1
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Paoli F, Cristofaro M, Roselli G, Sasso R, Musmeci S, Barbieri F, Sciandra C, Vanoni V, Menegotti L, Roversi PF, Anfora G, Mercati D, Dallai R. Ultrastructure of the Spermiogenesis in Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): X-Irradiation and New Insights on the Centriolar Region Organization. INSECTS 2024; 15:505. [PMID: 39057238 PMCID: PMC11276701 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an insect pest native to Asia that has spread over the last two decades to most of the North America, parts of South America, Europe and North Africa. Its impact is significant as it can feed on more than 300 host plants, rendering affected fruits and vegetable crops unsellable or of lower quality. Various chemical and biological methods have been used to control this pest, with varying degrees of success. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a pest control method involving the sterilization of insects via ionizing radiation and their subsequent mass release into the field. In the present contribution, the spermiogenesis of H. halys was studied from an ultrastructural point of view in both irradiated and non-irradiated adult males. In both cases, we observed ultrastructural characteristics typical of hemipteran sperm cells: bridges connecting the mitochondrial derivatives and the axonemal microtubules, the absence of accessory bodies, and the presence of two or three crystalline inclusions within the mitochondrial derivatives, an acrosome composed of tightly packed tubules, and an atypical, plaque-shaped microtubular organizing center (MTOC) in the centriolar region. Moreover, in the same region, we seldom observed the presence of two centrioles in the spermatids, one of which disappeared at a later stage of maturation. This feature is a novelty for insect spermiogenesis. The cysts of irradiated adults were not all uniformly affected by the radiation. However, irradiated cysts sometimes exhibited a general disorganization of sperm arrangement, incomplete divisions of sperm cells resulting in multiple copies of the same organelle within the same cell, failure to reabsorb the cytoplasm, and the lack of axonemes. Finally, rod-shaped viruses or virus-like particles were observed in vasa deferentia independently of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paoli
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protecion and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy; (F.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Massimo Cristofaro
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Agency (BBCA), Via A. Signorelli 105, 00123 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Gerardo Roselli
- Biotechnology and Biological Control Agency (BBCA), Via A. Signorelli 105, 00123 Roma, Italy; (M.C.); (G.R.)
- Center Agricolture Food Enviroment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Sasso
- SSPT-BIOTEC Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy; (R.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Musmeci
- SSPT-BIOTEC Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy; (R.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesco Barbieri
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protecion and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy; (F.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Chiara Sciandra
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protecion and Certification, Via di Lanciola 12/a, 50125 Firenze, Italy; (F.P.); (F.B.); (C.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Valentina Vanoni
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38122 Trento, Italy; (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Loris Menegotti
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38122 Trento, Italy; (V.V.); (L.M.)
| | - Pio Federico Roversi
- National Reference Institute for Plant Protection, Via Bertero 22, 00156 Roma, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Center Agricolture Food Enviroment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38098 Trento, Italy;
| | - David Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
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2
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Zhang Y, Sung HH, Ziegler AB, Wu YC, Viais R, Sánchez-Huertas C, Kilo L, Agircan FG, Cheng YJ, Mouri K, Uemura T, Lüders J, Chien CT, Tavosanis G. Augmin complex activity finetunes dendrite morphology through non-centrosomal microtubule nucleation in vivo. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261512. [PMID: 38587100 PMCID: PMC11128282 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons achieve a stereotyped neuron type-specific morphology, which relies on dynamic support by microtubules (MTs). An important player is the augmin complex (hereafter augmin), which binds to existing MT filaments and recruits the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), to form branched MTs. In cultured neurons, augmin is important for neurite formation. However, little is known about the role of augmin during neurite formation in vivo. Here, we have revisited the role of mammalian augmin in culture and then turned towards the class four Drosophila dendritic arborization (c4da) neurons. We show that MT density is maintained through augmin in cooperation with the γ-TuRC in vivo. Mutant c4da neurons show a reduction of newly emerging higher-order dendritic branches and in turn also a reduced number of their characteristic space-filling higher-order branchlets. Taken together, our data reveal a cooperative function for augmin with the γ-TuRC in forming enough MTs needed for the appropriate differentiation of morphologically complex dendrites in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dynamics of Neuronal Circuits Group, Venusberg Campus 1 Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hsin-Ho Sung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anna B. Ziegler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dynamics of Neuronal Circuits Group, Venusberg Campus 1 Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ying-Chieh Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ricardo Viais
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lukas Kilo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dynamics of Neuronal Circuits Group, Venusberg Campus 1 Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fikret Gürkan Agircan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dynamics of Neuronal Circuits Group, Venusberg Campus 1 Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ying-Ju Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kousuke Mouri
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Center for Living Systems Information Science, Kyoto University
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gaia Tavosanis
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dynamics of Neuronal Circuits Group, Venusberg Campus 1 Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Kalbfuss N, Gönczy P. Towards understanding centriole elimination. Open Biol 2023; 13:230222. [PMID: 37963546 PMCID: PMC10645514 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based structures crucial for forming flagella, cilia and centrosomes. Through these roles, centrioles are critical notably for proper cell motility, signalling and division. Recent years have advanced significantly our understanding of the mechanisms governing centriole assembly and architecture. Although centrioles are typically very stable organelles, persisting over many cell cycles, they can also be eliminated in some cases. Here, we review instances of centriole elimination in a range of species and cell types. Moreover, we discuss potential mechanisms that enable the switch from a stable organelle to a vanishing one. Further work is expected to provide novel insights into centriole elimination mechanisms in health and disease, thereby also enabling scientists to readily manipulate organelle fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kalbfuss
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Ryniawec JM, Hannaford MR, Zibrat ME, Fagerstrom CJ, Galletta BJ, Aguirre SE, Guice BA, Dean SM, Rusan NM, Rogers GC. Cep104 is a component of the centriole distal tip complex that regulates centriole growth and contributes to Drosophila spermiogenesis. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4202-4216.e9. [PMID: 37729913 PMCID: PMC10591971 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Proper centrosome number and function relies on the accurate assembly of centrioles, barrel-shaped structures that form the core duplicating elements of the organelle. The growth of centrioles is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner; while new daughter centrioles elongate during the S/G2/M phase, mature mother centrioles maintain their length throughout the cell cycle. Centriole length is controlled by the synchronized growth of the microtubules that ensheathe the centriole barrel. Although proteins exist that target the growing distal tips of centrioles, such as CP110 and Cep97, these proteins are generally thought to suppress centriolar microtubule growth, suggesting that distal tips may also contain unidentified counteracting factors that facilitate microtubule polymerization. Currently, a mechanistic understanding of how distal tip proteins balance microtubule growth and shrinkage to either promote daughter centriole elongation or maintain centriole length is lacking. Using a proximity-labeling screen in Drosophila cells, we identified Cep104 as a novel component of a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins that we collectively refer to as the distal tip complex (DTC). We found that Cep104 regulates centriole growth and promotes centriole elongation through its microtubule-binding TOG domain. Furthermore, analysis of Cep104 null flies revealed that Cep104 and Cep97 cooperate during spermiogenesis to align spermatids and coordinate individualization. Lastly, we mapped the complete DTC interactome and showed that Cep97 is the central scaffolding unit required to recruit DTC components to the distal tip of centrioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Matthew R Hannaford
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melanie E Zibrat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Carey J Fagerstrom
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Galletta
