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Yim YI, Pedrosa A, Wu X, Chinthalapudi K, Cheney RE, Hammer JA. Mechanisms underlying Myosin 10's contribution to the maintenance of mitotic spindle bipolarity. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar14. [PMID: 38019611 PMCID: PMC10881153 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin 10 (Myo10) couples microtubules and integrin-based adhesions to movement along actin filaments via its microtubule-binding MyTH4 domain and integrin-binding FERM domain, respectively. Here we show that Myo10-depleted HeLa cells and mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) both exhibit a pronounced increase in the frequency of multipolar spindles. Staining of unsynchronized metaphase cells showed that the primary driver of spindle multipolarity in Myo10-depleted MEFs and in Myo10-depleted HeLa cells lacking supernumerary centrosomes is pericentriolar material (PCM) fragmentation, which creates y-tubulin-positive acentriolar foci that serve as extra spindle poles. For HeLa cells possessing supernumerary centrosomes, Myo10 depletion further accentuates spindle multipolarity by impairing the clustering of the extra spindle poles. Complementation experiments show that Myo10 must interact with both microtubules and integrins to promote PCM/pole integrity. Conversely, Myo10 only needs interact with integrins to promote supernumerary centrosome clustering. Importantly, images of metaphase Halo-Myo10 knockin cells show that the myosin localizes exclusively to the spindle and the tips of adhesive retraction fibers. We conclude that Myo10 promotes PCM/pole integrity in part by interacting with spindle microtubules, and that it promotes supernumerary centrosome clustering by supporting retraction fiber-based cell adhesion, which likely serves to anchor the microtubule-based forces driving pole focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-In Yim
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Antonio Pedrosa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Richard E. Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John A. Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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2
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Peterman E, Quitevis EJ, Goo CE, Rasmussen JP. Rho-associated kinase regulates Langerhans cell morphology and responsiveness to tissue damage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.550974. [PMID: 37546841 PMCID: PMC10402157 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin is often the first physical barrier to encounter invading pathogens and physical damage. Damage to the skin must be resolved quickly and efficiently to maintain organ homeostasis. Epidermal-resident immune cells known as Langerhans cells use dendritic protrusions to dynamically surveil the skin microenvironment, which contains epithelial keratinocytes and somatosensory peripheral axons. The mechanisms governing Langerhans cell dendrite dynamics and responses to tissue damage are not well understood. Using skin explants from adult zebrafish, we show that Langerhans cells maintain normal surveillance activity following axonal degeneration and use their dynamic dendrites to engulf small axonal debris. By contrast, a ramified-to-rounded shape transition accommodates the engulfment of larger keratinocyte debris. We find that Langerhans cell dendrites are richly populated with actin and sensitive to a broad spectrum actin inhibitor. We further show that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition leads to elongated dendrites, perturbed clearance of large debris, and reduced Langerhans cell migration to tissue-scale wounds. Altogether, our work describes the unique dynamics of Langerhans cells and involvement of the ROCK pathway in immune cell responses to damage of varying magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Camille E.A. Goo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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3
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Yim YI, Pedrosa A, Wu X, Chinthalapudi K, Cheney RE, Hammer JA. Myosin 10 uses its MyTH4 and FERM domains differentially to support two aspects of spindle pole biology required for mitotic spindle bipolarity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545002. [PMID: 37398378 PMCID: PMC10312724 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Myosin 10 (Myo10) has the ability to link actin filaments to integrin-based adhesions and to microtubules by virtue of its integrin-binding FERM domain and microtubule-binding MyTH4 domain, respectively. Here we used Myo10 knockout cells to define Myo10's contribution to the maintenance of spindle bipolarity, and complementation to quantitate the relative contributions of its MyTH4 and FERM domains. Myo10 knockout HeLa cells and mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) both exhibit a pronounced increase in the frequency of multipolar spindles. Staining of unsynchronized metaphase cells showed that the primary driver of spindle multipolarity in knockout MEFs and knockout HeLa cells lacking supernumerary centrosomes is pericentriolar material (PCM) fragmentation, which creates γ-tubulin-positive acentriolar foci that serve as additional spindle poles. For HeLa cells possessing supernumerary centrosomes, Myo10 depletion further accentuates spindle multipolarity by impairing the clustering of the extra spindle poles. Complementation experiments show that Myo10 must interact with both integrins and microtubules to promote PCM/pole integrity. Conversely, Myo10's ability to promote the clustering of supernumerary centrosomes only requires that it interact with integrins. Importantly, images of Halo-Myo10 knock-in cells show that the myosin localizes exclusively within adhesive retraction fibers during mitosis. Based on these and other results, we conclude that Myo10 promotes PCM/pole integrity at a distance, and that it facilitates supernumerary centrosome clustering by promoting retraction fiber-based cell adhesion, which likely provides an anchor for the microtubule-based forces driving pole focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-In Yim
