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Liu H, Xiao H, Lin S, Zhou H, Cheng Y, Xie B, Xu D. Effect of gut hormones on bone metabolism and their possible mechanisms in the treatment of osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1372399. [PMID: 38725663 PMCID: PMC11079205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1372399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic organ that changes with the daily circadian rhythm. During the day, bone resorption is suppressed due to eating, while it increases at night. This circadian rhythm of the skeleton is regulated by gut hormones. Until now, gut hormones that have been found to affect skeletal homeostasis include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and peptide YY (PYY), which exerts its effects by binding to its cognate receptors (GLP-1R, GLP-2R, GIPR, and Y1R). Several studies have shown that GLP-1, GLP-2, and GIP all inhibit bone resorption, while GIP also promotes bone formation. Notably, PYY has a strong bone resorption-promoting effect. In addition, gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in maintaining bone homeostasis. This review outlines the roles of GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, and PYY in bone metabolism and discusses the roles of gut hormones and the GM in regulating bone homeostasis and their potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huimin Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Sufen Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yizhao Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Baocheng Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The 10th Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People’s Hospital), Dongguan, China
| | - Daohua Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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2
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Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5 breaches the porcine respiratory epithelial barrier by inducing autophagy and blocking the cell membrane Claudin-1 replenishment. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010912. [PMID: 36228044 PMCID: PMC9595547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis), the primary pathogen of Glässer's disease, colonizes the upper respiratory tract and can break through the epithelial barrier of the respiratory tract, leading to lung infection. However, the underlying mechanisms for this adverse effect remain unclear. The G. parasuis serotype 5 SQ strain (HPS5-SQ) infection decreased the integrity of piglets' lung Occludin and Claudin-1. Autophagy regulates the function of the epithelial barrier and tight junction proteins (TJs) expression. We tested the hypothesis that HPS5-SQ breaking through the porcine respiratory epithelial barrier was linked to autophagy and Claudin-1 degradation. When HPS5-SQ infected swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC), autophagosomes encapsulated, and autolysosomes degraded oxidatively stressed mitochondria covered with Claudin-1. Furthermore, we found that autophagosomes encapsulating mitochondria resulted in cell membrane Claudin-1 being unable to be replenished after degradation and damaged the respiratory tract epithelial barrier. In conclusion, G. parasuis serotype 5 breaks through the porcine respiratory epithelial barrier by inducing autophagy and interrupting cell membrane Claudin-1 replenishment, clarifying the mechanism of the G. parasuis infection and providing a new potential target for drug design and vaccine development.
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Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR)-Mediated Intracellular Communication in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193075. [PMID: 36231037 PMCID: PMC9562006 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is a cell-surface-located receptor that can induce highly diffusible messengers (IP3, Ca2+, cAMP) in the cytoplasm to activate various cellular responses. Recently, it has also been suggested that the CaSR mediates the intracellular communications between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, nucleus, protease/proteasome, and autophagy-lysosome, which are involved in related cardiovascular diseases. The complex intracellular signaling of this receptor challenges it as a valuable therapeutic target. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the mechanisms behind the signaling characteristics of this receptor in intracellular communication. This review provides an overview of the recent research progress on the various regulatory mechanisms of the CaSR in related cardiovascular diseases and the heart-kidney interaction; the associated common causes are also discussed.
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Wu Z, Xu C, Zheng T, Li Q, Yang S, Shao J, Guan W, Zhang S. A critical role of AMP-activated protein kinase in regulating intestinal nutrient absorption, barrier function, and intestinal diseases. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3705-3716. [PMID: 35892164 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important organs in animals, the intestine is responsible for nutrient absorption and acts as a barrier between the body and the environment. Intestinal physiology and function require the participation of energy. 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a classical and highly expressed energy regulator in intestinal cells, regulates the process of nutrient absorption and barrier function and is also involved in the therapy of intestinal diseases. Studies have yielded findings that AMPK regulates the absorption of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the intestine primarily by regulating transportation systems, as we detailed here. Moreover, AMPK is involved in the regulation of the intestinal mechanical barrier and immune barrier through manipulating the expression of tight junctions, antimicrobial peptides, and secretory immunoglobulins. In addition, AMPK also participates in the regulation of intestinal diseases, which indicates that AMPK is a promising therapeutic target for intestinal diseases and cancer. In this review, we summarized the current understanding regarding how AMPK regulates intestinal nutrient absorption, barrier function, and intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengfei Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tenghui Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwang Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Shao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Yamazaki O, Yamashita M, Li J, Ochiai-Homma F, Yoshida T, Hirahashi J, Furukawa T, Kozuma K, Fujigaki Y, Seki G, Hayashi M, Shibata S. A novel I551F variant of the Na +/HCO 3- cotransporter NBCe1-A shows reduced cell surface expression, resulting in diminished transport activity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F771-F784. [PMID: 34719949 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00584.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous mutations in SLC4A4, which encodes the electrogenic Na+/[Formula: see text] cotransporter (NBCe1), cause proximal renal tubular acidosis associated with extrarenal symptoms. Although 17` mutated sites in SLC4A4 have thus far been identified among patients with proximal renal tubular acidosis, the physiological significance of other nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) remains largely undetermined. Here, we investigated the functional properties of SNVs in NBCe1. From the National Center for Biotechnology Information dbSNP database, we identified 13 SNVs that have not previously been characterized in the highly conserved, transmembrane domains of NBCe1-A. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that the I551F variant was present predominantly in the cytoplasm in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, whereas all other SNVs did not show as dramatic a change in subcellular distribution. Western blot analysis in HEK-293 cells demonstrated that the I551F variant showed impaired glycosylation and a 69% reduction in cell surface levels. To determine the role of I551 in more detail, we examined the significance of various artificial mutants in both nonpolarized HEK-293 cells and polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, which indicated that only I551F substitution resulted in cytoplasmic retention. Moreover, functional analysis using Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that the I551F variant had a significantly reduced activity corresponding to 39% of that of the wild-type, whereas any other SNVs and artificial I551 mutants did not show significant changes in activity. Finally, immunofluorescence experiments in HEK-293 cells indicated that the I551F variant retained wild-type NBCe1-A in the cytoplasm. These data demonstrate that the I551F variant of NBCe1-A shows impaired transport activity predominantly through cytoplasmic retention and suggest that the variant can have a dominant negative effect by forming complexes with wild-type NBCe1-A.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electrogenic Na+/[Formula: see text] cotransporter 1-A (NBCe1-A) in the proximal tubule regulates the acid/base balance and fluid volume homeostasis. From the National Center for Biotechnology Information dbSNP database, we identified the I551F variant of NBCe1-A, which showed reduced glycosylation, cell surface expression, and transport activity. We also found that the I551F variant can exert a dominant negative effect on wild-type NBCe1-A, suggesting its physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Yamashita