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sophia E Aguirre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Bethany A Guice
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Spencer M Dean
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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5
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Steinacker TL, Wong SS, Novak ZA, Saurya S, Gartenmann L, van Houtum EJ, Sayers JR, Lagerholm BC, Raff JW. Centriole growth is limited by the Cdk/Cyclin-dependent phosphorylation of Ana2/STIL. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202205058. [PMID: 35861803 PMCID: PMC9442473 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles duplicate once per cell cycle, but it is unclear how daughter centrioles assemble at the right time and place and grow to the right size. Here, we show that in Drosophila embryos the cytoplasmic concentrations of the key centriole assembly proteins Asl, Plk4, Ana2, Sas-6, and Sas-4 are low, but remain constant throughout the assembly process-indicating that none of them are limiting for centriole assembly. The cytoplasmic diffusion rate of Ana2/STIL, however, increased significantly toward the end of S-phase as Cdk/Cyclin activity in the embryo increased. A mutant form of Ana2 that cannot be phosphorylated by Cdk/Cyclins did not exhibit this diffusion change and allowed daughter centrioles to grow for an extended period. Thus, the Cdk/Cyclin-dependent phosphorylation of Ana2 seems to reduce the efficiency of daughter centriole assembly toward the end of S-phase. This helps to ensure that daughter centrioles stop growing at the correct time, and presumably also helps to explain why centrioles cannot duplicate during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siu-Shing Wong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zsofia A. Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Gartenmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Judith R. Sayers
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jordan W. Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Ryniawec JM, Rogers GC. Centrosome instability: when good centrosomes go bad. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6775-6795. [PMID: 34476544 PMCID: PMC8560572 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is a tiny cytoplasmic organelle that organizes and constructs massive molecular machines to coordinate diverse cellular processes. Due to its many roles during both interphase and mitosis, maintaining centrosome homeostasis is essential to normal health and development. Centrosome instability, divergence from normal centrosome number and structure, is a common pathognomonic cellular state tightly associated with cancers and other genetic diseases. As novel connections are investigated linking the centrosome to disease, it is critical to understand the breadth of centrosome functions to inspire discovery. In this review, we provide an introduction to normal centrosome function and highlight recent discoveries that link centrosome instability to specific disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ryniawec
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Gregory C Rogers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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7
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Pineda-Santaella A, Fernández-Castillo N, Jiménez-Martín A, Macías-Cabeza MDC, Sánchez-Gómez Á, Fernández-Álvarez A. Loss of kinesin-8 improves the robustness of the self-assembled spindle in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271184. [PMID: 34346498 PMCID: PMC8435293 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation in female meiosis in many metazoans is mediated by acentrosomal spindles, the existence of which implies that microtubule spindles self-assemble without the participation of the centrosomes. Although it is thought that acentrosomal meiosis is not conserved in fungi, we recently reported the formation of self-assembled microtubule arrays, which were able to segregate chromosomes, in fission yeast mutants, in which the contribution of the spindle pole body (SPB; the centrosome equivalent in yeast) was specifically blocked during meiosis. Here, we demonstrate that this unexpected microtubule formation represents a bona fide type of acentrosomal spindle. Moreover, a comparative analysis of these self-assembled spindles and the canonical SPB-dependent spindle reveals similarities and differences; for example, both spindles have a similar polarity, but the location of the γ-tubulin complex differs. We also show that the robustness of self-assembled spindles can be reinforced by eliminating kinesin-8 family members, whereas kinesin-8 mutants have an adverse impact on SPB-dependent spindles. Hence, we consider that reinforced self-assembled spindles in yeast will help to clarify the molecular mechanisms behind acentrosomal meiosis, a crucial step towards better understanding gametogenesis. Summary: We report a comparative analysis of self-assembled spindles and canonical centrosomal spindles in fission yeast, which could clarify the mechanisms underlying acentrosomal meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pineda-Santaella
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera Km. 4, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Nazaret Fernández-Castillo
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera Km. 4, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Martín
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera Km. 4, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Macías-Cabeza
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera Km. 4, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ángela Sánchez-Gómez
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera Km. 4, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Fernández-Álvarez
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera Km. 4, 41013 Seville, Spain
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8
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Blake-Hedges C, Megraw TL. Coordination of Embryogenesis by the Centrosome in Drosophila melanogaster. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:277-321. [PMID: 31435800 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first 3 h of Drosophila melanogaster embryo development are exemplified by rapid nuclear divisions within a large syncytium, transforming the zygote to the cellular blastoderm after 13 successive cleavage divisions. As the syncytial embryo develops, it relies on centrosomes and cytoskeletal dynamics to transport nuclei, maintain uniform nuclear distribution throughout cleavage cycles, ensure generation of germ cells, and coordinate cellularization. For the sake of this review, we classify six early embryo stages that rely on processes coordinated by the centrosome and its regulation of the cytoskeleton. The first stage features migration of one of the female pronuclei toward the male pronucleus following maturation of the first embryonic centrosomes. Two subsequent stages distribute the nuclei first axially and then radially in the embryo. The remaining three stages involve centrosome-actin dynamics that control cortical plasma membrane morphogenesis. In this review, we highlight the dynamics of the centrosome and its role in controlling the six stages that culminate in the cellularization of the blastoderm embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Blake-Hedges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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9
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Graziadio L, Palumbo V, Cipressa F, Williams BC, Cenci G, Gatti M, Goldberg ML, Bonaccorsi S. Phenotypic characterization of diamond (dind), a Drosophila gene required for multiple aspects of cell division. Chromosoma 2018; 127:489-504. [PMID: 30120539 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-0680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many genes are required for the assembly of the mitotic apparatus and for proper chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. A fruitful approach to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cell division is the accurate phenotypic characterization of mutations in these genes. Here, we report the identification and characterization of diamond (dind), an essential Drosophila gene required both for mitosis of larval brain cells and for male meiosis. Larvae homozygous for any of the five EMS-induced mutations die in the third-instar stage and exhibit multiple mitotic defects. Mutant brain cells exhibit poorly condensed chromosomes and frequent chromosome breaks and rearrangements; they also show centriole fragmentation, disorganized mitotic spindles, defective chromosome segregation, endoreduplicated metaphases, and hyperploid and polyploid cells. Comparable phenotypes occur in mutant spermatogonia and spermatocytes. The dind gene encodes a non-conserved protein with no known functional motifs. Although the Dind protein exhibits a rather diffuse localization in both interphase and mitotic cells, fractionation experiments indicate that some Dind is tightly associated with the chromatin. Collectively, these results suggest that loss of Dind affects chromatin organization leading to defects in chromosome condensation and integrity, which in turn affect centriole stability and spindle assembly. However, our results do not exclude the possibility that Dind directly affects some behaviors of the spindle and centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Graziadio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cipressa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Museo storico della fisica e centro di studi e ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