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Antonio Pedrosa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Richard E. Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John A. Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Filopodia rotate and coil by actively generating twist in their actin shaft. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1636. [PMID: 35347113 PMCID: PMC8960877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-rich structures, present on the surface of eukaryotic cells. These structures play a pivotal role by allowing cells to explore their environment, generate mechanical forces or perform chemical signaling. Their complex dynamics includes buckling, pulling, length and shape changes. We show that filopodia additionally explore their 3D extracellular space by combining growth and shrinking with axial twisting and buckling. Importantly, the actin core inside filopodia performs a twisting or spinning motion which is observed for a range of cell types spanning from earliest development to highly differentiated tissue cells. Non-equilibrium physical modeling of actin and myosin confirm that twist is an emergent phenomenon of active filaments confined in a narrow channel which is supported by measured traction forces and helical buckles that can be ascribed to accumulation of sufficient twist. These results lead us to conclude that activity induced twisting of the actin shaft is a general mechanism underlying fundamental functions of filopodia. The authors show how tubular surface structures in all cell types, have the ability to twist and perform rotary sweeping motion to explore the extracellular environment. This has implications for migration, sensing and cell communication.
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5
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Puech PH, Bongrand P. Mechanotransduction as a major driver of cell behaviour: mechanisms, and relevance to cell organization and future research. Open Biol 2021; 11:210256. [PMID: 34753321 PMCID: PMC8586914 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How do cells process environmental cues to make decisions? This simple question is still generating much experimental and theoretical work, at the border of physics, chemistry and biology, with strong implications in medicine. The purpose of mechanobiology is to understand how biochemical and physical cues are turned into signals through mechanotransduction. Here, we review recent evidence showing that (i) mechanotransduction plays a major role in triggering signalling cascades following cell-neighbourhood interaction; (ii) the cell capacity to continually generate forces, and biomolecule properties to undergo conformational changes in response to piconewton forces, provide a molecular basis for understanding mechanotransduction; and (iii) mechanotransduction shapes the guidance cues retrieved by living cells and the information flow they generate. This includes the temporal and spatial properties of intracellular signalling cascades. In conclusion, it is suggested that the described concepts may provide guidelines to define experimentally accessible parameters to describe cell structure and dynamics, as a prerequisite to take advantage of recent progress in high-throughput data gathering, computer simulation and artificial intelligence, in order to build a workable, hopefully predictive, account of cell signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri Puech
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Bongrand
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
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6
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Kühn S, Bergqvist J, Gil M, Valenzuela C, Barrio L, Lebreton S, Zurzolo C, Enninga J. Actin Assembly around the Shigella-Containing Vacuole Promotes Successful Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107638. [PMID: 32402280 PMCID: PMC7225751 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteroinvasive bacterium Shigella flexneri forces its uptake into non-phagocytic host cells through the translocation of T3SS effectors that subvert the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we report de novo actin polymerization after cellular entry around the bacterium-containing vacuole (BCV) leading to the formation of a dynamic actin cocoon. This cocoon is thicker than any described cellular actin structure and functions as a gatekeeper for the cytosolic access of the pathogen. Host CDC42, TOCA-1, N-WASP, WIP, the Arp2/3 complex, cortactin, coronin, and cofilin are recruited to the actin cocoon. They are subverted by T3SS effectors, such as IpgD, IpgB1, and IcsB. IcsB immobilizes components of the actin polymerization machinery at the BCV dependent on its fatty acyltransferase activity. This represents a unique microbial subversion strategy through localized entrapment of host actin regulators causing massive actin assembly. We propose that the cocoon promotes subsequent invasion steps for successful Shigella infection. A thick actin cocoon forms de novo around the Shigella-containing vacuole upon entry The effector IcsB entraps host actin regulators at the vacuole by lipidation Cdc42, N-WASP, and the Arp2/3 complex are major actin cocoon regulators Cocoon formation promotes subsequent Shigella niche formation and dissemination
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John Bergqvist
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Magdalena Gil
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Camila Valenzuela
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laura Barrio
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Lebreton
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Trafficking and Pathogenesis Unit, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Trafficking and Pathogenesis Unit, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3691, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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7
