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Chandrasekaran AP, Karapurkar JK, Chung HY, Ramakrishna S. The role of the CRISPR-Cas system in cancer drug development: Mechanisms of action and therapy. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100468. [PMID: 35157790 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent emergence of gene editing using Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated system (Cas) tools and advances in genomics and proteomics has revolutionized drug discovery and personalized medicine. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The CRISPR-Cas system has enabled gene and cell-based therapies, screening for novel drug targets, a new generation of disease models, elucidation of drug resistance mechanisms, and drug efficacy testing. Here, we summarized recent investigations and strategies involved in cancer-related drug discovery using the CRISPR-Cas system. CONCLUSION CRISPR-Cas-mediated gene editing has shown great potential in the development of next generation drugs for treatment of Mendelian disorders and various cancer types. In this review, we focused on the impact of the CRISPR-Cas system in drug discovery and its application to biomarker identification and validation, high-end target genes, and breakthrough anticancer cell therapies. We also highlighted the role of CRISPR-Cas in precision disease modeling and functional drug screening. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hee Yong Chung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
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2
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Vannocci T, Quaroni L, de Riso A, Milordini G, Wolna M, Cinque G, Pastore A. Label-Free, Real-Time Measurement of Metabolism of Adherent and Suspended Single Cells by In-Cell Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910742. [PMID: 34639083 PMCID: PMC8509135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We used infrared (IR) microscopy to monitor in real-time the metabolic turnover of individual mammalian cells in morphologically different states. By relying on the intrinsic absorption of mid-IR light by molecular components, we could discriminate the metabolism of adherent cells as compared to suspended cells. We identified major biochemical differences between the two cellular states, whereby only adherent cells appeared to rely heavily on glycolytic turnover and lactic fermentation. We also report spectroscopic variations that appear as spectral oscillations in the IR domain, observed only when using synchrotron infrared radiation. We propose that this effect could be used as a reporter of the cellular conditions. Our results are instrumental in establishing IR microscopy as a label-free method for real-time metabolic studies of individual cells in different morphological states, and in more complex cellular ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vannocci
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The Wohl Institute of King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (T.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Luca Quaroni
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-386 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.Q.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio de Riso
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Campus, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RZ, UK;
| | - Giulia Milordini
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The Wohl Institute of King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (T.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Magda Wolna
- MIRIAM beamline B22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (M.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianfelice Cinque
- MIRIAM beamline B22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (M.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The Wohl Institute of King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; (T.V.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.Q.); (A.P.)
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3
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Vannocci T, Dinarelli S, Girasole M, Pastore A, Longo G. A new tool to determine the cellular metabolic landscape: nanotechnology to the study of Friedreich's ataxia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19282. [PMID: 31848436 PMCID: PMC6917756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cell response to oxidative stress in disease is an important but difficult task. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a nanomotion sensor to study the cellular metabolic landscape. This nanosensor permits the non-invasive real-time detection at the single-cell level and offers high sensitivity and time resolution. We optimised the technique to study the effects of frataxin overexpression in a cellular model of Friedreich's ataxia, a neurodegenerative disease caused by partial silencing of the FXN gene. Previous studies had demonstrated that FXN overexpression are as toxic as silencing, thus indicating the importance of a tight regulation of the frataxin levels. We probed the effects of frataxin overexpression in the presence of oxidative stress insults and measured the metabolic response by the nanosensor. We show that the nanosensor provides new detailed information on the metabolic state of the cell as a function of time, that agrees with and complements data obtained by more traditional techniques. We propose that the nanosensor can be used in the future as a new and powerful tool to study directly how drugs modulate the effects of oxidative stress on Friedreich's ataxia patients and, more in general, on other neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vannocci
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom
- The Wohl Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Dinarelli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Girasole
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom.