| | - Byron C Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari (IBPM) del CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael L Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Jana SC, Mendonça S, Machado P, Werner S, Rocha J, Pereira A, Maiato H, Bettencourt-Dias M. Differential regulation of transition zone and centriole proteins contributes to ciliary base diversity. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:928-941. [PMID: 30013109 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved structures with many sensory and motility-related functions. The ciliary base, composed of the basal body and the transition zone, is critical for cilia assembly and function, but its contribution to cilia diversity remains unknown. Hence, we generated a high-resolution structural and biochemical atlas of the ciliary base of four functionally distinct neuronal and sperm cilia types within an organism, Drosophila melanogaster. We uncovered a common scaffold and diverse structures associated with different localization of 15 evolutionarily conserved components. Furthermore, CEP290 (also known as NPHP6) is involved in the formation of highly diverse transition zone links. In addition, the cartwheel components SAS6 and ANA2 (also known as STIL) have an underappreciated role in basal body elongation, which depends on BLD10 (also known as CEP135). The differential expression of these cartwheel components contributes to diversity in basal body length. Our results offer a plausible explanation to how mutations in conserved ciliary base components lead to tissue-specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Mendonça
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular (IPATIMUP), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Machado
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Werner
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Rocha
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Gupta A, Kitagawa D. Ultrastructural diversity between centrioles of eukaryotes. J Biochem 2018; 164:1-8. [PMID: 29462371 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several decades of centriole research have revealed the beautiful symmetry present in these microtubule-based organelles, which are required to form centrosomes, cilia and flagella in many eukaryotes. Centriole architecture is largely conserved across most organisms; however, individual centriolar features such as the central cartwheel or microtubule walls exhibit considerable variability when examined with finer resolution. In this paper, we review the ultrastructural characteristics of centrioles in commonly studied organisms, highlighting the subtle and not-so-subtle differences between specific structural components of these centrioles. In addition, we survey some non-canonical centriole structures that have been discovered in various species, from the coaxial bicentrioles of protists and lower land plants to the giant irregular centrioles of the fungus gnat Sciara. Finally, we speculate on the functional significance of these differences between centrioles, and the contribution of individual structural elements such as the cartwheel or microtubules towards the stability of centrioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshari Gupta
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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12
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Aydogan MG, Wainman A, Saurya S, Steinacker TL, Caballe A, Novak ZA, Baumbach J, Muschalik N, Raff JW. A homeostatic clock sets daughter centriole size in flies. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1233-1248. [PMID: 29500190 PMCID: PMC5881511 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are highly structured organelles whose size is remarkably consistent within any given cell type. New centrioles are born when Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) recruits Ana2/STIL and Sas-6 to the side of an existing "mother" centriole. These two proteins then assemble into a cartwheel, which grows outwards to form the structural core of a new daughter. Here, we show that in early Drosophila melanogaster embryos, daughter centrioles grow at a linear rate during early S-phase and abruptly stop growing when they reach their correct size in mid- to late S-phase. Unexpectedly, the cartwheel grows from its proximal end, and Plk4 determines both the rate and period of centriole growth: the more active the centriolar Plk4, the faster centrioles grow, but the faster centriolar Plk4 is inactivated and growth ceases. Thus, Plk4 functions as a homeostatic clock, establishing an inverse relationship between growth rate and period to ensure that daughter centrioles grow to the correct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Aydogan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Micron Oxford Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Thomas L Steinacker
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Anna Caballe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Zsofia A Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Janina Baumbach
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Nadine Muschalik
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
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13
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Roque H, Saurya S, Pratt MB, Johnson E, Raff JW. Drosophila PLP assembles pericentriolar clouds that promote centriole stability, cohesion and MT nucleation. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007198. [PMID: 29425198 PMCID: PMC5823460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericentrin is a conserved centrosomal protein whose dysfunction has been linked to several human diseases. It has been implicated in many aspects of centrosome and cilia function, but its precise role is unclear. Here, we examine Drosophila Pericentrin-like-protein (PLP) function in vivo in tissues that form both centrosomes and cilia. Plp mutant centrioles exhibit four major defects: (1) They are short and have subtle structural abnormalities; (2) They disengage prematurely, and so overduplicate; (3) They organise fewer cytoplasmic MTs during interphase; (4) When forming cilia, they fail to establish and/or maintain a proper connection to the plasma membrane—although, surprisingly, they can still form an axoneme-like structure that can recruit transition zone (TZ) proteins. We show that PLP helps assemble “pericentriolar clouds” of electron-dense material that emanate from the central cartwheel spokes and spread outward to surround the mother centriole. We propose that the partial loss of these structures may largely explain the complex centriole, centrosome and cilium defects we observe in Plp mutant cells. Centrioles are complex, microtubule (MT) based structures that organise two important cell organelles, the centrosome and the cilium. The centrosome is a major MT organising centre in many cell types, while the cilium functions as a cellular “antenna” responsible for regulating several cellular signalling pathways. Pericentrin is conserved centriole-binding protein that plays an important part in centrosome and cilium function, and mutations in the Pericentrin gene are linked to several human diseases. Here we use the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate how Pericentrin-Like-Protein (the fly homolog of Pericentrin) contributes to centriole, centrosome and cilium function. We find that Plp mutant fly centrioles have subtle structural defects, organize less microtubules, and do not properly migrate to the cell membrane to form cilia. We also observe that PLP helps assemble “pericentriolar clouds”—dense structures that emanate from the centriole, and appear to interact with microtubules, as well as connect existing centrioles to newly formed ones. In mutant flies these structures are significantly reduced in size. We propose that the defects in these PLP structures can explain most, if not all, the complex defects observed in Plp mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Roque
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saroj Saurya
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Metta B. Pratt
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Errin Johnson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan W. Raff
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Bassan MM, Angelotti-Mendonc A JS, Alves GR, Yamamoto PT, Moura O Filho FDAA. Selection of Reference Genes for Expression Studies in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2623-2629. [PMID: 29029285 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is considered the main vector of the bacteria associated with huanglongbing, a very serious disease that has threatened the world citrus industry. The absence of efficient control management protocols, including a lack of resistant cultivars, has led to the development of different approaches to study this pathosystem. The production of resistant genotypes relies on D. citri gene expression analyses by RT-qPCR to assess control of the vector population. High-quality, reliable RT-qPCR analyses depend upon proper reference gene selection and validation. However, adequate D. citri reference genes have not yet been identified. In the present study, we evaluated the genes EF 1-α, ACT, GAPDH, RPL7, RPL17, and TUB as candidate reference genes for this insect. Gene expression stability was evaluated using the mathematical algorithms deltaCt, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and geNorm, at five insect developmental stages, grown on two different plant hosts [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Sapindales: Rutaceae) and Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Sapindales: Rutaceae)]. The final gene ranking was calculated using RefFinder software, and the V-ATPase-A gene was selected for validation. According to our results, two reference genes are recommended when different plant hosts and developmental stages are considered. Considering gene expression studies in D. citri grown on M. paniculata, regardless of the insect developmental stage, GAPDH and RPL7 have the best fit as reference genes in RT-qPCR analyses, whereas GAPDH and EF 1-α are recommended as reference genes in insect studies using C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meire Menezes Bassan
- Departamento de Produc¸a~o Vegetal, Universidade de Sa~o Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Brazil
| | - Je Ssika Angelotti-Mendonc A
- Departamento de Produc¸a~o Vegetal, Universidade de Sa~o Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Alves
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Universidade de Sa~o Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Brazil
| | - Pedro Takao Yamamoto
- Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Universidade de Sa~o Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Brazil
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15