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jinping Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumika Ochiai-Homma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Hirahashi
- Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiji Furukawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kozuma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Matsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of General Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Kawakita General Hospital, Center for Clinical Education, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Proia P, Amato A, Drid P, Korovljev D, Vasto S, Baldassano S. The Impact of Diet and Physical Activity on Bone Health in Children and Adolescents. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:704647. [PMID: 34589054 PMCID: PMC8473684 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.704647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the role of diet and physical activity in modulating bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and remodeling, which in turn can impact bone health later in life. Adequate nutrient composition could influence bone health and help to maximize peak bone mass. Therefore, children's nutrition may have lifelong consequences. Also, physical activity, adequate in volume or intensity, may have positive consequences on bone mineral content and density and may preserve bone loss in adulthood. Most of the literature that exists for children, about diet and physical activity on bone health, has been translated from studies conducted in adults. Thus, there are still many unanswered questions about what type of diet and physical activity may positively influence skeletal development. This review focuses on bone requirements in terms of nutrients and physical activity in childhood and adolescence to promote bone health. It explores the contemporary scientific literature that analyzes the impact of diet together with the typology and timing of physical activity that could be more appropriate depending on whether they are children and adolescents to assure an optimal skeleton formation. A description of the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and gut hormones (gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, and GLP-2) as potential candidates in this interaction to promote bone health is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Proia
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Psychological, Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Darinka Korovljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Novel Potential Application of Chitosan Oligosaccharide for Attenuation of Renal Cyst Growth in the Treatment of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235589. [PMID: 33261193 PMCID: PMC7730275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a natural polymer derived from chitosan, exerts several biological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-metabolic syndrome, and drug delivery enhancer. Since COS is vastly distributed to kidney and eliminated in urine, it may have a potential advantage as the therapeutics of kidney diseases. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common genetic disorder characterized by multiple fluid-filled cysts, replacing normal renal parenchyma and leading to impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The effective treatment for PKD still needs to be further elucidated. Interestingly, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as a drug target for PKD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of COS on renal cyst enlargement and its underlying mechanisms. We found that COS at the concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL decreased renal cyst growth without cytotoxicity, as measured by MTT assay. Immunoblotting analysis showed that COS at 100 µg/mL activated AMPK, and this effect was abolished by STO-609, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKβ) inhibitor. Moreover, COS elevated the level of intracellular calcium. These results suggest that COS inhibits cyst progression by activation of AMPK via CaMKKβ. Therefore, COS may hold the potential for pharmaceutical application in PKD.
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8
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Sharma A, Elble RC. From Orai to E-Cadherin: Subversion of Calcium Trafficking in Cancer to Drive Proliferation, Anoikis-Resistance, and Metastasis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060169. [PMID: 32575848 PMCID: PMC7345168 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common currency of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis is calcium, stored primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, rationed according to need, and replenished from the extracellular milieu via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). This currency is disbursed by the IP3 receptor in response to diverse extracellular signals. The rate of release is governed by regulators of proliferation, autophagy, survival, and programmed cell death, the strength of the signal leading to different outcomes. Intracellular calcium acts chiefly through intermediates such as calmodulin that regulates growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), actin polymerization, and adherens junction assembly and maintenance. Here we review this machinery and its role in differentiation, then consider how cancer cells subvert it to license proliferation, resist anoikis, and enable metastasis, either by modulating the level of intracellular calcium or its downstream targets or effectors such as EGFR, E-cadherin, IQGAP1, TMEM16A, CLCA2, and TRPA1. Implications are considered for the roles of E-cadherin and growth factor receptors in circulating tumor cells and metastasis. The discovery of novel, cell type-specific modulators and effectors of calcium signaling offers new possibilities for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +217-545-7381
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9
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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ZO-2 Is a Master Regulator of Gene Expression, Cell Proliferation, Cytoarchitecture, and Cell Size. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174128. [PMID: 31450555 PMCID: PMC6747478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZO-2 is a cytoplasmic protein of tight junctions (TJs). Here, we describe ZO-2 involvement in the formation of the apical junctional complex during early development and in TJ biogenesis in epithelial cultured cells. ZO-2 acts as a scaffold for the polymerization of claudins at TJs and plays a unique role in the blood–testis barrier, as well as at TJs of the human liver and the inner ear. ZO-2 movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus is regulated by nuclear localization and exportation signals and post-translation modifications, while ZO-2 arrival at the cell border is triggered by activation of calcium sensing receptors and corresponding downstream signaling. Depending on its location, ZO-2 associates with junctional proteins and the actomyosin cytoskeleton or a variety of nuclear proteins, playing a role as a transcriptional repressor that leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and transformation. ZO-2 regulates cell architecture through modulation of Rho proteins and its absence induces hypertrophy due to inactivation of the Hippo pathway and activation of mTOR and S6K. The interaction of ZO-2 with viral oncoproteins and kinases and its silencing in diverse carcinomas reinforce the view of ZO-2 as a tumor regulator protein.
