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Wu HT, Wu Z, Hou YY, Fang ZX, Wu BX, Deng Y, Cui YK, Liu J. SIX4, a potential therapeutic target for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients, is associated with low promoter methylation level. Epigenomics 2023; 15:911-925. [PMID: 37905439 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate SIX4 in breast cancer. Methods: Publicly available online tools were used to analyze the expression, methylation and prognostic significance of SIX4 in breast cancer, as well as its immunohistochemistry. Results: High SIX4 levels were associated with low SIX4 promoter methylation, especially in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Increased SIX4 was related to advanced stage and decreased immune infiltration. Gene set enrichment analysis found that the SIX4-correlated genes were enriched in transcriptional processing and immune response. Patients with high SIX4 expression tended to have poor survival, especially those with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Conclusion: High SIX4 expression in breast cancer plays an oncogenic role, promoting the development of malignancies through suppressing the immune response, especially in luminal subtypes, and is associated with a low promoter methylation level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Bing-Xuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
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Boripun R, Kulnanan P, Pangprasit N, Scholfield CN, Sumretprasong J. Bovine omphalocele: errors in embryonic development, veterinarian importance, and the way forward. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hand2 delineates mesothelium progenitors and is reactivated in mesothelioma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1677. [PMID: 35354817 PMCID: PMC8967825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesothelium lines body cavities and surrounds internal organs, widely contributing to homeostasis and regeneration. Mesothelium disruptions cause visceral anomalies and mesothelioma tumors. Nonetheless, the embryonic emergence of mesothelia remains incompletely understood. Here, we track mesothelial origins in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) using zebrafish. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers a post-gastrulation gene expression signature centered on hand2 in distinct LPM progenitor cells. We map mesothelial progenitors to lateral-most, hand2-expressing LPM and confirm conservation in mouse. Time-lapse imaging of zebrafish hand2 reporter embryos captures mesothelium formation including pericardium, visceral, and parietal peritoneum. We find primordial germ cells migrate with the forming mesothelium as ventral migration boundary. Functionally, hand2 loss disrupts mesothelium formation with reduced progenitor cells and perturbed migration. In mouse and human mesothelioma, we document expression of LPM-associated transcription factors including Hand2, suggesting re-initiation of a developmental program. Our data connects mesothelium development to Hand2, expanding our understanding of mesothelial pathologies.
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Double-layered two-directional somatopleural cell migration during chicken body wall development revealed with local fluorescent tissue labeling. Anat Sci Int 2022; 97:380-390. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Meurer L, Ferdman L, Belcher B, Camarata T. The SIX Family of Transcription Factors: Common Themes Integrating Developmental and Cancer Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707854. [PMID: 34490256 PMCID: PMC8417317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis (SIX) family of transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes during embryogenesis. Members of this family control gene expression to promote self-renewal of progenitor cell populations and govern mechanisms of cell differentiation. When the function of SIX genes becomes disrupted, distinct congenital defects develops both in animal models and humans. In addition to the embryonic setting, members of the SIX family have been found to be critical regulators of tumorigenesis, promoting cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Research in both the fields of developmental biology and cancer research have provided an extensive understanding of SIX family transcription factor functions. Here we review recent progress in elucidating the role of SIX family genes in congenital disease as well as in the promotion of cancer. Common themes arise when comparing SIX transcription factor function during embryonic and cancer development. We highlight the complementary nature of these two fields and how knowledge in one area can open new aspects of experimentation in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Meurer
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Leonard Ferdman
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Beau Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Troy Camarata
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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Li Y, Jiang X, Yan X, Wang Y. Upregulation of SIX4 indicates poor clinical outcome and promotes tumor growth and cell metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:752-759. [PMID: 33481352 PMCID: PMC7952808 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of sine oculis homeobox 4 (SIX4) has been found in some malignant tumors. However, there have been few studies on the function of SIX4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of SIX4 in ESCC. Methods RT‐qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to measure mRNA and protein expression. The function of SIX4 was investigated using CCK‐8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing and transwell assays. A mouse xenograft tumor assay was designed to perform in vivo experiments. Results SIX4 was upregulated in ESCC and indicated poor clinical outcomes in ESCC patients. Functionally, knockdown of SIX4 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCC. In addition, the silencing of SIX4 inhibited cell migration, invasion and EMT in ESCC. More importantly, upregulation of SIX4 could activate the PI3K/AKT pathway in ESCC cells and promote tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions Upregulation of SIX4 indicates poor clinical outcomes in ESCC patients and promotes tumor growth and cell metastasis in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rizhao Hospital of TCM, Rizhao, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Outpatient Department, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Health Management Department, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanzheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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Sun X, Ma J, Chen Q, Hou Z, Luo X, Wang G, Wang J, Hu J, Cao Z. SIX4 promotes metastasis through STAT3 activation in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:224-236. [PMID: 32064163 PMCID: PMC7017731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox homolog 4 (SIX4), a member of the SIX family, play important role in the development and construction of vertebrate tissues and organs. There is very little known about the function of SIX4 in cancer cells. Herein, we investigated whether SIX4 promote cancer metastasis in addition to its direct role in breast cancer cells. Our study showed that the expression of SIX4 was profoundly increased in breast cancer tissues, and the high expression of SIX4 correlated strongly with distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Functional experiments demonstrated that SIX4 obviously promoted the cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and up-regulated the expression of EMT mesenchymal marker, down-regulated the epithelial molecules by Snai1 induction in vitro. Moreover, SIX4 knockdown significant suppressed breast cancer lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, SIX4 directly interacted with STAT3 and promoted the phosphorylated STAT3 nuclear translocation, thereby inducing EMT program activation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that SIX4 may be a promising target for intervention to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Sun
- Department of GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832000, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Pathology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionUrumqi 830001, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Qianzhi Chen
- Department of GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlin Hou
- Department of GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xuelai Luo
- Department of GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Department of GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Hu
- Department of GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Cao
- Department of GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
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