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Dallai R, Mercati D, Lino-Neto J, Dias G, Lupetti P. Evidence of a procentriole during spermiogenesis in the coccinellid insect Adalia decempunctata (L): An ultrastructural study. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:815-823. [PMID: 29092794 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in Adalia decempunctata (L), a beetle of the Coccinellidae family. The spermatocyte exhibits two centrioles which elongate to form a pair of primary cilia. A novel structure, appearing in cross sections as a dense droplet, is observed near the long centriole during spermiogenesis, and is soon accompanied by a procentriole (PCL). PCL structure consists of singlet microtubules, a central tubule and an incomplete cartwheel. The PCL persists until the end of spermiogenesis, when it vanishes together with the dense droplet. The sperm has an exceptionally long basal body and the nucleus is disposed parallel to the flagellar components, a peculiar trait shared by other species of the coccinellid group. The presence of a procentriole suggested by the use of antibodies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - David Mercati
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - José Lino-Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Glenda Dias
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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16
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Avidor-Reiss T, Ha A, Basiri ML. Transition Zone Migration: A Mechanism for Cytoplasmic Ciliogenesis and Postaxonemal Centriole Elongation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028142. [PMID: 28108487 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cilium is an elongated and continuous structure that spans two major subcellular domains. The cytoplasmic domain contains a short centriole, which serves to nucleate the main projection of the cilium. This projection, known as the axoneme, remains separated from the cytoplasm by a specialized gatekeeping complex within a ciliary subdomain called the transition zone. In this way, the axoneme is compartmentalized. Intriguingly, however, this general principle of cilium biology is altered in the sperm cells of many animals, which instead contain a cytoplasmic axoneme domain. Here, we discuss the hypothesis that the formation of specialized sperm giant centrioles and cytoplasmic cilia is mediated by the migration of the transition zone from its typical location as part of a structure known as the annulus and examine the intrinsic properties of the transition zone that may facilitate its migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Andrew Ha
- University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Marcus L Basiri
- University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43606
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17
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Lattao R, Kovács L, Glover DM. The Centrioles, Centrosomes, Basal Bodies, and Cilia of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 206:33-53. [PMID: 28476861 PMCID: PMC5419478 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.198168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles play a key role in the development of the fly. They are needed for the correct formation of centrosomes, the organelles at the poles of the spindle that can persist as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) into interphase. The ability to nucleate cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) is a property of the surrounding pericentriolar material (PCM). The centriole has a dual life, existing not only as the core of the centrosome but also as the basal body, the structure that templates the formation of cilia and flagellae. Thus the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body have an impact upon many aspects of development and physiology that can readily be modeled in Drosophila Centrosomes are essential to give organization to the rapidly increasing numbers of nuclei in the syncytial embryo and for the spatially precise execution of cell division in numerous tissues, particularly during male meiosis. Although mitotic cell cycles can take place in the absence of centrosomes, this is an error-prone process that opens up the fly to developmental defects and the potential of tumor formation. Here, we review the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body in different tissues and cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster, highlighting their contributions to different aspects of development and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lattao
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Levente Kovács
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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18
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Nechipurenko IV, Berciu C, Sengupta P, Nicastro D. Centriolar remodeling underlies basal body maturation during ciliogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28411364 PMCID: PMC5392363 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is nucleated by the mother centriole-derived basal body (BB) via as yet poorly characterized mechanisms. BBs have been reported to degenerate following ciliogenesis in the C. elegans embryo, although neither BB architecture nor early ciliogenesis steps have been described in this organism. In a previous study (Doroquez et al., 2014), we described the three-dimensional morphologies of sensory neuron cilia in adult C. elegans hermaphrodites at high resolution. Here, we use serial section electron microscopy and tomography of staged C. elegans embryos to demonstrate that BBs remodel to support ciliogenesis in a subset of sensory neurons. We show that centriolar singlet microtubules are converted into BB doublets which subsequently grow asynchronously to template the ciliary axoneme, visualize degeneration of the centriole core, and define the developmental stage at which the transition zone is established. Our work provides a framework for future investigations into the mechanisms underlying BB remodeling. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25686.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Cristina Berciu
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States.,Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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19
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Sugioka K, Hamill DR, Lowry JB, McNeely ME, Enrick M, Richter AC, Kiebler LE, Priess JR, Bowerman B. Centriolar SAS-7 acts upstream of SPD-2 to regulate centriole assembly and pericentriolar material formation. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28092264 PMCID: PMC5342823 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The centriole/basal body is a eukaryotic organelle that plays essential roles in cell division and signaling. Among five known core centriole proteins, SPD-2/Cep192 is the first recruited to the site of daughter centriole formation and regulates the centriolar localization of the other components in C. elegans and in humans. However, the molecular basis for SPD-2 centriolar localization remains unknown. Here, we describe a new centriole component, the coiled-coil protein SAS-7, as a regulator of centriole duplication, assembly and elongation. Intriguingly, our genetic data suggest that SAS-7 is required for daughter centrioles to become competent for duplication, and for mother centrioles to maintain this competence. We also show that SAS-7 binds SPD-2 and regulates SPD-2 centriolar recruitment, while SAS-7 centriolar localization is SPD-2-independent. Furthermore, pericentriolar material (PCM) formation is abnormal in sas-7 mutants, and the PCM-dependent induction of cell polarity that defines the anterior-posterior body axis frequently fails. We conclude that SAS-7 functions at the earliest step in centriole duplication yet identified and plays important roles in the orchestration of centriole and PCM assembly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20353.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Danielle R Hamill
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Joshua B Lowry
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Marie E McNeely
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Molly Enrick
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Alyssa C Richter
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Lauren E Kiebler
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - James R Priess
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
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20
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Morlon-Guyot J, Francia ME, Dubremetz JF, Daher W. Towards a molecular architecture of the centrosome in Toxoplasma gondii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:55-71. [PMID: 28026138 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. The pathogenicity of this unicellular parasite is tightly linked to its ability to efficiently proliferate within its host. Tachyzoites, the fast dividing form of the parasite, divide by endodyogeny. This process involves a single round of DNA replication, closed nuclear mitosis, and assembly of two daughter cells within a mother. The successful completion of endodyogeny relies on the temporal and spatial coordination of a plethora of simultaneous events. It has been shown that the Toxoplasma centrosome serves as signaling hub which nucleates spindle microtubules during mitosis and organizes the scaffolding of daughter cells components during cytokinesis. In addition, the centrosome is essential for inheriting both the apicoplast (a chloroplast-like organelle) and the Golgi apparatus. A growing body of evidence supports the notion that the T. gondii centrosome diverges in protein composition, structure and organization from its counterparts in higher eukaryotes making it an attractive source of potentially druggable targets. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on T. gondii centrosomal proteins and extend the putative centrosomal protein repertoire by in silico identification of mammalian centrosomal protein orthologs. We propose a working model for the organization and architecture of the centrosome in Toxoplasma parasites. Experimental validation of our proposed model will uncover how each predicted protein translates into the biology of centrosome, cytokinesis, karyokinesis, and organelle inheritance in Toxoplasma parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Morlon-Guyot