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11
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Amaya E, Alarcón L, Martín-Tapia D, Cuellar-Pérez F, Cano-Cortina M, Ortega-Olvera JM, Cisneros B, Rodriguez AJ, Gamba G, González-Mariscal L. Activation of the Ca 2+ sensing receptor and the PKC/WNK4 downstream signaling cascade induces incorporation of ZO-2 to tight junctions and its separation from 14-3-3. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2377-2398. [PMID: 31318316 PMCID: PMC6741067 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2) is a tight junction (TJ) cytoplasmic protein, whose localization varies according to cell density and Ca2+ in the media. In cells cultured in low calcium (LC), ZO-2 displays a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution, but activation of the Ca2+ sensing receptor (CaSR) with Gd3+ triggers the appearance of ZO-2 at the cell borders. CaSR downstream signaling involves activation of protein kinase C, which phosphorylates and activates with no lysine kinase-4 that phosphorylates ZO-2 inducing its concentration at TJs. In LC, ZO-2 is protected from degradation by association to 14-3-3 proteins. When monolayers are transferred to normal calcium, the complexes ZO-2/14-3-3ζ and ZO-2/14-3-3σ move to the cell borders and dissociate. The 14-3-3 proteins are then degraded in proteosomes, whereas ZO-2 integrates to TJs. From the plasma membrane residual ZO-2 is endocyted and degradaded in lysosomes. The unique region 2 of ZO-2, and S261 located within a nuclear localization signal, are critical for the interaction with 14-3-3 ζ and σ and for the efficient nuclear importation of ZO-2. These results explain the molecular mechanism through which extracellular Ca2+ triggers the appearance of ZO-2 at TJs in epithelial cells and reveal the novel interaction between ZO-2 and 14-3-3 proteins, which is critical for ZO-2 protection and intracellular traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida Amaya
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Alarcón
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Dolores Martín-Tapia
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Francisco Cuellar-Pérez
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jose Mario Ortega-Olvera
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Alexis J Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, México.,Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, 64710 Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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12
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Zhao X, Schindell B, Li W, Ni L, Liu S, Wijerathne CUB, Gong J, Nyachoti CM, O K, Yang C. Distribution and localization of porcine calcium sensing receptor in different tissues of weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2402-2413. [PMID: 30887022 PMCID: PMC6541828 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors including calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) are expressed in various animal tissues, and CaSR plays important roles in nutrient sensing and the physiology, growth, and development of animals. However, molecular distribution of porcine CaSR (pCaSR) in different tissues, especially along the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract in weaned piglets, is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and localization of pCaSR in the different tissues including intestinal segments of weaned piglets. Six male pigs were anesthetized and euthanized. Different tissues such as intestinal segments were collected. The pCaSR mRNA abundance, protein abundance, and localization were measured by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The mRNA and protein of pCaSR were detected in the kidney, lung, liver, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. The pCaSR mRNA was much higher (five to 180 times) in the kidney when compared with other tissues (P < 0.05). The ileum had higher pCaSR mRNA and protein abundances than the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and colon (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the pCaSR protein was mostly located in the epithelia of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. These results demonstrate that pCaSR is widely expressed in different tissues including intestinal segments in weaned piglets and the ileum has a higher expression level of pCaSR. Further research is needed to confirm the expression of CaSR in the different types of epithelial cells isolated from weaned piglets and characterize the functions of pCaSR, its potential ligands and cell signaling pathways related to CaSR activation in enteroendocrine cells and potentially in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brayden Schindell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Weiqi Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charith U B Wijerathne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - C Martin Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CCARM, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Schiellerup SP, Skov-Jeppesen K, Windeløv JA, Svane MS, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM. Gut Hormones and Their Effect on Bone Metabolism. Potential Drug Therapies in Future Osteoporosis Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 30863364 PMCID: PMC6399108 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis displays a circadian rhythm with increased resorption during the night time as compared to day time, a difference that seems-at least partly-to be caused by food intake during the day. Thus, ingestion of a meal results in a decrease in bone resorption, but people suffering from short bowel syndrome lack this response. Gut hormones, released in response to a meal, contribute to this link between the gut and bone metabolism. The responsible hormones appear to include glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), known as incretin hormones due to their role in regulating glucose homeostasis by enhancing insulin release in response to food intake. They interact with their cognate receptors (GIPR and GLP-1R), which are both members of the class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and already recognized as targets for treatment of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), secreted concomitantly with GLP-1, acting via another class B receptor (GLP-2R), is also part of this gut-bone axis. Several studies, including human studies, have indicated that these three hormones inhibit bone resorption and, moreover, that GIP increases bone formation. Another hormone, peptide YY (PYY), is also secreted from the enteroendocrine L-cells (together with GLP-1 and GLP-2), and acts mainly via interaction with the class A GPCR NPY-R2. PYY is best known for its effect on appetite regulation, but recent studies have also shown an effect of PYY on bone metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the actions of GIP, GLP-1, GLP-2, and PYY on bone metabolism, and to discuss future therapies targeting these receptors for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Paasch Schiellerup