- The Wohl Institute at King's College London, London, SE5 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia - CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Raikwar SP, Kikkeri NS, Sakuru R, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Next Generation Precision Medicine: CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:608-641. [PMID: 31011884 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the field of molecular neurobiology especially neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, the highly complex molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. As a result, the development of the next generation neurotherapeutics has experienced a considerable lag phase. Recent advancements in the field of genome editing offer a new template for dissecting the precise molecular pathways underlying the complex neurodegenerative disorders. We believe that the innovative genome and transcriptome editing strategies offer an excellent opportunity to decipher novel therapeutic targets, develop novel neurodegenerative disease models, develop neuroimaging modalities, develop next-generation diagnostics as well as develop patient-specific precision-targeted personalized therapies to effectively treat neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia etc. Here, we review the latest developments in the field of CRISPR-mediated genome editing and provide unbiased futuristic insights regarding its translational potential to improve the treatment outcomes and minimize financial burden. However, despite significant advancements, we would caution the scientific community that since the CRISPR field is still evolving, currently we do not know the full spectrum of CRISPR-mediated side effects. In the wake of the recent news regarding CRISPR-edited human babies being born in China, we urge the scientific community to maintain high scientific and ethical standards and utilize CRISPR for developing in vitro disease in a dish model, in vivo testing in nonhuman primates and lower vertebrates and for the development of neurotherapeutics for the currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nidhi S Kikkeri
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ragha Sakuru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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5
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Vannocci T, Notario Manzano R, Beccalli O, Bettegazzi B, Grohovaz F, Cinque G, de Riso A, Quaroni L, Codazzi F, Pastore A. Adding a temporal dimension to the study of Friedreich's ataxia: the effect of frataxin overexpression in a human cell model. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm032706. [PMID: 29794127 PMCID: PMC6031361 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.032706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia is caused by lower than normal levels of frataxin, an important protein involved in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biogenesis. An important step in designing strategies to treat this disease is to understand whether increasing the frataxin levels by gene therapy would simply be beneficial or detrimental, because previous studies, mostly based on animal models, have reported conflicting results. Here, we have exploited an inducible model, which we developed using the CRISPR/Cas9 methodology, to study the effects of frataxin overexpression in human cells and monitor how the system recovers after overexpression. Using new tools, which range from high-throughput microscopy to in cell infrared, we prove that overexpression of the frataxin gene affects the cellular metabolism. It also leads to a significant increase of oxidative stress and labile iron pool levels. These cellular alterations are similar to those observed when the gene is partly silenced, as occurs in Friedreich's ataxia patients. Our data suggest that the levels of frataxin must be tightly regulated and fine-tuned, with any imbalance leading to oxidative stress and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vannocci
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Roberto Notario Manzano
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Ombretta Beccalli
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bettegazzi
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grohovaz
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfelice Cinque
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - Luca Quaroni
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, PL-30387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Franca Codazzi
- Division of Neuroscience, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RT, UK
- Molecular Medicine Department, University of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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6
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Ge W. An efficient platform for generating somatic point mutations with germline transmission in the zebrafish by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6611-6622. [PMID: 29500194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homology-directed recombination (HDR)-mediated genome editing is a powerful approach for both basic functional study and disease modeling. Although some studies have reported HDR-mediated precise editing in nonrodent models, the efficiency of establishing pure mutant animal lines that carry specific amino acid substitutions remains low. Furthermore, because the efficiency of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-induced insertion and deletion (indel) mutations is normally much higher than that of HDR-induced point mutations, it is often difficult to identify the latter in the background of indel mutations. Using zebrafish as the model organism and Y box-binding protein 1 (Ybx1/ybx1) as the model molecule, we have established an efficient platform for precise CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in somatic cells, yielding an efficiency of up to 74% embryos. Moreover, we established a procedure for screening germline transmission of point mutations out of indel mutations even when germline transmission efficiency was low (<2%). To further improve germline transmission of HDR-induced point mutations, we optimized several key factors that may affect HDR efficiency, including the type of DNA donor, suppression of NHEJ, stimulation of HDR pathways, and use of Cas9 protein instead of mRNA. The optimized combination of these factors significantly increased the efficiency of germline transmission of point mutation up to 25%. In summary, we have developed an efficient procedure for creating point mutations and differentiating mutant individuals from those carrying knockouts of entire genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- From the Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- From the Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wei Ge
- From the Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
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7
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Lupoli F, Vannocci T, Longo G, Niccolai N, Pastore A. The role of oxidative stress in Friedreich's ataxia. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:718-727. [PMID: 29197070 PMCID: PMC5887922 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and an increase in the levels of free radicals are important markers associated with several pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, cancer and diabetes. Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an excellent paradigmatic example of a disease in which oxidative stress plays an important, albeit incompletely understood, role. FRDA is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease that involves the partial silencing of frataxin, a small mitochondrial protein that was completely overlooked before being linked to FRDA. More than 20 years later, we now know how important this protein is in terms of being an essential and vital part of the machinery that produces iron-sulfur clusters in the cell. In this review, we revisit the most important steps that have brought us to our current understanding of the function of frataxin and its role in disease. We discuss the current hypotheses on the role of oxidative stress in FRDA and review some of the existing animal and cellular models. We also evaluate new techniques that can assist in the study of the disease mechanisms, as well as in our understanding of the interplay between primary and secondary phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lupoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaItaly
| | - Tommaso Vannocci
- The Maurice Wohl InstituteDementia Research CentreKing's College LondonUK
| | | | - Neri Niccolai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaItaly
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- The Maurice Wohl InstituteDementia Research CentreKing's College LondonUK