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria E Francia
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay
| | - Jean-François Dubremetz
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Wassim Daher
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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21
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Riparbelli MG, Gottardo M, Callaini G. Parthenogenesis in Insects: The Centriole Renaissance. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 63:435-479. [PMID: 28779329 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60855-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Building a new organism usually requires the contribution of two differently shaped haploid cells, the male and female gametes, each providing its genetic material to restore diploidy of the new born zygote. The successful execution of this process requires defined sequential steps that must be completed in space and time. Otherwise, development fails. Relevant among the earlier steps are pronuclear migration and formation of the first mitotic spindle that promote the mixing of parental chromosomes and the formation of the zygotic nucleus. A complex microtubule network ensures the proper execution of these processes. Instrumental to microtubule organization and bipolar spindle assembly is a distinct non-membranous organelle, the centrosome. Centrosome inheritance during fertilization is biparental, since both gametes provide essential components to build a functional centrosome. This model does not explain, however, centrosome formation during parthenogenetic development, a special mode of sexual reproduction in which the unfertilized egg develops without the contribution of the male gamete. Moreover, whereas fertilization is a relevant example in which the cells actively check the presence of only one centrosome, to avoid multipolar spindle formation, the development of parthenogenetic eggs is ensured, at least in insects, by the de novo assembly of multiple centrosomes.Here, we will focus our attention on the assembly of functional centrosomes following fertilization and during parthenogenetic development in insects. Parthenogenetic development in which unfertilized eggs are naturally depleted of centrosomes would provide a useful experimental system to investigate centriole assembly and duplication together with centrosome formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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22
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Kowanda M, Bergalet J, Wieczorek M, Brouhard G, Lécuyer É, Lasko P. Loss of function of the Drosophila Ninein-related centrosomal protein Bsg25D causes mitotic defects and impairs embryonic development. Biol Open 2016; 5:1040-51. [PMID: 27422905 PMCID: PMC5004617 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome-associated proteins Ninein (Nin) and Ninein-like protein (Nlp) play significant roles in microtubule stability, nucleation and anchoring at the centrosome in mammalian cells. Here, we investigate Blastoderm specific gene 25D (Bsg25D), which encodes the only Drosophila protein that is closely related to Nin and Nlp. In early embryos, we find that Bsg25D mRNA and Bsg25D protein are closely associated with centrosomes and astral microtubules. We show that sequences within the coding region and 3′UTR of Bsg25D mRNAs are important for proper localization of this transcript in oogenesis and embryogenesis. Ectopic expression of eGFP-Bsg25D from an unlocalized mRNA disrupts microtubule polarity in mid-oogenesis and compromises the distribution of the axis polarity determinant Gurken. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that an N-terminal fragment of Bsg25D can bind microtubules in vitro and can move along them, predominantly toward minus-ends. While flies homozygous for a Bsg25D null mutation are viable and fertile, 70% of embryos lacking maternal and zygotic Bsg25D do not hatch and exhibit chromosome segregation defects, as well as detachment of centrosomes from mitotic spindles. We conclude that Bsg25D is a centrosomal protein that, while dispensable for viability, nevertheless helps ensure the integrity of mitotic divisions in Drosophila. Summary: In humans, mutations in Ninein or Ninein-like protein result in microcephaly and other severe diseases. We show that while flies lacking the Ninein orthologue can survive, many die as embryos with defects in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kowanda
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Julie Bergalet
- RNA Biology Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Michal Wieczorek
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Gary Brouhard
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Éric Lécuyer
- RNA Biology Unit, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 0B1, Canada
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Jana SC, Bettencourt-Dias M, Durand B, Megraw TL. Drosophila melanogaster as a model for basal body research. Cilia 2016; 5:22. [PMID: 27382461 PMCID: PMC4932733 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is one of the most extensively studied organisms in biological research and has centrioles/basal bodies and cilia that can be modelled to investigate their functions in animals generally. Centrioles are nine-fold symmetrical microtubule-based cylindrical structures required to form centrosomes and also to nucleate the formation of cilia and flagella. When they function to template cilia, centrioles transition into basal bodies. The fruit fly has various types of basal bodies and cilia, which are needed for sensory neuron and sperm function. Genetics, cell biology and behaviour studies in the fruit fly have unveiled new basal body components and revealed different modes of assembly and functions of basal bodies that are conserved in many other organisms, including human, green algae and plasmodium. Here we describe the various basal bodies of Drosophila, what is known about their composition, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadhin Chandra Jana
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, número 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Bénédicte Durand
- Institut NeuroMyogène, CNRS UMR-5310 INSERM-U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
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Saurya S, Roque H, Novak ZA, Wainman A, Aydogan MG, Volanakis A, Sieber B, Pinto DMS, Raff JW. Drosophila Ana1 is required for centrosome assembly and centriole elongation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2514-25. [PMID: 27206860 PMCID: PMC4958303 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles organise centrosomes and cilia, and these organelles have an important role in many cell processes. In flies, the centriole protein Ana1 is required for the assembly of functional centrosomes and cilia. It has recently been shown that Cep135 (also known as Bld10) initially recruits Ana1 to newly formed centrioles, and that Ana1 then recruits Asl (known as Cep152 in mammals) to promote the conversion of these centrioles into centrosomes. Here, we show that ana1 mutants lack detectable centrosomes in vivo, that Ana1 is irreversibly incorporated into centrioles during their assembly and appears to play a more important role in maintaining Asl at centrioles than in initially recruiting Asl to centrioles. Unexpectedly, we also find that Ana1 promotes centriole elongation in a dose-dependent manner: centrioles are shorter when Ana1 dosage is reduced and are longer when Ana1 is overexpressed. This latter function of Ana1 appears to be distinct from its role in centrosome and cilium function, as a GFP–Ana1 fusion lacking the N-terminal 639 amino acids of the protein can support centrosome assembly and cilium function but cannot promote centriole over-elongation when overexpressed. Highlighted Article: Ana1 is a conserved centriole protein that we show is required for centrosome and cilium assembly and that also helps to promote centriole elongation in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Hélio Roque
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zsofia A Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Mustafa G Aydogan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Adam Volanakis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Boris Sieber
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David Miguel Susano Pinto
- Micron Oxford Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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25
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The centriole adjunct of insects: Need to update the definition. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Dias G, Lino-Neto J, Mercati D, Dallai R. The sperm structure and spermiogenesis of the heteropteran Coptosoma scutellatum (Geoffroy) with emphasis on the development of the centriole adjunct. Micron 2016; 82:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Turk E, Wills AA, Kwon T, Sedzinski J, Wallingford JB, Stearns T. Zeta-Tubulin Is a Member of a Conserved Tubulin Module and Is a Component of the Centriolar Basal Foot in Multiciliated Cells. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2177-83. [PMID: 26234217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are six members of the tubulin superfamily in eukaryotes. Alpha- and beta-tubulin form a heterodimer that polymerizes to form microtubules, and gamma-tubulin nucleates microtubules as a component of the gamma-tubulin ring complex. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulin are conserved in all eukaryotes. In contrast, delta- and epsilon-tubulin are conserved in many, but not all, eukaryotes and are associated with centrioles, although their molecular function is unclear. Zeta-tubulin is the sixth and final member of the tubulin superfamily and is largely uncharacterized. We find that zeta-, epsilon-, and delta-tubulin form an evolutionarily co-conserved module, the ZED module, that has been lost at several junctions in eukaryotic evolution and that zeta- and delta-tubulin are evolutionarily interchangeable. Humans lack zeta-tubulin but have delta-tubulin. In Xenopus multiciliated cells, zeta-tubulin is a component of the basal foot, a centriolar appendage that connects centrioles to the apical cytoskeleton, and co-localizes there with epsilon-tubulin. Depletion of zeta-tubulin results in disorganization of centriole distribution and polarity in multiciliated cells. In contrast with multiciliated cells, zeta-tubulin in cycling cells does not localize to centrioles and is associated with the TRiC/CCT cytoplasmic chaperone complex. We conclude that zeta-tubulin facilitates interactions between the centrioles and the apical cytoskeleton as a component of the basal foot in differentiated cells and propose that the ZED tubulins are important for centriole functionalization and orientation of centrioles with respect to cellular polarity axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Turk