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Saur Svane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Yang W, Liu L, Keum N, Qian ZR, Nowak JA, Hamada T, Song M, Cao Y, Nosho K, Smith-Warner SA, Zhang S, Masugi Y, Ng K, Kosumi K, Ma Y, Garrett WS, Wang M, Nan H, Giannakis M, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Nishihara R, Wu K, Giovannucci EL, Ogino S, Zhang X. Calcium Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer According to Tumor-infiltrating T Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:283-294. [PMID: 30760501 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium intake has been associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Calcium signaling may enhance T-cell proliferation and differentiation, and contribute to T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. In this prospective cohort study, we investigated the association between calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk according to tumor immunity status to provide additional insights into the role of calcium in colorectal carcinogenesis. The densities of tumor-infiltrating T-cell subsets [CD3+, CD8+ , CD45RO (PTPRC) + , or FOXP3+ cell] were assessed using IHC and computer-assisted image analysis in 736 cancer cases that developed among 136,249 individuals in two cohorts. HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Total calcium intake was associated with a multivariable HR of 0.55 (comparing ≥1,200 vs. <600 mg/day; 95% CI, 0.36-0.84; P trend = 0.002) for CD8+ T-cell-low but not for CD8+ T-cell-high tumors (HR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.67-1.55; P trend = 0.47). Similarly, the corresponding HRs (95% CIs) for calcium for low versus high T-cell-infiltrated tumors were 0.63 (0.42-0.94; P trend = 0.01) and 0.89 (0.58-1.35; P trend = 0.20) for CD3+ ; 0.58 (0.39-0.87; P trend = 0.006) and 1.04 (0.69-1.58; P trend = 0.54) for CD45RO+ ; and 0.56 (0.36-0.85; P trend = 0.006) and 1.10 (0.72-1.67; P trend = 0.47) for FOXP3+ , although the differences by subtypes defined by T-cell density were not statistically significant. These potential differential associations generally appeared consistent regardless of sex, source of calcium intake, tumor location, and tumor microsatellite instability status. Our findings suggest a possible role of calcium in cancer immunoprevention via modulation of T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshui Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - NaNa Keum
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie A Smith-Warner
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sui Zhang
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanan Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medical Oncology, Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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15
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Basu S, Ghosh A, Barui A, Basu B. Epithelial cell functionality on electroconductive Fe/Sr co-doped biphasic calcium phosphate. J Biomater Appl 2019; 33:1035-1052. [PMID: 30630385 DOI: 10.1177/0885328218821549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the perspective of dental restorative applications, co-doped bioceramics have not been explored much. From the clinical perspective, a successful dental implant is expected to interact with peri-prosthetic bones, gingival tissue, and surrounding connective tissues. The interaction of implant and implant coating materials with bone tissue is well studied. However, their interaction with surrounding epithelial components needs scientific validation. In this context, the present study aims at quantitative evaluation of the electrical properties of Fe/Sr co-doped biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) samples and assessment of their cytocompatibility with epithelial (vero) cells. Sr/Fe co-doped BCPs were prepared by sol-gel synthesis technique, with different dopant concentration. Impact of co-doping on conductivity was assessed and interestingly an increase in conductivity with dopant amount was recorded in different co-doped BCPs. Cellular study showed the significant ( p = 0.01) increase in both cellular viability and functionality with increasing conductivity of samples. Higher epithelial cell adhesion indicates that (Sr/Fe) co-doped BCP would be favorable for faster epithelial sealing and also would reduce the chances of infection. Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence studies indicated that the expression of the epithelial marker (E-cadherin) significantly ( p = 0.01) increased in 10, 30 and 40 mol% co-doped samples in comparison to undoped BCP. In contrast to E-cadherin, fold change of β-catenin remains unchanged amongst the co-doped ceramics, implying the absence of tumorigenic potential of (Sr/Fe) co-doped BCP. In addition, immune-fluorescence signatures for cellular polarity are established from enhanced expression PARD3 protein, which has major relevance for cellular morphogenesis and cell division. Summarizing, the present study establishes the efficacy of Sr/Fe co-doped BCPs as a dental implant coating material and its ability to modulate vero cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Basu
- 1 Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Aritri Ghosh
- 2 Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, India
| | - Ananya Barui
- 2 Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- 1 Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,3 Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Tanaka S, Aoyama T, Ogawa M, Takasawa A, Murata M, Osanai M, Saito T, Sawada N. Cytotoxicity of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin depends on the conditions of claudin-4 in ovarian carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:278-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Functions and Signaling Pathways of Amino Acids in Intestinal Inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9171905. [PMID: 29682569 PMCID: PMC5846438 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9171905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestine is always exposed to external environment and intestinal microorganism; thus it is more sensitive to dysfunction and dysbiosis, leading to intestinal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diarrhea. An increasing number of studies indicate that dietary amino acids play significant roles in preventing and treating intestinal inflammation. The review aims to summarize the functions and signaling mechanisms of amino acids in intestinal inflammation. Amino acids, including essential amino acids (EAAs), conditionally essential amino acids (CEAAs), and nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), improve the functions of intestinal barrier and expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins but decrease oxidative stress and the apoptosis of enterocytes as well as the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestinal inflammation. The functions of amino acids are associated with various signaling pathways, including mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), general controlled nonrepressed kinase 2 (GCN2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
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18