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Jiang W, Han L, Yang L, Xu T, He J, Peng R, Liu Z, Zhang C, Yu X, Jia L. Natural Fish Trap-Like Nanocage for Label-Free Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002259. [PMID: 33240774 PMCID: PMC7675191 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have achieved several breakthroughs in the capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) over the past decades. However, artificial fabrication of label-free nanomaterials used for high-efficiency CTC capture is still a challenge. Through billions of years of evolution and natural selection, various complicated and precise hierarchical structures are developed. Here, a novel fish trap-like "nanocage" structure derived from the natural Chrysanthemum pollen is reported and a nanocage-featured film for the label-free capture of CTCs and CTC clusters is constructed. The nanocage-featured film effectively captures 92% rare cancer cells with a broad spectrum of cancer types, due to the synergistic effect of nanocage-CTC filopodia matching, high contact area, and strong adhesion force between the cancer cells and the nanocage. Furthermore, the nanocage-featured film successfully detects CTCs and CTC clusters in 2 or 4 mL blood taken from 21 cancer patients (stages I-IV) suffering from various types of cancers. This novel, abundant, and economical fish trap-like "nanocage" may provide new perspectives for the application of natural nanomaterials in clinical CTC capture and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenning Jiang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Lulu Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Liwei Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Jiabei He
- Department of OncologyThe Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian116033P. R. China
| | - Ruilian Peng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of OncologyThe Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian116033P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and ImagingSchool of BioengineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116023P. R. China
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8
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Shigella IpaA Binding to Talin Stimulates Filopodial Capture and Cell Adhesion. Cell Rep 2020; 26:921-932.e6. [PMID: 30673614 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shigella type III effector IpaA contains three binding sites for the focal adhesion protein vinculin (VBSs), which are involved in bacterial invasion of host cells. Here, we report that IpaA VBS3 unexpectedly binds to talin. The 2.5 Å resolution crystal structure of IpaA VBS3 in complex with the talin H1-H4 helices shows a tightly folded α-helical bundle, which is in contrast to the bundle unraveling upon vinculin interaction. High-affinity binding to talin H1-H4 requires a core of hydrophobic residues and electrostatic interactions conserved in talin VBS H46. Remarkably, IpaA VBS3 localizes to filopodial distal adhesions enriched in talin, but not vinculin. In addition, IpaA VBS3 binding to talin was required for filopodial adhesions and efficient capture of Shigella. These results point to the functional diversity of VBSs and support a specific role for talin binding by a subset of VBSs in the formation of filopodial adhesions.
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9
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Alieva NO, Efremov AK, Hu S, Oh D, Chen Z, Natarajan M, Ong HT, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G, Groves JT, Sheetz MP, Yan J, Bershadsky AD. Myosin IIA and formin dependent mechanosensitivity of filopodia adhesion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3593. [PMID: 31399564 PMCID: PMC6689027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia, dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell-generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we study filopodia induced by overexpression of myosin X, typical for cancer cells. The lifetime of such filopodia positively correlates with the presence of myosin IIA filaments at the filopodia bases. Application of pulling forces to the filopodia tips through attached fibronectin-coated laser-trapped beads results in sustained growth of the filopodia. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA abolishes the filopodia adhesion to the beads. Formin inhibitor SMIFH2, which causes detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produces similar effect. Thus, centripetal force generated by myosin IIA filaments at the base of filopodium and transmitted to the tip through actin core in a formin-dependent fashion is required for filopodia adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Alieva
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A K Efremov
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore
| | - S Hu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - D Oh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Z Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M Natarajan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - H T Ong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A Jégou
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - G Romet-Lemonne
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - J T Groves
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - J Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - A D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl St 234, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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10
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Zimmermann D, Kovar DR. Feeling the force: formin's role in mechanotransduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 56:130-140. [PMID: 30639952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental cellular processes such as division, polarization, and motility require the tightly regulated spatial and temporal assembly and disassembly of the underlying actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton has been long viewed as a central player facilitating diverse mechanotransduction pathways due to the notion that it is capable of receiving, processing, transmitting, and generating mechanical stresses. Recent work has begun to uncover the roles of mechanical stresses in modulating the activity of key regulatory actin-binding proteins and their interactions with actin filaments, thereby controlling the assembly (formin and Arp2/3 complex) and disassembly (ADF/Cofilin) of actin filament networks. In this review, we will focus on discussing the current molecular understanding of how members of the formin protein family sense and respond to forces and the potential implications for formin-mediated mechanotransduction in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Zimmermann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 76-361F, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, United States.
