma. Detailed morphological observations demonstrate that the ambulacra (i.e. axial region) are composed of flooring and cover plates, but the rest of the body (i.e. extraxial region) is preserved as a dark film and lacks any evidence of skeletal plating. Moreover, X-ray fluorescence analysis reveals that the axial region is elevated in iron. Based on our morphological and chemical data and on taphonomic comparisons with other fossils from the Kinzers Formation, we infer that the axial region was originally calcified, while the extraxial region was non-mineralized. Phylogenetic analyses recover Yorkicystis as an edrioasteroid, indicating that this partial absence of skeleton resulted from a secondary reduction. We hypothesize that skeletal reduction resulted from lack of expression of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network in the extraxial body wall during development. Secondary reduction of the skeleton in Yorkicystis might have allowed for greater flexibility of the body wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Zamora
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME-CSIC), C/Manuel Lasala, 44, 9°B, 50006 Zaragoza, Spain.,Grupo Aragosaurus-IUCA, Área de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Imran A Rahman
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.,Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Colin D Sumrall
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1526, USA
| | - Adam P Gibson
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jeffrey R Thompson
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.,UCL Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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8
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The Evolution of Biomineralization through the Co-Option of Organic Scaffold Forming Networks. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040595. [PMID: 35203246 PMCID: PMC8870065 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process in which organisms use minerals to generate hard structures like teeth, skeletons and shells. Biomineralization is proposed to have evolved independently in different phyla through the co-option of pre-existing developmental programs. Comparing the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that drive biomineralization in different species could illuminate the molecular evolution of biomineralization. Skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo was extensively studied and the underlying GRN shows high conservation within echinoderms, larval and adult skeletogenesis. The organic scaffold in which the calcite skeletal elements form in echinoderms is a tubular compartment generated by the syncytial skeletogenic cells. This is strictly different than the organic cartilaginous scaffold that vertebrates mineralize with hydroxyapatite to make their bones. Here I compare the GRNs that drive biomineralization and tubulogenesis in echinoderms and in vertebrates. The GRN that drives skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo shows little similarity to the GRN that drives bone formation and high resemblance to the GRN that drives vertebrates’ vascular tubulogenesis. On the other hand, vertebrates’ bone-GRNs show high similarity to the GRNs that operate in the cells that generate the cartilage-like tissues of basal chordate and invertebrates that do not produce mineralized tissue. These comparisons suggest that biomineralization in deuterostomes evolved through the phylum specific co-option of GRNs that control distinct organic scaffolds to mineralization.
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9
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Medina-Feliciano JG, García-Arrarás JE. Regeneration in Echinoderms: Molecular Advancements. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:768641. [PMID: 34977019 PMCID: PMC8718600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.768641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Which genes and gene signaling pathways mediate regenerative processes? In recent years, multiple studies, using a variety of animal models, have aimed to answer this question. Some answers have been obtained from transcriptomic and genomic studies where possible gene and gene pathway candidates thought to be involved in tissue and organ regeneration have been identified. Several of these studies have been done in echinoderms, an animal group that forms part of the deuterostomes along with vertebrates. Echinoderms, with their outstanding regenerative abilities, can provide important insights into the molecular basis of regeneration. Here we review the available data to determine the genes and signaling pathways that have been proposed to be involved in regenerative processes. Our analyses provide a curated list of genes and gene signaling pathways and match them with the different cellular processes of the regenerative response. In this way, the molecular basis of echinoderm regenerative potential is revealed, and is available for comparisons with other animal taxa.
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10
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Identification and localization of growth factor genes in the sea cucumber , Holothuria scabra. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08370. [PMID: 34825084 PMCID: PMC8605306 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is both an economically important species in Asian countries and an emerging experimental model for research studies in regeneration and medicinal bioactives. Growth factors and their receptors are known to be key components that guide tissue repair and renewal, yet validation of their presence in H. scabra has not been established. We performed a targeted in silico search of H. scabra transcriptome data to elucidate conserved growth factor family and receptor genes. In total, 42 transcripts were identified, of which 9 were validated by gene cloning and sequencing. The H. scabra growth factor genes, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2A (BMP 2A), bone morphogenetic protein 5-like (BMP5-like), neurotrophin (NT) and fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18), were selected for further analyses, including phylogenetic comparison and spatial gene expression using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Expression of all genes investigated were widespread in multiple tissues. However, BMP 2A, BMP5-like and NT were found extensively in the radial nerve cord cells, while FGF18 was highly expressed in connective tissue layer of the body wall. Our identification and expression analysis of the H. scabra growth factor genes provided the molecular information of growth factors in this species which may ultimately complement the research in regenerative medicine.