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González-Mariscal L, Raya-Sandino A, González-González L, Hernández-Guzmán C. Relationship between G proteins coupled receptors and tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1414015. [PMID: 29420165 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1414015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are sites of cell-cell adhesion, constituted by a cytoplasmic plaque of molecules linked to integral proteins that form a network of strands around epithelial and endothelial cells at the uppermost portion of the lateral membrane. TJs maintain plasma membrane polarity and form channels and barriers that regulate the transit of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway. This structure that regulates traffic between the external milieu and the organism is affected in numerous pathological conditions and constitutes an important target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe how a wide array of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by diverse stimuli including light, ions, hormones, peptides, lipids, nucleotides and proteases, signal through heterotrimeric G proteins, arrestins and kinases to regulate TJs present in the blood-brain barrier, the blood-retinal barrier, renal tubular cells, keratinocytes, lung and colon, and the slit diaphragm of the glomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura González-González
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández-Guzmán
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
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19
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Jiang P, Huang R, Ma N, Jiang F. The Expression of Calcium Sensing Receptor in Normal and Diabetic Rat Eyes. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:706-710. [PMID: 29397395 PMCID: PMC5808115 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is widely expressed in many tissues of the body, but it is rarely reported to be expressed in the eyes. This research explored the expression and distribution of CaSR in eye tissues of normal and diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a diabetic and a normal group. Diabetes mellitus (DM) models were successfully established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The expression and distribution of CaSR in the rat eyeballs were detected by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect the presence of CaSR in normal and diabetic rats. RESULTS CaSR was detected in the cornea, lens epithelium, and retina. CaSR was expressed the most in the cornea, followed by the lens epithelium, and the retina (p<0.05). The expression of CaSR was decreased in the eye tissue of diabetic rats (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, CaSR was detected in rat cornea, lens, and retina. It was significantly decreased in the eyes of diabetic rats. This indicated that the downregulated expression of CaSR was associated with diabetic oculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Fagang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Medical College, Huangzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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20
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Fraebel J, Gonzalez-Peralta R, Maximos M, Beasley GL, Jolley CD, Cheng SX. Extracellular Calcium Dictates Onset, Severity, and Recovery of Diarrhea in a Child with Immune-Mediated Enteropathy. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:7. [PMID: 29435439 PMCID: PMC5796911 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea causes monovalent and divalent ion losses that can influence clinical outcome. Unlike the losses of monovalent ions, such as Na+, K+, Cl-, and [Formula: see text], which are generally large in quantity (osmoles) and therefore determine the severity of diarrhea, the losses of divalent ions are relatively small in osmoles and are often overlooked during diarrheal treatment. Studies now suggest that despite divalent ions being small in osmoles, their effects are large due to the presence of divalent ion-sensing receptors and their amplifying effects in the gut. As a result, losses of these divalent ions without prompt replacement could also significantly affect the onset, severity, and/or recovery of diarrheal disease. Herein, we report a case of a malnourished child with an immune-mediated enteropathy who developed episodes of "breakthrough" diarrhea with concurrent hypocalcemia while on appropriate immunotherapy. Interestingly, during these periods of diarrhea, stool volume fluctuated with levels of blood Ca2+. When Ca2+ was low, diarrhea occurred; when Ca2+ levels normalized with replacement, diarrhea stopped. Based on this and other observations, a broader question arises as to whether the Ca2+ lost in diarrhea should be replaced promptly in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Fraebel
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Regino Gonzalez-Peralta
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Maryann Maximos
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Genie L Beasley
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher Douglas Jolley
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sam Xianjun Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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21
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Accelerate Epithelial Tight Junction Assembly via the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway, Independently of Liver Kinase B1. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:9717353. [PMID: 28781597 PMCID: PMC5525096 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9717353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are fibroblast-like multipotent cells capable of tissue-repair properties. Given the essentiality of tight junctions (TJ) in epithelial integrity, we hypothesized that MSC modulate TJ formation, via the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) pathway. Liver kinase-β1 (LKB1) and Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) represent the main kinases that activate AMPK. METHODS The in vitro Ca2+ switch from 5 μM to 1.8 mM was performed using epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells cultured alone or cocultured with rat bone marrow-derived MSC or preexposed to MSC-conditioned medium. TJ assembly was measured by assessing ZO-1 relocation to cell-cell contacts. Experiments were conducted using MDCK stably expressing short-hairpin-RNA (shRNA) against LKB1 or luciferase (LUC, as controls). Compound STO-609 (50 μM) was used as CaMKK inhibitor. RESULTS Following Ca2+ switch, ZO-1 relocation and phosphorylation/activation of AMPK were significantly higher in MDCK/MSC compared to MDCK. No difference in AMPK phosphorylation was observed between LKB1-shRNA and Luc-shRNA MDCK following Ca2+ switch. Conversely, incubation with STO-609 prior to Ca2+ switch prevented AMPK phosphorylation and ZO-1 relocation. MSC-conditioned medium slightly but significantly increased AMPK activation and accelerated TJ-associated distribution of ZO-1 post Ca2+ switch in comparison to regular medium. CONCLUSIONS MSC modulate the assembly of epithelial TJ, via the CaMKK/AMPK pathway independently of LKB1.