| | - David R Kovar
- The University of Chicago, Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, 90 E. 58th Street, CSLC 212, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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11
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ROS induced distribution of mitochondria to filopodia by Myo19 depends on a class specific tryptophan in the motor domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11577. [PMID: 28912530 PMCID: PMC5599611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the actin cytoskeleton in relation to mitochondria function and dynamics is only recently beginning to be recognized. Myo19 is an actin-based motor that is bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane and promotes the localization of mitochondria to filopodia in response to glucose starvation. However, how glucose starvation induces mitochondria localization to filopodia, what are the dynamics of this process and which enzymatic adaptation allows the translocation of mitochondria to filopodia are not known. Here we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mimic and mediate the glucose starvation induced phenotype. In addition, time-lapse fluorescent microscopy reveals that ROS-induced Myo19 motility is a highly dynamic process which is coupled to filopodia elongation and retraction. Interestingly, Myo19 motility is inhibited by back-to-consensus-mutation of a unique residue of class XIX myosins in the motor domain. Kinetic analysis of the purified mutant Myo19 motor domain reveals that the duty ratio (time spent strongly bound to actin) is highly compromised in comparison to that of the WT motor domain, indicating that Myo19 unique motor properties are necessary to propel mitochondria to filopodia tips. In summary, our study demonstrates the contribution of actin-based motility to the mitochondrial localization to filopodia by specific cellular cues.
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12
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Rosholm KR, Leijnse N, Mantsiou A, Tkach V, Pedersen SL, Wirth VF, Oddershede LB, Jensen KJ, Martinez KL, Hatzakis NS, Bendix PM, Callan-Jones A, Stamou D. Membrane curvature regulates ligand-specific membrane sorting of GPCRs in living cells. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:724-729. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Schnauß J, Händler T, Käs JA. Semiflexible Biopolymers in Bundled Arrangements. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8080274. [PMID: 30974551 PMCID: PMC6432226 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bundles and networks of semiflexible biopolymers are key elements in cells, lending them mechanical integrity while also enabling dynamic functions. Networks have been the subject of many studies, revealing a variety of fundamental characteristics often determined via bulk measurements. Although bundles are equally important in biological systems, they have garnered much less scientific attention since they have to be probed on the mesoscopic scale. Here, we review theoretical as well as experimental approaches, which mainly employ the naturally occurring biopolymer actin, to highlight the principles behind these structures on the single bundle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schnauß
- Institute for Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Tina Händler
- Institute for Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Josef A Käs
- Institute for Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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14
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Schnauß J, Golde T, Schuldt C, Schmidt BUS, Glaser M, Strehle D, Händler T, Heussinger C, Käs JA. Transition from a Linear to a Harmonic Potential in Collective Dynamics of a Multifilament Actin Bundle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:108102. [PMID: 27015510 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Attractive depletion forces between rodlike particles in highly crowded environments have been shown through recent modeling and experimental approaches to induce different structural and dynamic signatures depending on relative orientation between rods. For example, it has been demonstrated that the axial attraction between two parallel rods yields a linear energy potential corresponding to a constant contractile force of 0.1 pN. Here, we extend pairwise, depletion-induced interactions to a multifilament level with actin bundles, and find contractile forces up to 3 pN. Forces generated due to bundle relaxation were not constant, but displayed a harmonic potential and decayed exponentially with a mean decay time of 3.4 s. Through an analytical model, we explain these different fundamental dynamics as an emergent, collective phenomenon stemming from the additive, pairwise interactions of filaments within a bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schnauß
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Golde
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Schuldt
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - B U Sebastian Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Glaser
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dan Strehle
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Händler
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claus Heussinger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josef A Käs
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Surfing along Filopodia: A Particle Transport Revealed by Molecular-Scale Fluctuation Analyses. Biophys J 2016; 108:2114-25. [PMID: 25954870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia perform cellular functions such as environmental sensing or cell motility, but they also grab for particles and withdraw them leading to an increased efficiency of phagocytic uptake. Remarkably, withdrawal of micron-sized particles is also possible without noticeable movements of the filopodia. Here, we demonstrate that polystyrene beads connected by optical tweezers to the ends of adherent filopodia of J774 macrophages, are transported discontinuously toward the cell body. After a typical resting time of 1-2 min, the cargo is moved with alternating velocities, force constants, and friction constants along the surface of the filopodia. This surfing-like behavior along the filopodium is recorded by feedback-controlled interferometric three-dimensional tracking of the bead motions at 10-100 kHz. We measured transport velocities of up to 120 nm/s and transport forces of ∼ 70 pN. Small changes in position, fluctuation width, and temporal correlation, which are invisible in conventional microscopy, indicate molecular reorganization of transport-relevant proteins in different phases of the entire transport process. A detailed analysis implicates a controlled particle transport with fingerprints of a nanoscale unbinding/binding behavior. The manipulation and analysis methods presented in our study may also be helpful in other fields of cellular biophysics.