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11
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Farooq M, Khan AW, Kim MS, Choi S. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Signaling in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113242. [PMID: 34831463 PMCID: PMC8622657 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a large family of secretory molecules that act through tyrosine kinase receptors known as FGF receptors. They play crucial roles in a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, morphogenesis, and differentiation, as well as in tissue repair and regeneration. The signaling pathways regulated by FGFs include RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)–protein kinase B (AKT), phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT). To date, 22 FGFs have been discovered, involved in different functions in the body. Several FGFs directly or indirectly interfere with repair during tissue regeneration, in addition to their critical functions in the maintenance of pluripotency and dedifferentiation of stem cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of FGFs in diverse cellular processes and shed light on the importance of FGF signaling in mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Farooq
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.F.); (A.W.K.); (M.S.K.)
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Correspondence:
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12
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Prudovsky I. Cellular Mechanisms of FGF-Stimulated Tissue Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071830. [PMID: 34360000 PMCID: PMC8304273 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors belonging to the FGF family play important roles in tissue and organ repair after trauma. In this review, I discuss the regulation by FGFs of the aspects of cellular behavior important for reparative processes. In particular, I focus on the FGF-dependent regulation of cell proliferation, cell stemness, de-differentiation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell senescence, cell death, and the production of proteases. In addition, I review the available literature on the enhancement of FGF expression and secretion in damaged tissues resulting in the increased FGF supply required for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Dr., Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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13
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Wolff A, Hinman V. The Use of Larval Sea Stars and Sea Urchins in the Discovery of Shared Mechanisms of Metazoan Whole-Body Regeneration. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1063. [PMID: 34356079 PMCID: PMC8303351 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate is scattered among the metazoan tree of life. Further still, regenerative capacity varies widely within these specific organisms. Numerous organisms, all with different regenerative capabilities, have been studied at length and key similarities and disparities in how regeneration occurs have been identified. In order to get a better grasp on understanding regeneration as a whole, we must search for new models that are capable of extensive regeneration, as well as those that have been under sampled in the literature. As invertebrate deuterostomes, echinoderms fit both of these requirements. Multiple members regenerate various tissue types at all life stages, including examples of whole-body regeneration. Interrogations in two highly studied echinoderms, the sea urchin and the sea star, have provided knowledge of tissue and whole-body regeneration at various life stages. Work has begun to examine regeneration in echinoderm larvae, a potential new system for understanding regenerative mechanisms in a basal deuterostome. Here, we review the ways these two animals' larvae have been utilized as a model of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wolff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
| | - Veronica Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Structural and Functional Characterization of the FGF Signaling Pathway in Regeneration of the Polychaete Worm Alitta virens (Annelida, Errantia). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060788. [PMID: 34063978 PMCID: PMC8224027 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimorphic regeneration of lost body segments is a widespread phenomenon across annelids. However, the molecular inducers of the cell sources for this reparative morphogenesis have not been identified. In this study, we focused on the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in the posterior regeneration of Alitta virens. For the first time, we showed an early activation of FGF ligands and receptor expression in an annelid regenerating after amputation. The expression patterns indicate that the entire regenerative bud is competent to FGFs, whose activity precedes the initiation of cell proliferation. The critical requirement of FGF signaling, especially at early stages, is also supported by inhibitor treatments followed by proliferation assay, demonstrating that induction of blastemal cells depends on FGFs. Our results show that FGF signaling pathway is a key player in regenerative response, while the FGF-positive wound epithelium, ventral nerve cord and some mesodermal cells around the gut could be the inducing tissues. This mechanism resembles reparative regeneration of vertebrate appendages suggesting such a response to the injury may be ancestral for all bilaterians.
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