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Ko JM, Reginato W, Wolff A, Lobo D. Mechanistic regulation of planarian shape during growth and degrowth. Development 2024; 151:dev202353. [PMID: 38619319 PMCID: PMC11128284 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Adult planarians can grow when fed and degrow (shrink) when starved while maintaining their whole-body shape. It is unknown how the morphogens patterning the planarian axes are coordinated during feeding and starvation or how they modulate the necessary differential tissue growth or degrowth. Here, we investigate the dynamics of planarian shape together with a theoretical study of the mechanisms regulating whole-body proportions and shape. We found that the planarian body proportions scale isometrically following similar linear rates during growth and degrowth, but that fed worms are significantly wider than starved worms. By combining a descriptive model of planarian shape and size with a mechanistic model of anterior-posterior and medio-lateral signaling calibrated with a novel parameter optimization methodology, we theoretically demonstrate that the feedback loop between these positional information signals and the shape they control can regulate the planarian whole-body shape during growth. Furthermore, the computational model produced the correct shape and size dynamics during degrowth as a result of a predicted increase in apoptosis rate and pole signal during starvation. These results offer mechanistic insights into the dynamic regulation of whole-body morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Waverly Reginato
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Andrew Wolff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Cui G, Dong K, Zhou JY, Li S, Wu Y, Han Q, Yao B, Shen Q, Zhao YL, Yang Y, Cai J, Zhang S, Yang YG. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas reveals the dynamic characteristics and key regulators of planarian regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3205. [PMID: 37268637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-body regeneration of planarians is a natural wonder but how it occurs remains elusive. It requires coordinated responses from each cell in the remaining tissue with spatial awareness to regenerate new cells and missing body parts. While previous studies identified new genes essential to regeneration, a more efficient screening approach that can identify regeneration-associated genes in the spatial context is needed. Here, we present a comprehensive three-dimensional spatiotemporal transcriptomic landscape of planarian regeneration. We describe a pluripotent neoblast subtype, and show that depletion of its marker gene makes planarians more susceptible to sub-lethal radiation. Furthermore, we identified spatial gene expression modules essential for tissue development. Functional analysis of hub genes in spatial modules, such as plk1, shows their important roles in regeneration. Our three-dimensional transcriptomic atlas provides a powerful tool for deciphering regeneration and identifying homeostasis-related genes, and provides a publicly available online spatiotemporal analysis resource for planarian regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanshen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kangning Dong
- NCMIS, CEMS, RCSDS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shang Li
- NCMIS, CEMS, RCSDS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qinghua Han
- NCMIS, CEMS, RCSDS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bofei Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qunlun Shen
- NCMIS, CEMS, RCSDS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shihua Zhang
- NCMIS, CEMS, RCSDS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Yun-Gui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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5
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Wyss LS, Bray SR, Wang B. Cellular diversity and developmental hierarchy in the planarian nervous system. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101960. [PMID: 35878572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to dissect cell type diversity, development, and plasticity in the nervous system has been transformed by the recent surge of massive sequencing studies at the single-cell level. A large body of this work has focused primarily on organisms with nervous systems established early in development. Using planarian flatworms in which neurons are constantly respecified, replenished, and regenerated, we analyze several existing single-cell transcriptomic datasets and observe features in neuron identity, differentiation, maturation, and function that may provide the planarian nervous system with high levels of adaptability required to respond to various cues including injury. This analysis allows us to place many prior observations made by functional characterizations in a general framework and provide additional hypothesis and predictions to test in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S Wyss
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Bray
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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