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Airon A Wills
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jakub Sedzinski
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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28
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Dias G, Lino-Neto J, Mercati D, Dallai R. The sperm ultrastructure and spermiogenesis of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with evidence of cyst degeneration. Micron 2015; 73:21-7. [PMID: 25867758 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the spermatogenesis of tenebrionid beetles showed the unusual formation of two antiparallel sperm bundles per cyst. In this work we reported this feature also in Tribolium castaneum using light and transmission electron microscopy. The sperm structure of T. castaneum, similar to other tenebrionids, consists of a three-layered acrosome, an elongated nucleus and a flagellum with a 9+9+2 axoneme, two accessory bodies and two asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives. The presence of two antiparallel sperm bundles per cyst also in Meloidae and Rhipiphoridae suggests that it is a strong trait synapomorphic for Tenebrionoidea. The huge degeneration of whole sperm cells in several cysts of testes during spermiogenesis is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - José Lino-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, UFV, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - David Mercati
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Romano Dallai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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29
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Paoli F, Roversi PF, Benassai D, Squarcini M, Mercati D, Dallai R. The sperm of Matsucoccus feytaudi (Insecta, Coccoidea): Can the microtubular bundle be considered as a true flagellum? ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:142-156. [PMID: 25533128 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present work the spermiogenesis and sperm structure of Matsucoccus feytaudi, a primary pest of the maritime pine in southern eastern Europe, is studied. In addition to the already known characteristics of coccid sperm, such as the absence of the acrosome and mitochondria, and the presence of a bundle of microtubules responsible for sperm motility, a peculiar structure from which the microtubule bundle takes origin is described. Such a structure--a short cylinder provided with a central hub surrounded by several microtubules with a dense wall--is regarded as a Microtubule Organizing Centre (MTOC). During spermiogenesis, quartets of fused spermatids are formed; from each spermatid, a bundle of microtubules, generated by the MTOC, projects from the cell surface. Each cell has two centrioles, suggesting the lack of a meiotic process and the occurrence of parthenogenesis. At the end of the spermiogenesis, when the cysts containing bundles of sperm are formed, part of the nuclear material together with the MTOC structure is eliminated. Based on the origin of the microtubular bundle from the MTOC, the nature of the bundle as a flagellum is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paoli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CRA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Pio Federico Roversi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CRA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Daniele Benassai
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CRA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Michele Squarcini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CRA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
| | - David Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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30
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Gottardo M, Callaini G, Riparbelli MG. The Drosophila centriole: conversion of doublets to triplets within the stem cell niche. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2437-42. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that two distinct centriole lineages exist in Drosophila: somatic centrioles usually composed by microtubule doublets and germ line centrioles characterized by triplets. Remarkably, the transition from doublets to triplets in the testis occurs within the stem cell niche with the formation of the C-tubule. We demonstrated that the old mother centriole that stays in the apical cytoplasm of the male germline stem cells (GSCs) is invariably composed by triplets, whereas its daughter is always built by mixed doublets and triplets. This difference represents the first documentation of a structural asymmetry between mother and daughter centrioles in Drosophila GSCs and may reflect a correlation between the architecture of parent centrioles and their ability to recruit centrosomal proteins. We also found that the old mother centriole is linked to the cell membrane by distinct projections that may play an important role in keeping its apical position during centrosome separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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31
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Dallai R, Thipaksorn A, Gottardo M, Mercati D, Machida R, Beutel RG. The sperm structure ofCryptocercus punctulatusScudder (Blattodea) and sperm evolution in Dictyoptera. J Morphol 2014; 276:361-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena 53100 Italy
| | - Apisit Thipaksorn
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Nagano 386-2204 Japan
- ASESRU; Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena 53100 Italy
| | - David Mercati
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena 53100 Italy
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba; Nagano 386-2204 Japan
| | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Entomology Group; Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Erbertstr. 1 Jena 07743 Germany
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32
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Dallai R. Overview on spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Hexapoda. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:257-290. [PMID: 24732045 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The main characteristics of the sperm structure of Hexapoda are reported in the review. Data are dealing with the process of spermatogenesis, including the aberrant models giving rise to a reduced number of sperm cells. The sperm heteromorphism and the giant sperm exceeding the usual sperm size for length and width are considered. The characteristics of several components of a typical insect sperm are described: the plasma membrane and its glycocalyx, the nucleus, the centriole region and the centriole adjunct, the accessory bodies, the mitochondrial derivatives and the flagellar axoneme. Finally, a detailed description of the main sperm features of each hexapodan group is given with emphasis on the flagellar components considered to have great importance in phylogenetic considerations. This study may be also useful to those requiring an introduction to hexapod reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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33
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Franz A, Roque H, Saurya S, Dobbelaere J, Raff JW. CP110 exhibits novel regulatory activities during centriole assembly in Drosophila. J Cell Biol 2013; 203:785-99. [PMID: 24297749 PMCID: PMC3857486 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CP110 is a conserved centriole protein implicated in the regulation of cell division, centriole duplication, and centriole length and in the suppression of ciliogenesis. Surprisingly, we report that mutant flies lacking CP110 (CP110Δ) were viable and fertile and had no obvious defects in cell division, centriole duplication, or cilia formation. We show that CP110 has at least three functions in flies. First, it subtly influences centriole length by counteracting the centriole-elongating activity of several centriole duplication proteins. Specifically, we report that centrioles are ~10% longer than normal in CP110Δ mutants and ~20% shorter when CP110 is overexpressed. Second, CP110 ensures that the centriolar microtubules do not extend beyond the distal end of the centriole, as some centriolar microtubules can be more than 50 times longer than the centriole in the absence of CP110. Finally, and unexpectedly, CP110 suppresses centriole overduplication induced by the overexpression of centriole duplication proteins. These studies identify novel and surprising functions for CP110 in vivo in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Franz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, England, UK
| | - Hélio Roque
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, England, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, England, UK
| | - Jeroen Dobbelaere
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jordan W. Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, England, UK
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34
