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Nyman E, Lindholm E, Rakar J, Junker JP, Kratz G. Effects of amniotic fluid on human keratinocyte gene expression - Implications for wound healing. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:764-774. [PMID: 34921689 PMCID: PMC9305168 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous wounds can lead to huge suffering for patients. Early fetal wounds have the capacity to regenerate without scar formation. Amniotic fluid (AF), containing hyaluronic acid (HA), may contribute to this regenerative environment. We aimed to analyse changes in gene expression when human keratinocytes are exposed to AF or HA. Human keratinocytes were cultured to subconfluence, starved for 12 h and then randomised to be maintained in (1) Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), (2) DMEM with 50% AF, or (3) DMEM with 50% fetal calf serum (FCS). Transcriptional changes were analysed using microarray and enriched with WebGestalt and Enrichr. Additionally, eight diagnostic genes were analysed using semiquantitative real‐time PCR to investigate epidermal differentiation and cellular stress after HA exposure as an alternative for AF exposure. The AF and FCS treatments resulted in enrichment of genes relating to varied aspects of epidermal and keratinocyte biology. In particular, p63‐, AP1‐ and NFE2L2‐ (Nrf2) associated genes were found significantly regulated in both treatments. More genes regulated by FCS treatment were associated with inflammatory signalling, whilst AF treatment was dominantly associated with molecular establishment of epidermis and lipid metabolic activity. HA exposure mostly resulted in gene regulation that was congruent with the AF microarray group, with increased expression of ITGA6 and LOR. We conclude that AF exposure enhances keratinocyte differentiation in vitro, which suggests that AF constituents can be beneficial for wound‐healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nyman
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elvira Lindholm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rakar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Centre for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Pe Junker
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Centre for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Kratz
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Effect of SUV39H1 Histone Methyltransferase Knockout on Expression of Differentiation-Associated Genes in HaCaT Keratinocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122628. [PMID: 33297464 PMCID: PMC7762351 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes undergo a complex differentiation process, coupled with extensive changes in gene expression through which they acquire distinctive features indispensable for cells that form the external body barrier—epidermis. Disturbed epidermal differentiation gives rise to multiple skin diseases. The involvement of epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation or histone modifications, in the regulation of epidermal gene expression and differentiation has not been fully recognized yet. In this work we performed a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of SUV39H1, a gene-encoding H3K9 histone methyltransferase, in HaCaT cells that originate from spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes and examined changes in the expression of selected differentiation-specific genes located in the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) and other genomic locations by RT-qPCR. The studied genes revealed a diverse differentiation state-dependent or -independent response to a lower level of H3K9 methylation. We also show, by means of chromatin immunoprecipitation, that the expression of genes in the LCE1 subcluster of EDC was regulated by the extent of trimethylation of lysine 9 in histone H3 bound to their promoters. Changes in gene expression were accompanied by changes in HaCaT cell morphology and adhesion.
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Brás MM, Radmacher M, Sousa SR, Granja PL. Melanoma in the Eyes of Mechanobiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 32117980 PMCID: PMC7027391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body with several important functions that can be impaired by injury, genetic or chronic diseases. Among all skin diseases, melanoma is one of the most severe, which can lead to death, due to metastization. Mechanotransduction has a crucial role for motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization processes, since it deals with the response of cells to physical forces. Signaling pathways are important to understand how physical cues produced or mediated by the Extracellular Matrix (ECM), affect healthy and tumor cells. During these processes, several molecules in the nucleus and cytoplasm are activated. Melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the ECM, play a crucial role in melanoma formation. This manuscript will address the synergy among melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts cells and the ECM considering their mechanical contribution and relevance in this disease. Mechanical properties of melanoma cells can also be influenced by pigmentation, which can be associated with changes in stiffness. Mechanical changes can be related with the adhesion, migration, or invasiveness potential of melanoma cells promoting a high metastization capacity of this cancer. Mechanosensing, mechanotransduction, and mechanoresponse will be highlighted with respect to the motility, invasion, adhesion and metastization in melanoma cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Manuela Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana R. Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Miyazawa M, Noguchi K, Kujirai M, Katayama K, Yamagoe S, Sugimoto Y. IL-10 promoter transactivation by the viral K-RTA protein involves the host-cell transcription factors, specificity proteins 1 and 3. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:662-676. [PMID: 29184003 PMCID: PMC5767870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) causes a persistent infection, presenting latent and lytic replication phases during its life cycle. KSHV-related diseases are associated with deregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-10, but the mechanisms underlying this dysregulation are unclear. Herein, we report a molecular mechanism for KSHV-induced IL-10 gene expression. KSHV replication and transcription activator (K-RTA) is a molecular switch for the initiation of expression of viral lytic genes, and we describe, for the first time, that K-RTA significantly activates the promoter of the human IL-10 gene. Of note, mutations involving a basic region of K-RTA reduced the association of K-RTA with the IL-10 promoter. Moreover, the host-cell transcription factors, specificity proteins (SP) 1 and 3, play a pivotal cooperative role in K-RTA-mediated transactivation of the IL-10 promoter. K-RTA can interact with SP1 and SP3 directly in vitro, and electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSAs) revealed co-operative interaction involving K-RTA, SP1, and SP3 in binding to the IL-10 promoter. As DNase I footprinting assays indicated that K-RTA did not affect SP3 binding to the IL-10 promoter, SP3 can function to recruit K-RTA to the IL-10 promoter. These findings indicate that K-RTA can directly contribute to IL-10 up-regulation via a functional interplay with the cellular transcription factors SP1 and SP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Miyazawa
- From the Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512 and
| | - Kohji Noguchi
- From the Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512 and
| | - Mana Kujirai
- From the Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512 and
| | - Kazuhiro Katayama
- From the Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512 and
| | - Satoshi Yamagoe
- the Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- From the Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512 and
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Niehues H, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Bergboer JGM, Kersten FFJ, Narita M, Hendriks WJAJ, van den Bogaard EH, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins: distinct expression patterns of LCE2 and LCE3 members suggest nonredundant roles in human epidermis and other epithelia. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:795-802. [PMID: 26556599 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletion of the late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins LCE3B and LCE3C is a strong and widely replicated psoriasis risk factor. It is amenable to biological analysis because it precludes the expression of two epidermis-specific proteins, rather than being a single-nucleotide polymorphism of uncertain significance. The biology of the 18-member LCE family of highly homologous proteins has remained largely unexplored so far. OBJECTIVES To analyse LCE3 expression at the protein level in human epithelia, as a starting point for functional analyses of these proteins in health and disease. METHODS We generated the first pan-LCE3 monoclonal antibody and provide a detailed analysis of its specificity towards individual LCE members. LCE2 and LCE3 expression in human tissues and in reconstructed human skin models was studied using immunohistochemical analyses and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Our study reveals that LCE2 and LCE3 proteins are differentially expressed in human epidermis, and colocalize only in the upper stratum granulosum layer. Using an in vitro reconstructed human skin model that mimics epidermal morphogenesis, we found that LCE3 proteins are expressed at an early time point during epidermal differentiation in the suprabasal layers, while LCE2 proteins are found only in the uppermost granular layer and stratum corneum. CONCLUSIONS Based on the localization of LCE2 and LCE3 in human epidermis we conclude that members of the LCE protein family are likely to have distinct functions in epidermal biology. This finding may contribute to understanding why LCE3B/C deletion increases psoriasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J G M Bergboer
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - F F J Kersten
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Narita
- Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, The Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - W J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Wang J, Ding Y, Fan X, Zuo X, Wang W, Cheng H, Li P, Sun L, Yang S, Zhang X. Gene-Gene Interaction between LCE and CLEC16A Increases the Risk of Psoriasis in a Chinese Population. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:421-3. [PMID: 24966655 PMCID: PMC4069666 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.3.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Yantao Ding
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China. ; Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China. ; Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China. ; Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China
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7