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaviaItaly
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8
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Ahmad G, Amiji M. Use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tools for developing models in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:519-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Sessions JW, Armstrong DG, Hope S, Jensen BD. A review of genetic engineering biotechnologies for enhanced chronic wound healing. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:179-185. [PMID: 27574909 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods for addressing chronic wounds focus on correcting dysfunction by controlling extracellular elements. This review highlights technologies that take a different approach - enhancing chronic wound healing by genetic modification to wound beds. Featured cutaneous transduction/transfection methods include viral modalities (ie adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses and lentiviruses) and conventional non-viral modalities (ie naked DNA injections, microseeding, liposomal reagents, particle bombardment and electroporation). Also explored are emerging technologies, focusing on the exciting capabilities of wound diagnostics such as pyrosequencing as well as site-specific nuclease editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 used to both transiently and permanently genetically modify resident wound bed cells. Additionally, new non-viral transfection methods (ie conjugated nanoparticles, multi-electrode arrays, and microfabricated needles and nanowires) are discussed that can potentially facilitate more efficient and safe transgene delivery to skin but also represent significant advances broadly to tissue regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Sessions
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - David G Armstrong
- Southern Arizona Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra Hope
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Brian D Jensen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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10
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Vannocci T, Pastore A. The time dimension of neurodegeneration: the example of Friedreich's ataxia. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY & NEUROMEDICINE 2017; 2:31-34. [PMID: 30944908 PMCID: PMC6443029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vannocci
- Maurice Wohl Institute, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Rd., London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Maurice Wohl Institute, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Rd., London SE5 9RT, UK,Molecular Medicine Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy,Correspondence: Dr. Annalisa Pastore, Maurice Wohl Institute, King’s College, London, 5 Cutcombe Rd., London SE5 9RT, UK,
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11
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Im W, Moon J, Kim M. Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for Gene Editing in Hereditary Movement Disorders. J Mov Disord 2016; 9:136-43. [PMID: 27667185 PMCID: PMC5035944 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating hereditary movement disorders, including hereditary ataxia, dystonia, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Genome editing is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted or replaced in the genome using modified nucleases. Recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has been used as an essential tool in biotechnology. Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme that was originally associated with the adaptive immune system of Streptococcus pyogenes and is now being utilized as a genome editing tool to induce double strand breaks in DNA. CRISPR/Cas9 has advantages in terms of clinical applicability over other genome editing technologies such as zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases because of easy in vivo delivery. Here, we review and discuss the applicability of CRISPR/Cas9 to preclinical studies or gene therapy in hereditary movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Im
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Kato T, Takada S. In vivoandin vitrodisease modeling with CRISPR/Cas9. Brief Funct Genomics 2016; 16:13-24. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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Poburski D, Boerner JB, Koenig M, Ristow M, Thierbach R. Time-resolved functional analysis of acute impairment of frataxin expression in an inducible cell model of Friedreich ataxia. Biol Open 2016; 5:654-61. [PMID: 27106929 PMCID: PMC4874353 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a GAA triplet repeat expansion in the first intron of the frataxin gene, which results in reduced expression levels of the corresponding protein. Despite numerous animal and cellular models, therapeutic options that mechanistically address impaired frataxin expression are lacking. Here, we have developed a new mammalian cell model employing the Cre/loxP recombination system to induce a homozygous or heterozygous frataxin knockout in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Induction of Cre-mediated disruption by tamoxifen was successfully tested on RNA and protein levels. After loss of frataxin protein, cell division, aconitase activity and oxygen consumption rates were found to be decreased, while ROS production was increased in the homozygous state. By contrast, in the heterozygous state no such changes were observed. A time-resolved analysis revealed the loss of aconitase activity as an initial event after induction of complete frataxin deficiency, followed by secondarily elevated ROS production and a late increase in iron content. Initial impairments of oxygen consumption and ATP production were found to be compensated in the late state and seemed to play a minor role in Friedreich ataxia pathophysiology. In conclusion and as predicted from its proposed role in iron sulfur cluster (ISC) biosynthesis, disruption of frataxin primarily causes impaired function of ISC-containing enzymes, whereas other consequences, including elevated ROS production and iron accumulation, appear secondary. These parameters and the robustness of the newly established system may additionally be used for a time-resolved study of pharmacological candidates in a HTS manner. Summary: The use of a new mammalian cell model with inducible homozygous and heterozygous frataxin knockout allows new insights into the chronology and causes of the disease Friedreich ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Poburski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University (FSU) Jena, Dornburgerstraße 24, Jena D-07743, Germany
| | - Josefine Barbara Boerner
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University (FSU) Jena, Dornburgerstraße 24, Jena D-07743, Germany
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares EA7402, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34093, France
| | - Michael Ristow
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University (FSU) Jena, Dornburgerstraße 24, Jena D-07743, Germany
| | - René Thierbach
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University (FSU) Jena, Dornburgerstraße 24, Jena D-07743, Germany
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Lee HB, Sundberg BN, Sigafoos AN, Clark KJ. Genome Engineering with TALE and CRISPR Systems in Neuroscience. Front Genet 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 27092173 PMCID: PMC4821859 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancement in genome engineering technology is changing the landscape of biological research and providing neuroscientists with an opportunity to develop new methodologies to ask critical research questions. This advancement is highlighted by the increased use of programmable DNA-binding agents (PDBAs) such as transcription activator-like effector (TALE) and RNA-guided clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated (Cas) systems. These PDBAs fused or co-expressed with various effector domains allow precise modification of genomic sequences and gene expression levels. These technologies mirror and extend beyond classic gene targeting methods contributing to the development of novel tools for basic and clinical neuroscience. In this Review, we discuss the recent development in genome engineering and potential applications of this technology in the field of neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han B Lee
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brynn N Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ashley N Sigafoos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karl J Clark
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate SchoolRochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
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