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Paoli F, Gottardo M, Dallai R, Roversi PF. Morphology of the male reproductive system and sperm ultrastructure of the egg parasitoid Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2013; 42:297-308. [PMID: 23567492 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gryon pennsylvanicum is a platygastrid hymenopteran that has lately received increasing attention in Europe due to its possible use in biological control of the conifer seed bug pest Leptoglossus occidentalis. Here the male reproductive system and the spermatogenesis of this species, along with those of Gryon muscaeformis, are examined ultrastructurally for the first time. The male genital system is formed by a pair of testes, each containing only one follicle, a pair of accessory glands and deferent ducts connected to a single ejaculatory duct. All the stages of spermatogenesis are described in detail. Characteristic features of the Gryon spp. sperm, which are 100 μm long, are the presence of a polygonal nucleus, only one mitochondrial derivative, the occurrence of the centriole adjunct and a typical insect 9 + 9 + 2 flagellar axoneme. The single derivative, however, results from a process in which one of the two mitochondria is lost during spermiogenesis. Unlike in other insects, two centrioles occur in spermatids as a consequence of the ameiotic parthenogenesis. These characteristics stand as a valuable tool for phylogenetic inferences. Furthermore this study suggests a useful strategy for laboratory mass rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paoli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CRA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/a, Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
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35
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Ross I, Clarissa C, Giddings TH, Winey M. ε-tubulin is essential in Tetrahymena thermophila for the assembly and stability of basal bodies. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3441-51. [PMID: 23704354 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal bodies and centrioles are conserved microtubule-based organelles the improper assembly of which leads to a number of diseases, including ciliopathies and cancer. Tubulin family members are conserved components of these structures that are integral to their proper formation and function. We have identified the ε-tubulin gene in Tetrahymena thermophila and detected the protein, through fluorescence of a tagged allele, to basal bodies. Immunoelectron microscopy has shown that ε-tubulin localizes primarily to the core microtubule scaffold. A complete genomic knockout of ε-tubulin has revealed that it is an essential gene required for the assembly and maintenance of the triplet microtubule blades of basal bodies. We have conducted site-directed mutagenesis of the ε-tubulin gene and shown that residues within the nucleotide-binding domain, longitudinal interacting domains, and C-terminal tail are required for proper function. A single amino acid change of Thr150, a conserved residue in the nucleotide-binding domain, to Val is a conditional mutation that results in defects in the spatial and temporal assembly of basal bodies as well as their stability. We have genetically separated functions for the domains of ε-tubulin and identified a novel role for the nucleotide-binding domain in the regulation of basal body assembly and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ross
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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36
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Fanciulli PP, Gottardo M, Dallai R. The spermatogenesis and oogenesis of the springtail Podura aquatica Linné, 1758 (Hexapoda: Collembola). Tissue Cell 2013; 45:211-8. [PMID: 23515073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Podura aquatica is a springtail of uncertain systematic position. Our study dealing with the ultrastructure of the spermatogenesis and oogenesis of this species is a contribution to a better knowledge of both the reproduction and the systematics of the taxon. In the male, the spermatogenesis proceeds in a similar way to that of other Collembola. Primary spermatocytes do not show synaptonemal complexes which, instead, are found in primary oocytes. Thus a genomic recombination seems to be present only in females, as it occurs in other springtails. Degeneration of secondary spermatocytes, as reported in some families of the Symphypleona, was not observed in P. aquatica. At the end of spermiogenesis, a rolled up sperm cell provided with an anterior long appendage adhering to the acrosome is produced. In the female, the oogenesis also proceeds in a conventional way with the production of eggs rich in yolk. A branched spermatheca is present at the end of the common oviduct, close to the genital opening. It contains many sperm in its lumen. Contrary to the globular appearance of sperm cells in the male genital ducts, in the spermatheca they are straight, elongated, and lack the long anterior appendage. P. aquatica shows a spermatogenesis, sperm structure, and oogenesis similar to those of other Collembola. In agreement with the results of recent phylogenetic studies, we confirm that P. aquatica is a member of Poduridae, and it does not belong to a group close to the Symphypleona.
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37
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Gatti M, Bucciarelli E, Lattao R, Pellacani C, Mottier-Pavie V, Giansanti MG, Somma MP, Bonaccorsi S. The relative roles of centrosomal and kinetochore-driven microtubules in Drosophila spindle formation. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1375-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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39
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Ohta M, Sato M, Yamamoto M. Spindle pole body components are reorganized during fission yeast meiosis. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1799-811. [PMID: 22438582 PMCID: PMC3350546 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that spindle pole body (SPB) remodeling during meiosis in fission yeast is essential for meiosis. Many SPB components disappear during meiotic prophase and return to the SPBs at meiosis I onset. We found novel functions for Polo kinase/Plo1 and centrin/Cdc31 in the meiotic reorganization of SPB components. During meiosis, the centrosome/spindle pole body (SPB) must be regulated in a manner distinct from that of mitosis to achieve a specialized cell division that will produce gametes. In this paper, we demonstrate that several SPB components are localized to SPBs in a meiosis-specific manner in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. SPB components, such as Cut12, Pcp1, and Spo15, which stay on the SPB during the mitotic cell cycle, disassociate from the SPB during meiotic prophase and then return to the SPB immediately before the onset of meiosis I. Interestingly, the polo kinase Plo1, which normally localizes to the SPB during mitosis, is excluded from them in meiotic prophase, when meiosis-specific, horse-tail nuclear movement occurs. We found that exclusion of Plo1 during this period was essential to properly remodel SPBs, because artificial targeting of Plo1 to SPBs resulted in an overduplication of SPBs. We also found that the centrin Cdc31 was required for meiotic SPB remodeling. Thus Plo1 and a centrin play central roles in the meiotic SPB remodeling, which is essential for generating the proper number of meiotic SPBs and, thereby provide unique characteristics to meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Ohta
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lattao R, Bonaccorsi S, Gatti M. Giant meiotic spindles in males from Drosophila species with giant sperm tails. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:584-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle is a highly dynamic molecular machine that mediates precise chromosome segregation during cell division. Spindle size can vary dramatically, not only between species but also between different cells of the same organism. However, the reasons for spindle size variability are largely unknown. Here we show that variations in spindle size can be linked to a precise developmental requirement. Drosophila species have dramatically different sperm flagella that range in length from 0.3 mm in D. persimilis to 58.3 mm in D. bifurca. We found that males of different species exhibit striking variations in meiotic spindle size, which positively correlate with sperm length, with D. bifurca showing 30-fold larger spindles than D. persimilis. This suggests that primary spermatocytes of Drosophila species manufacture and store amounts of tubulin that are proportional to the axoneme length and use these tubulin pools for spindle assembly. These findings highlight an unsuspected plasticity of the meiotic spindle in response to the selective forces controlling sperm length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lattao
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin” Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonaccorsi
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin” Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin” Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00185, Italy
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Roque H, Wainman A, Richens J, Kozyrska K, Franz A, Raff JW. Drosophila Cep135/Bld10 maintains proper centriole structure but is dispensable for cartwheel formation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5881-6. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cep135/Bld10 is a conserved centriolar protein required for the formation of the central cartwheel, an early intermediate in centriole assembly. Surprisingly, Cep135/Bld10 is not essential for centriole duplication in Drosophila suggesting that either Cep135/Bld10 is not essential for cartwheel formation, or that the cartwheel is not essential for centriole assembly in flies. Using Electron Tomography and super-resolution microscopy we show that centrioles can form a cartwheel in the absence of Cep135/Bld10, but centriole width is increased and the cartwheel appears to disassemble over time. Using 3D structured illumination microscopy we show that Cep135/Bld10 is localised to a region between inner (SAS-6, Ana2) and outer (Asl, DSpd-2 and D-PLP) centriolar components, and the localisation of all these component is subtly perturbed in the absence of Cep135/Bld10, although the 9-fold symmetry of the centriole is maintained. Thus, in flies, Cep135/Bld10 is not essential for cartwheel assembly or for establishing the 9-fold symmetry of centrioles; rather, it appears to stabilise the connection between inner and outer centriole components.