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16
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Charles-Orszag A, Lemichez E, Tran Van Nhieu G, Duménil G. Microbial pathogenesis meets biomechanics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 38:31-7. [PMID: 26849533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introducing concepts from soft matter physics and mechanics has largely contributed to our understanding of a variety of biological processes. In this review, we argue that this holds true for bacterial pathogenesis. We base this argument on three examples of bacterial pathogens and their interaction with host cells during infection: (i) Shigella flexneri exploits actin-dependent forces to come into close contact with epithelial cells prior to invasion of the epithelium; (ii) Neisseria meningitidis manipulates endothelial cells to resist shear stress during vascular colonization; (iii) bacterial toxins take advantage of the biophysical properties of the host cell plasma membrane to generate transcellular macroapertures in the vascular wall. Together, these examples show that a multidisciplinary approach integrating physics and biology is more necessary than ever to understand complex infectious phenomena. Moreover, this avenue of research will allow the exploration of general processes in cell biology, highlighted by pathogens, in the context of other non-communicable human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Charles-Orszag
- Pathogenesis of vascular infections unit, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- INSERM, U1065, Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Centre Méditerranéen De Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, 151 Route St Antoine de Ginestière, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Duménil
- Pathogenesis of vascular infections unit, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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17
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Jacquemet G, Hamidi H, Ivaska J. Filopodia in cell adhesion, 3D migration and cancer cell invasion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:23-31. [PMID: 26186729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the role filopodia and filopodia-like structures in cell adhesion and three dimensional (3D) cell migration both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we focus on recent advances demonstrating that filopodia are involved in substrate tethering and environment sensing in vivo. We further discuss the emerging role of filopodia and filopodial proteins in tumor dissemination as mounting in vitro, in vivo and clinical evidence suggest that filopodia drive cancer cell invasion and highlight filopodia proteins as attractive therapeutic targets. Finally, we outline outstanding questions that remain to be addressed to elucidate the role of filopodia during 3D cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hellyeh Hamidi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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18
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Valencia-Gallardo CM, Carayol N, Tran Van Nhieu G. Cytoskeletal mechanics during Shigella invasion and dissemination in epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:174-82. [PMID: 25469430 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is key to the barrier function of epithelial cells, by permitting the establishment and maintenance of cell-cell junctions and cell adhesion to the basal matrix. Actin exists under monomeric and polymerized filamentous form and its polymerization following activation of nucleation promoting factors generates pushing forces, required to propel intracellular microorganisms in the host cell cytosol or for the formation of cell extensions that engulf bacteria. Actin filaments can associate with adhesion receptors at the plasma membrane via cytoskeletal linkers. Membrane anchored to actin filaments are then subjected to the retrograde flow that may pull membrane-bound bacteria inside the cell. To induce its internalization by normally non-phagocytic cells, bacteria need to establish adhesive contacts and trick the cell into apply pulling forces, and/or to generate protrusive forces that deform the membrane surrounding its contact site. In this review, we will focus on recent findings on actin cytoskeleton reorganization within epithelial cells during invasion and cell-to-cell spreading by the enteroinvasive pathogen Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar M Valencia-Gallardo
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1050, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7241, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Paris, France
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19
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Abstract
Cells can interact with their surroundings via filopodia, which are membrane protrusions that extend beyond the cell body. Filopodia are essential during dynamic cellular processes like motility, invasion, and cell-cell communication. Filopodia contain cross-linked actin filaments, attached to the surrounding cell membrane via protein linkers such as integrins. These actin filaments are thought to play a pivotal role in force transduction, bending, and rotation. We investigated whether, and how, actin within filopodia is responsible for filopodia dynamics by conducting simultaneous force spectroscopy and confocal imaging of F-actin in membrane protrusions. The actin shaft was observed to periodically undergo helical coiling and rotational motion, which occurred simultaneously with retrograde movement of actin inside the filopodium. The cells were found to retract beads attached to the filopodial tip, and retraction was found to correlate with rotation and coiling of the actin shaft. These results suggest a previously unidentified mechanism by which a cell can use rotation of the filopodial actin shaft to induce coiling and hence axial shortening of the filopodial actin bundle.