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Brooks YS, Ostano P, Jo SH, Dai J, Getsios S, Dziunycz P, Hofbauer GFL, Cerveny K, Chiorino G, Lefort K, Dotto GP. Multifactorial ERβ and NOTCH1 control of squamous differentiation and cancer. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2260-76. [PMID: 24743148 DOI: 10.1172/jci72718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Downmodulation or loss-of-function mutations of the gene encoding NOTCH1 are associated with dysfunctional squamous cell differentiation and development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in skin and internal organs. While NOTCH1 receptor activation has been well characterized, little is known about how NOTCH1 gene transcription is regulated. Using bioinformatics and functional screening approaches, we identified several regulators of the NOTCH1 gene in keratinocytes, with the transcription factors DLX5 and EGR3 and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) directly controlling its expression in differentiation. DLX5 and ERG3 are required for RNA polymerase II (PolII) recruitment to the NOTCH1 locus, while ERβ controls NOTCH1 transcription through RNA PolII pause release. Expression of several identified NOTCH1 regulators, including ERβ, is frequently compromised in skin, head and neck, and lung SCCs and SCC-derived cell lines. Furthermore, a keratinocyte ERβ-dependent program of gene expression is subverted in SCCs from various body sites, and there are consistent differences in mutation and gene-expression signatures of head and neck and lung SCCs in female versus male patients. Experimentally increased ERβ expression or treatment with ERβ agonists inhibited proliferation of SCC cells and promoted NOTCH1 expression and squamous differentiation both in vitro and in mouse xenotransplants. Our data identify a link between transcriptional control of NOTCH1 expression and the estrogen response in keratinocytes, with implications for differentiation therapy of squamous cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Loci
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- RNA Polymerase II/genetics
- RNA Polymerase II/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Menon GK, Cleary GW, Lane ME. The structure and function of the stratum corneum. Int J Pharm 2012; 435:3-9. [PMID: 22705878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 150 years the skin's structure and function has been the subject of much investigation by scientists. The stratum corneum (SC), the skin's outermost layer and interface with the outside world is now well recognized as the barrier that prevents unwanted materials from entering, and excessive loss of water from exiting the body. This review summarizes the major advances in our understanding of this formidable membrane. The structure of the SC is outlined as well as techniques to visualize the barrier. The lipid organization and ionic gradients, as well as the metabolic responses and underlying cellular signalling that lead to barrier repair and homeostasis are discussed. Finally, a brief overview of the molecular and genetic factors that determine the development of a competent permeability barrier is provided.
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Kypriotou M, Huber M, Hohl D. The human epidermal differentiation complex: cornified envelope precursors, S100 proteins and the 'fused genes' family. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:643-9. [PMID: 22507538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The skin is essential for survival and protects our body against biological attacks, physical stress, chemical injury, water loss, ultraviolet radiation and immunological impairment. The epidermal barrier constitutes the primordial frontline of this defense established during terminal differentiation. During this complex process proliferating basal keratinocytes become suprabasally mitotically inactive and move through four epidermal layers (basal, spinous, granular and layer, stratum corneum) constantly adapting to the needs of the respective cell layer. As a result, squamous keratinocytes contain polymerized keratin intermediate filament bundles and a water-retaining matrix surrounded by the cross-linked cornified cell envelope (CE) with ceramide lipids attached on the outer surface. These cells are concomitantly insulated by intercellular lipid lamellae and hold together by corneodesmosmes. Many proteins essential for epidermal differentiation are encoded by genes clustered on chromosomal human region 1q21. These genes constitute the 'epidermal differentiation complex' (EDC), which is divided on the basis of common gene and protein structures, in three gene families: (i) CE precursors, (ii) S100A and (iii) S100 fused genes. EDC protein expression is regulated in a gene and tissue-specific manner by a pool of transcription factors. Among them, Klf4, Grhl3 and Arnt are essential, and their deletion in mice is lethal. The importance of the EDC is further reflected by human diseases: FLG mutations are the strongest risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) and for AD-associated asthma, and faulty CE formation caused by TG1 deficiency causes life-threatening lamellar ichthyosis. Here, we review the EDC genes and the progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Kypriotou
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Service of Dermatology and Venereology, Beaumont Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jackson B, Brown SJ, Avilion AA, O'Shaughnessy RFL, Sully K, Akinduro O, Murphy M, Cleary ML, Byrne C. TALE homeodomain proteins regulate site-specific terminal differentiation, LCE genes and epidermal barrier. Development 2011. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.068973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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