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Paquot F, Huart J, Defraigne JO, Krzesinski JM, Jouret F. Implications of the calcium-sensing receptor in ischemia/reperfusion. Acta Cardiol 2017; 72:125-131. [PMID: 28597792 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2017.1291136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which was first isolated from bovine parathyroid glands. Its complex structure has been well characterized, which helped to better understand its function. The CaSR activity can be modulated by various ligands, either activators (also called "calcimimetics") or inhibitors (or "calcilytics"). The main role of the CaSR concerns Ca2+ homeostasis. In bone, intestine and kidney, the CaSR acts as a sensor for extracellular ionized Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) to keep it stable. Such a homeostatic function is well illustrated by human inherited diseases caused by mutations in CASR gene, characterized by Ca2+ balance disturbances. Interestingly, the CaSR is also expressed in numerous tissues which are not directly involved in Ca2+ regulation. There, the CaSR has been implicated in regulatory pathways, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Moreover, recent observations suggest that the CaSR may be involved in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) cascades. In cardiomyocytes, the expression and activation of the CaSR are significantly induced at the time of I/R, which induces apoptotic pathways. Likewise, the activation of the CaSR in I/R in brain, liver and kidney has been associated with increased cell death and aggravated structural and functional damage. The present review summarizes these observations and hypothesizes a novel therapeutic option targeting the CaSR in I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Paquot
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Huart
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Olivier Defraigne
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Krzesinski
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Jouret
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Kitay AM, Geibel JP. Stomach and Bone. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1033:97-131. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Weber TJ, Smith JN, Carver ZA, Timchalk C. Non-invasive saliva human biomonitoring: development of an in vitro platform. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:72-77. [PMID: 26555474 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurements of exposure represent the most accurate assessment of a subject's true exposure. The clearance of many drugs and chemicals, including pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), can be detected non-invasively in saliva. Here we have developed a serous-acinar transwell model system as an in vitro screening platform to prioritize chemicals for non-invasive biomonitoring through salivary clearance mechanisms. Rat primary serous-acinar cells express both α-amylase and aquaporin-5 proteins and develop significant tight junctions at postconfluence - a feature necessary for chemical transport studies in vitro. CPF exhibited bidirectional passage across the serous-acinar barrier that was disproportional to the passage of a cell impermeable chemical (lucifer yellow), consistent with a hypothesized passive diffusion process. CPF was metabolized to trichlorpyridinol (TCPy) by serous-acinar cells, and TCPy also displayed bidirectional diffusion in the transwell assay. This model system should prove useful as an in vitro screening platform to support the non-invasive monitoring of toxicons and pharmacons in human saliva and provide guidance for development of advanced in vitro screening platforms utilizing primary human salivary gland epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Weber
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Health Impacts and Exposure Science Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Health Impacts and Exposure Science Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Zana A Carver
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Health Impacts and Exposure Science Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Charles Timchalk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Health Impacts and Exposure Science Group, Richland, WA, USA
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Medina J, Nakagawa Y, Nagasawa M, Fernandez A, Sakaguchi K, Kitaguchi T, Kojima I. Positive Allosteric Modulation of the Calcium-sensing Receptor by Physiological Concentrations of Glucose. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23126-23135. [PMID: 27613866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is activated by various cations, cationic compounds, and amino acids. In the present study we investigated the effect of glucose on CaSR in HEK293 cells stably expressing human CaSR (HEK-CaSR cells). When glucose concentration in the buffer was raised from 3 to 25 mm, a rapid elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) was observed. This elevation was immediate and transient and was followed by a sustained decrease in [Ca2+]c The effect of glucose was detected at a concentration of 4 mm and reached its maximum at 5 mm 3-O-Methylglucose, a non-metabolizable analogue of glucose, reproduced the effect of glucose. Sucrose also induced an elevation of [Ca2+]c in HEK-CaSR cells. Similarly, sucralose was nearly as effective as glucose in inducing elevation of [Ca2+]c Glucose was not able to increase [Ca2+]c in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ The effect of glucose on [Ca2+]c was inhibited by NPS-2143, an allosteric inhibitor of CaSR. In addition, NPS-2143 also inhibited the [Ca2+]c responses to sucralose and sucrose. Glucose as well as sucralose decreased cytoplasmic cAMP concentration in HEK-CaSR cells. The reduction of cAMP induced by glucose was blocked by pertussis toxin. Likewise, sucralose reduced [cAMP]c Finally, glucose increased [Ca2+]c in PT-r parathyroid cells and in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, both of which express endogenous CaSR. These results indicate that glucose acts as a positive allosteric modulator of CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Medina
- From the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Yuko Nakagawa
- From the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nagasawa
- From the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Anny Fernandez
- From the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kazushige Sakaguchi
- Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore Singapore 138667, and.,Organization for University Research Initiatives, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Itaru Kojima
- From the Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan,