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20
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Formin mDia1 senses and generates mechanical forces on actin filaments. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1883. [PMID: 23695677 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton assembly is instrumental in the regulation of biological functions by physical forces. In a number of key cellular processes, actin filaments elongated by formins such as mDia are subject to mechanical tension, yet how mechanical forces modulate the assembly of actin filaments is an open question. Here, using the viscous drag of a microfluidic flow, we apply calibrated piconewton pulling forces to individual actin filaments that are being elongated at their barbed end by surface-anchored mDia1 proteins. We show that mDia1 is mechanosensitive and that the elongation rate of filaments is increased up to two-fold by the application of a pulling force. We also show that mDia1 is able to track a depolymerizing barbed end in spite of an opposing pulling force, which means that mDia1 can efficiently put actin filaments under mechanical tension. Our findings suggest that formin function in cells is tightly coupled to the mechanical activity of other machineries.
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21
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Filopodial retraction force is generated by cortical actin dynamics and controlled by reversible tethering at the tip. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18928-33. [PMID: 24198333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316572110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like plasma membrane protrusions that sense the mechanical and chemical surroundings of the cell. Here, we show in epithelial cells that the dynamics of filopodial extension and retraction are determined by the difference between the actin polymerization rate at the tip and the retrograde flow at the base of the filopodium. Adhesion of a bead to the filopodial tip locally reduces actin polymerization and leads to retraction via retrograde flow, reminiscent of a process used by pathogens to invade cells. Using optical tweezers, we show that filopodial retraction occurs at a constant speed against counteracting forces up to 50 pN. Our measurements point toward retrograde flow in the cortex together with frictional coupling between the filopodial and cortical actin networks as the main retraction-force generator for filopodia. The force exerted by filopodial retraction, however, is limited by the connection between filopodial actin filaments and the membrane at the tip. Upon mechanical rupture of the tip connection, filopodia exert a passive retraction force of 15 pN via their plasma membrane. Transient reconnection at the tip allows filopodia to continuously probe their surroundings in a load-and-fail manner within a well-defined force range.