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Li S, Fernandez JJ, Marshall WF, Agard DA. Three-dimensional structure of basal body triplet revealed by electron cryo-tomography. EMBO J 2011; 31:552-62. [PMID: 22157822 PMCID: PMC3273388 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal body, derived from the centriole, is a microtubule-organizing organelle that nucleates the cilium in non-dividing cells. Cryo-electron tomography reveals the overall structure of this organelle, and provides insights its biogenesis and function. Basal bodies and centrioles play central roles in microtubule (MT)-organizing centres within many eukaryotes. They share a barrel-shaped cylindrical structure composed of nine MT triplet blades. Here, we report the structure of the basal body triplet at 33 Å resolution obtained by electron cryo-tomography and 3D subtomogram averaging. By fitting the atomic structure of tubulin into the EM density, we built a pseudo-atomic model of the tubulin protofilaments at the core of the triplet. The 3D density map reveals additional densities that represent non-tubulin proteins attached to the triplet, including a large inner circular structure in the basal body lumen, which functions as a scaffold to stabilize the entire basal body barrel. We found clear longitudinal structural variations along the basal body, suggesting a sequential and coordinated assembly mechanism. We propose a model in which δ-tubulin and other components participate in the assembly of the basal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Li
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
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Atsapkina AA, Golubkova EV, Kasatkina VV, Avanesyan EO, Ivankova NA, Mamon LA. Peculiarities of spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: Role of main transport receptor of mRNA (Dm NXF1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x10050044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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The spermatogenesis and the sperm structure of Terebrantia (Thysanoptera, Insecta). Tissue Cell 2010; 42:247-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cunha-Ferreira I, Bento I, Bettencourt-Dias M. From zero to many: control of centriole number in development and disease. Traffic 2010; 10:482-98. [PMID: 19416494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are essential for the formation of microtubule-derived structures, including cilia, flagella and centrosomes. These structures are involved in a variety of functions, from cell motility to division. In most dividing animal cells, centriole formation is coupled to the chromosome cycle. However, this is not the case in certain specialized divisions, such as meiosis, and in some differentiating cells. For example, oocytes loose their centrioles upon differentiation, whereas multiciliated epithelial cells make several of those structures after they exit the cell cycle. Aberrations of centriole number are seen in many cancer cells. Recent studies began to shed light on the molecular control of centriole number, its variations in development, and how centriole number changes in human disease. Here we review the recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cunha-Ferreira
- Cell Cycle Regulation Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6P-2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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Dallai R, Mercati D, Bu Y, Yin Y. Spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Acerella muscorum, (Ionescu, 1930) (Hexapoda, Protura). Tissue Cell 2010; 42:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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47
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The insect centriole: A land of discovery. Tissue Cell 2010; 42:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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48
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Dallai R, Mercati D, Bu Y, Yin YW, Callaini G, Riparbelli MG. The spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Acerentomon microrhinus (Protura, Hexapoda) with considerations on the phylogenetic position of the taxon. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-009-0100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gopalakrishnan J, Guichard P, Smith AH, Schwarz H, Agard DA, Marco S, Avidor-Reiss T. Self-assembling SAS-6 multimer is a core centriole building block. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8759-70. [PMID: 20083610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are conserved microtubule-based organelles with 9-fold symmetry that are essential for cilia and mitotic spindle formation. A conserved structure at the onset of centriole assembly is a "cartwheel" with 9-fold radial symmetry and a central tubule in its core. It remains unclear how the cartwheel is formed. The conserved centriole protein, SAS-6, is a cartwheel component that functions early in centriole formation. Here, combining biochemistry and electron microscopy, we characterize SAS-6 and show that it self-assembles into stable tetramers, which serve as building blocks for the central tubule. These results suggest that SAS-6 self-assembly may be an initial step in the formation of the cartwheel that provides the 9-fold symmetry. Electron microscopy of centrosomes identified 25-nm central tubules with repeating subunits and show that SAS-6 concentrates at the core of the cartwheel. Recombinant and native SAS-6 self-oligomerizes into tetramers with approximately 6-nm subunits, and these tetramers are components of the centrosome, suggesting that tetramers are the building blocks of the central tubule. This is further supported by the observation that elevated levels of SAS-6 in Drosophila cells resulted in higher order structures resembling central tubule morphology. Finally, in the presence of embryonic extract, SAS-6 tetramers assembled into high density complexes, providing a starting point for the eventual in vitro reconstruction of centrioles.
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Martins AR, Machado P, Callaini G, Bettencourt-Dias M. Microscopy methods for the study of centriole biogenesis and function in Drosophila. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 97:223-42. [PMID: 20719274 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)97013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes regulate cell motility, adhesion, and polarity in interphase and participate in spindle formation in mitosis. They are composed of two centrioles, which are microtubule-based structures, and a proteinaceous matrix recruited by those, called pericentriolar material. Centrioles are also necessary for the nucleation of the axoneme, the microtubule inner structure of cilia and flagella. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has played an important role in the study of cell biology processes and their contextualization in a variety of developmental phenomena. In this chapter, we describe immunofluorescence and electron microscopy methods used to study Drosophila early embryogenesis and spermatogenesis. These methods have been widely used to study centriole assembly and its function as a centrosome organizer during mitotic and meiotic cell divisions and as an axoneme nucleator in the formation of flagella.
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