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Pathogen-induced secretory diarrhea and its prevention. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1721-1739. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tang L, Cheng CY, Sun X, Pedicone AJ, Mohamadzadeh M, Cheng SX. The Extracellular Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Intestine: Evidence for Regulation of Colonic Absorption, Secretion, Motility, and Immunity. Front Physiol 2016; 7:245. [PMID: 27458380 PMCID: PMC4914593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Different from other epithelia, the intestinal epithelium has the complex task of providing a barrier impeding the entry of toxins, food antigens, and microbes, while at the same time allowing for the transfer of nutrients, electrolytes, water, and microbial metabolites. These molecules/organisms are transported either transcellularly, crossing the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes, or paracellularly, passing through the space between enterocytes. Accordingly, the intestinal epithelium can affect energy metabolism, fluid balance, as well as immune response and tolerance. To help accomplish these complex tasks, the intestinal epithelium has evolved many sensing receptor mechanisms. Yet, their roles and functions are only now beginning to be elucidated. This article explores one such sensing receptor mechanism, carried out by the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). In addition to its established function as a nutrient sensor, coordinating food digestion, nutrient absorption, and regulating energy metabolism, we present evidence for the emerging role of CaSR in the control of intestinal fluid homeostasis and immune balance. An additional role in the modulation of the enteric nerve activity and motility is also discussed. Clearly, CaSR has profound effects on many aspects of intestinal function. Nevertheless, more work is needed to fully understand all functions of CaSR in the intestine, including detailed mechanisms of action and specific pathways involved. Considering the essential roles CaSR plays in gastrointestinal physiology and immunology, research may lead to a translational opportunity for the development of novel therapies that are based on CaSR's unique property of using simple nutrients such as calcium, polyamines, and certain amino acids/oligopeptides as activators. It is possible that, through targeting of intestinal CaSR with a combination of specific nutrients, oral solutions that are both inexpensive and practical may be developed to help in conditioning the gut microenvironment and in maintaining digestive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieqi Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine Y Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra J Pedicone
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Inflammation and Mucosal Immunology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sam X Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Cheng SX. Calcium-sensing receptor: A new target for therapy of diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2711-2724. [PMID: 26973410 PMCID: PMC4777994 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i9.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of acute diarrhea remains a global challenge, particularly in resource-limiting countries. Oral rehydration solution (ORS), a passive rehydrating therapy developed approximately 40 years ago, remains the mainstay treatment. Although ORS is effective for hydration, since it does not inhibit enterotoxin-mediated excessive secretion, reduced absorption and compromised barrier function - the primary mechanisms of diarrhea, ORS does not offer a rapid relief of diarrhea symptom. There are a few alternative therapies available, yet the use of these drugs is limited by their expense, lack of availability and/or safety concerns. Novel anti-diarrheal therapeutic approaches, particularly those simple affordable therapies, are needed. This article explores intestinal calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a newly uncovered target for therapy of diarrhea. Unlike others, targeting this host antidiarrheal receptor system appears “all-inclusive”: it is anti-secretory, pro-absorptive, anti-motility, and anti-inflammatory. Thus, activating CaSR reverses changes of both secretory and inflammatory diarrheas. Considering its unique property of using simple nutrients such as calcium, polyamines, and certain amino acids/oligopeptides as activators, it is possible that through targeting of CaSR with a combination of specific nutrients, novel oral rehydrating solutions that are inexpensive and practical to use in all countries may be developed.
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Wang B, Wu Z, Ji Y, Sun K, Dai Z, Wu G. L-Glutamine Enhances Tight Junction Integrity by Activating CaMK Kinase 2-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. J Nutr 2016; 146:501-8. [PMID: 26865645 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.224857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tight junctions (TJs) are essential for maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity. Results of our recent work show that dietary l-glutamine (Gln) supplementation enhances the protein abundance of TJ proteins in the small intestine of piglets. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that Gln regulates TJ integrity through calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (CaMKK2)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling which, in turn, contributes to improved intestinal mucosal barrier function. METHODS Jejunal enterocytes isolated from a newborn pig were cultured in the presence of 0-2.0 mmol Gln/L for indicated time points. Cell proliferation, monolayer transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), paracellular permeability, expression and distribution of TJ proteins, and phosphorylated AMPK were determined. RESULTS Compared with 0 mmol Gln/L, 2.0 mmol Gln/L enhanced (P < 0.05) cell growth (by 31.9% at 48 h and 11.1% at 60 h). Cells treated with 2 mmol Gln/L increased TEER by 32.2% at 60 h, and decreased (P < 0.05) TJ permeability by 20.3-40.0% at 36-60 h. In addition, 2.0 mmol Gln/L increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of transmembrane proteins, such as occludin, claudin-4, junction adhesion molecule (JAM)-A, and the plaque proteins zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3 by 1.8-6 times. In contrast, 0.5 mmol Gln/L had a moderate effect on TJ protein abundance (20.2-70.5%; P < 0.05) of occludin, claudin-3, claudin-4, JAM-A, and ZO-1. 2.0 mmol Gln/L treatment led to a greater distribution of claudin-1, claudin-4, and ZO-1 at plasma membranes compared with 0 mmol Gln/L. This effect of Gln was mediated by the activation of CaMKK2-AMPK signaling, because either depletion of calcium from the medium or the presence of an inhibitor of CaMKK2 abrogated the effect of Gln on epithelial integrity. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that activation of CaMKK2-AMPK signaling by Gln is associated with improved intestinal mucosal barrier function through enhancing the abundance of TJ proteins and altering their intracellular localization in intestinal porcine epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Kaiji Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Activation of AMPK by chitosan oligosaccharide in intestinal epithelial cells: Mechanism of action and potential applications in intestinal disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:225-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease remains a major health burden worldwide. Secretory diarrhoeas are caused by certain bacterial and viral infections, inflammatory processes, drugs and genetic disorders. Fluid secretion across the intestinal epithelium in secretory diarrhoeas involves multiple ion and solute transporters, as well as activation of cyclic nucleotide and Ca(2+) signalling pathways. In many secretory diarrhoeas, activation of Cl(-) channels in the apical membrane of enterocytes, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels, increases fluid secretion, while inhibition of Na(+) transport reduces fluid absorption. Current treatment of diarrhoea includes replacement of fluid and electrolyte losses using oral rehydration solutions, and drugs targeting intestinal motility or fluid secretion. Therapeutics in the development pipeline target intestinal ion channels and transporters, regulatory proteins and cell surface receptors. This Review describes pathogenic mechanisms of secretory diarrhoea, current and emerging therapeutics, and the challenges in developing antidiarrhoeal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross 925, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, University of California, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Variations in extracellular calcium level have a large impact on kidney function. Most of the effects seen are attributed to the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a widely expressed G-protein-coupled cell surface protein with an important function in bone mineral homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to recapitulate the novel functional aspects of CaSR. RECENT FINDINGS Results from mouse models demonstrate important functions for CaSR in various tissues. In the kidney, the main role of CaSR is the regulation of calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, independently of its role on parathyroid hormone secretion. CaSR modulates claudin 14, the gatekeeper of paracellular ion transport in the thick ascending limb that is associated with urinary calcium excretion. One intracellular signaling pathway by which CaSR alters tight junction permeability is the calcineurin-NFAT1c-microRNA-claudin14 axis. SUMMARY The main function of CaSR in the kidney is the regulation of calcium excretion in the thick ascending limb, independently of parathyroid hormone. CaSR modulates paracellular cation transport by altering expression of the tight junction protein claudin 14. Still more work is needed to fully understand all functions of CaSR in the kidney. Alternative pathways of calcium 'sensing' in the kidney need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan R Toka
- aDivision of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center bDivision of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Weekers L, de Tullio P, Bovy C, Poma L, Marée R, Bonvoisin C, Defraigne JO, Krzesinski JM, Jouret F. Activation of the calcium-sensing receptor before renal ischemia/reperfusion exacerbates kidney injury. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:128-138. [PMID: 25755835 PMCID: PMC4346530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) favours apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and neurons. Its role in renal I/R is unknown. We investigated the impact of pharmacological preactivation of the CaSR on kidney structure and function in a murine model of bilateral renal 30-min ischemia and 48-hour reperfusion, and in a 6-year cohort of kidney transplant recipients (KTR). C57BL/6J mice were administered daily with CaSR agonist, R-568, or with vehicle for 48 hours. Evaluation of serum urea and creatinine levels, renal histology and urine metabolome by nuclear magnetic resonance showed that R-568 was not nephrotoxic per se. Following I/R, serum urea and creatinine levels increased higher in R-568-treated animals than in controls. Jablonski's score was significantly greater in R-568-treated kidneys, which showed a higher rate of cell proliferation and apoptosis in comparison to controls. Next, we retrospectively identified 36 patients (10.7% of our cohort) who were treated by CaSR agonist, cinacalcet, at the time of kidney transplantation (KTx). After matching these to 61 KTR upon type of donor, cold ischemic time, residual diuresis, and donor age, we observed that delayed graft function, i.e. need for dialysis in the first week after KTx, occurred in 42 and 23% of cinacalcet-treated and control groups, respectively (p≤0.05). These data suggest that pharmacological preactivation of the CaSR before renal I/R exacerbates kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Weekers
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital (ULg CHU)Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal de Tullio
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Bovy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital (ULg CHU)Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Poma
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Marée
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Bioinformatics and Systems and Modeling, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Bonvoisin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital (ULg CHU)Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Olivier Defraigne
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Krzesinski
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital (ULg CHU)Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - François Jouret
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital (ULg CHU)Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
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Lu X, Kang X, Zhan L, Lv C, Fan Z, Wang Y, Ali R, Lv C, Li S, Mu J. Dai Huang Fu Zi Tang could ameliorate intestinal injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock by regulating intestinal blood flow and intestinal expression of p-VASP and ZO-1. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:80. [PMID: 24580804 PMCID: PMC3974027 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Dai Huang Fu Zi Tang (DHFZT), an oriental herbal formula, has long been used clinically in treatment of intestinal obstruction, acute pancreatitis, cholecystalgia and chronic diarrhea for thousands of years. Recent studies have demonstrated that DHFZT can reduce intestinal pathological injury and the concentration of enterogenous endotoxin in an animal model. But the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Methods SD male rats in adult were used to model HS and treated with DHFZT. The serum concentration of endotoxin were analyzed by dynamic turbidimetric method. In addition, the blood flow of small intestine were measured using laser speckle technique. Phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP) and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 protein, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP) were measured by Western Blotting, RT-PCR, ELISA respectively. Results Present study showed that DHFZT markedly elevated the blood flow of small intestine, protected the intestinal barrier function by up-regulating the expression of ZO-1 protein and down-regulating expression of p-VASP, and notely decreased serum concentration of IFABP and endotoxin in HS. Conclusions These results reveal that DHFZT improves intestinal blood flow, protects the intestinal barrier function, and ameliorates intestinal endotoxaemia in rats with HS.
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