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22
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Carayol N, Tran Van Nhieu G. The inside story of Shigella invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a016717. [PMID: 24086068 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As opposed to other invasive pathogens that reside into host cells in a parasitic mode, Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades the colonic mucosa but does not penetrate further to survive into deeper tissues. Instead, Shigella invades, replicates, and disseminates within the colonic mucosa. Bacterial invasion and spreading in intestinal epithelium lead to the elicitation of inflammatory responses responsible for the tissue destruction and shedding in the environment for further infection of other hosts. In this article, we highlight specific features of the Shigella arsenal of virulence determinants injected by a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) that point to the targeting of intestinal epithelial cells as a discrete route of invasion during the initial event of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Carayol
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris, France
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23
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Bornschlögl T. How filopodia pull: what we know about the mechanics and dynamics of filopodia. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:590-603. [PMID: 23959922 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the dynamic, hair-like cell protrusions called filopodia have attracted considerable attention. They have been found in a multitude of different cell types and are often called "sensory organelles," since they seem to sense the mechanical and chemical environment of a cell. Once formed, filopodia can exhibit complex behavior, they can grow and retract, push or pull, and transform into distinct structures. They are often found to make first adhesive contact with the extracellular matrix, pathogens or with adjacent cells, and to subsequently exert pulling forces. Much is known about the cytoskeletal players involved in filopodia formation, but only recently have we started to explore the mechanics of filopodia together with the related cytoskeletal dynamics. This review summarizes current advancements in our understanding of the mechanics and dynamics of filopodia, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms behind filopodial force exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bornschlögl
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire, Physico-Chimie UMR CNRS, 168, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
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24
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Adenosine-A3 receptors in neutrophil microdomains promote the formation of bacteria-tethering cytonemes. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:726-32. [PMID: 23817552 PMCID: PMC3736131 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
These study shows that A3ARs aggregate in polarized immunomodulatory microdomains on human neutrophils and induce filipodia-like projections that tether and 'reel-in' pathogens, increasing phagocytic efficiency. The A3-adenosine receptor (A3AR) has recently emerged as a key regulator of neutrophil behaviour. Using a fluorescent A3AR ligand, we show that A3ARs aggregate in highly polarized immunomodulatory microdomains on human neutrophil membranes. In addition to regulating chemotaxis, A3ARs promote the formation of filipodia-like projections (cytonemes) that can extend up to 100 μm to tether and ‘reel in' pathogens. Exposure to bacteria or an A3AR agonist stimulates the formation of these projections and bacterial phagocytosis, whereas an A3AR-selective antagonist inhibits cytoneme formation. Our results shed new light on the behaviour of neutrophils and identify the A3AR as a potential target for modulating their function.
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25
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Cell signaling experiments driven by optical manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8963-84. [PMID: 23698758 PMCID: PMC3676767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14058963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling involves complex transduction mechanisms in which information released by nearby cells or extracellular cues are transmitted to the cell, regulating fundamental cellular activities. Understanding such mechanisms requires cell stimulation with precise control of low numbers of active molecules at high spatial and temporal resolution under physiological conditions. Optical manipulation techniques, such as optical tweezing, mechanical stress probing or nano-ablation, allow handling of probes and sub-cellular elements with nanometric and millisecond resolution. PicoNewton forces, such as those involved in cell motility or intracellular activity, can be measured with femtoNewton sensitivity while controlling the biochemical environment. Recent technical achievements in optical manipulation have new potentials, such as exploring the actions of individual molecules within living cells. Here, we review the progress in optical manipulation techniques for single-cell experiments, with a focus on force probing, cell mechanical stimulation and the local delivery of active molecules using optically manipulated micro-vectors and laser dissection.
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26
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Faião-Flores F, Suarez JAQ, Soto-Cerrato V, Espona-Fiedler M, Pérez-Tomás R, Maria DA. Bcl-2 family proteins and cytoskeleton changes involved in DM-1 cytotoxic effect on melanoma cells. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1235-43. [PMID: 23341182 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of skin cancer and its incidence rate is still increasing. All existing treatments are minimally effective. Consequently, new therapeutic agents for melanoma treatment should be developed. The DM-1 compound is a curcumin analog that possesses several curcumin characteristics, such as antiproliferative, antitumor, and anti-metastatic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different signaling pathways involved in the cytotoxic effect of DM-1 on melanoma cells. The apoptotic process and cytoskeletal changes were evaluated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively, in melanoma cells. After DM-1 treatment, SK-MEL-5 melanoma cells showed actin filament disorganization with spicule formation throughout the cytoskeleton and significant reduction of focal adhesion as well as they were present only at cell extremities, conferring a poor connection between the cell and the substrate. Besides this, there was significant filopodium retraction and loss of typical cytoskeleton scaffold. These modifications contributed to cell detachment followed by cell death. Furthermore, DM-1-induced apoptosis was triggered by multiple Bcl-2 proteins involved in both the extrinsic and the intrinsic apoptotic pathways. SK-MEL-5 cells showed a death mechanism mainly by Bcl-2/Bax ratio decrease, whereas A375 cells presented apoptosis induction by Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL downregulation. In SK-MEL-5 and A375 melanoma cells, there was a significant increase in the active form of caspase 9, and the inactive form of the effector caspase 3 was decreased in both cell lines. Expression of cleaved poly ADP ribose polymerase was increased after DM-1 treatment in these melanoma cell lines, demonstrating that the apoptotic process occurred. Altogether, these data elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the cytotoxicity induced by the antitumor agent DM-1 in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Faião-Flores
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brasil Avenue, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil.
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