1
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Schirripa Spagnolo C, Luin S. Impact of temporal resolution in single particle tracking analysis. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:87. [PMID: 38724858 PMCID: PMC11082114 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Temporal resolution is a key parameter in the observation of dynamic processes, as in the case of single molecules motions visualized in real time in two-dimensions by wide field (fluorescence) microscopy, but a systematic investigation of its effects in all the single particle tracking analysis steps is still lacking. Here we present tools to quantify its impact on the estimation of diffusivity and of its distribution using one of the most popular tracking software for biological applications on simulated data and movies. We found important shifts and different widths for diffusivity distributions, depending on the interplay of temporal sampling conditions with various parameters, such as simulated diffusivity, density of spots, signal-to-noise ratio, lengths of trajectories, and kind of boundaries in the simulation. We examined conditions starting from the ones of experiments on the fluorescently labelled receptor p75NTR, a relatively fast-diffusing membrane receptor (diffusivity around 0.5-1 µm2/s), visualized by TIRF microscopy on the basal membrane of living cells. From the analysis of the simulations, we identified the best conditions in cases similar to these ones; considering also the experiments, we could confirm a range of values of temporal resolution suitable for obtaining reliable diffusivity results. The procedure we present can be exploited in different single particle/molecule tracking applications to find an optimal temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
- NEST Laboratory, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Schirripa Spagnolo C, Moscardini A, Amodeo R, Beltram F, Luin S. Quantitative determination of fluorescence labeling implemented in cell cultures. BMC Biol 2023; 21:190. [PMID: 37697318 PMCID: PMC10496409 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Labeling efficiency is a crucial parameter in fluorescence applications, especially when studying biomolecular interactions. Current approaches for estimating the yield of fluorescent labeling have critical drawbacks that usually lead them to be inaccurate or not quantitative. RESULTS We present a method to quantify fluorescent-labeling efficiency that addresses the critical issues marring existing approaches. The method operates in the same conditions of the target experiments by exploiting a ratiometric evaluation with two fluorophores used in sequential reactions. We show the ability of the protocol to extract reliable quantification for different fluorescent probes, reagents concentrations, and reaction timing and to optimize labeling performance. As paradigm, we consider the labeling of the membrane-receptor TrkA through 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase Sfp in living cells, visualizing the results by TIRF microscopy. This investigation allows us to find conditions for demanding single and multi-color single-molecule studies requiring high degrees of labeling. CONCLUSIONS The developed method allows the quantitative determination and the optimization of staining efficiency in any labeling strategy based on stable reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Moscardini
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosy Amodeo
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- NEST Laboratory, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
- NEST Laboratory, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Pacifico P, Testa G, Amodeo R, Mainardi M, Tiberi A, Convertino D, Arevalo JC, Marchetti L, Costa M, Cattaneo A, Capsoni S. Human TrkAR649W mutation impairs nociception, sweating and cognitive abilities: a mouse model of HSAN IV. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1380-1400. [PMID: 36537577 PMCID: PMC10077510 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional nerve growth factor NGF-Tropomyosin Receptor kinase A (TrkA) system is an essential requisite for the generation and maintenance of long-lasting thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in adult mammals. Indeed, mutations in the gene encoding for TrkA are responsible for a rare condition, named Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV), characterized by the loss of response to noxious stimuli, anhidrosis and cognitive impairment. However, to date, there is no available mouse model to properly understand how the NGF-TrkA system can lead to pathological phenotypes that are distinctive of HSAN IV. Here, we report the generation of a knock-in mouse line carrying the HSAN IV TrkAR649W mutation. First, by in vitro biochemical and biophysical analyses, we show that the pathological R649W mutation leads to kinase-inactive TrkA also affecting its membrane dynamics and trafficking. In agreement with the HSAN IV human phenotype, TrkAR649W/m mice display a lower response to thermal and chemical noxious stimuli, correlating with reduced skin innervation, in addition to decreased sweating in comparison to TrkAh/m controls. Moreover, the R649W mutation decreases anxiety-like behavior and compromises cognitive abilities, by impairing spatial-working and social memory. Our results further uncover unexplored roles of TrkA in thermoregulation and sociability. In addition to accurately recapitulating the clinical manifestations of HSAN IV patients, our findings contribute to clarifying the involvement of the NGF-TrkA system in pain sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pacifico
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Giovanna Testa
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rosy Amodeo
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa 56127, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Marco Mainardi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (IN-CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Alexia Tiberi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa 56127, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Arevalo
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Patología, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Mario Costa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (IN-CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
- Pisa Center for Research and Clinical Implementation Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Rita Levi-Montalcini European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Simona Capsoni
- Bio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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4
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Niederauer C, Seynen M, Zomerdijk J, Kamp M, Ganzinger KA. The K2: Open-source simultaneous triple-color TIRF microscope for live-cell and single-molecule imaging. HARDWAREX 2023; 13:e00404. [PMID: 36923558 PMCID: PMC10009532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging the dynamics and interactions of biomolecules at the single-molecule level in live cells and reconstituted systems has generated unprecedented knowledge about the biomolecular processes underlying many cellular functions. To achieve the speed and sensitivity needed to detect and follow individual molecules, these experiments typically require custom-built microscopes or custom modifications of commercial systems. The costs of such single-molecule microscopes, their technical complexity and the lack of open-source documentation on how to build custom setups therefore limit the accessibility of single-molecule imaging techniques. To advance the adaptation of dynamic single-molecule imaging by a wider community, we present the "K2": an open-source, simultaneous triple-color total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscope specifically designed for live-cell and single-molecule imaging. We explain our design considerations and provide step-by-step building instructions, parts list and full CAD models. The modular design of this TIRF microscope allows users to customize it to their scientific and financial needs, or to re-use parts of our design to improve the capabilities of their existing setups without necessarily having to build a full copy of the K2 microscope.
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5
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Schirripa Spagnolo C, Luin S. Setting up multicolour TIRF microscopy down to the single molecule level. Biomol Concepts 2023; 14:bmc-2022-0032. [PMID: 37428621 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating biological mechanisms in ever greater detail requires continuous advances in microscopy techniques and setups. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a well-established technique for visualizing processes on the cell membrane. TIRF allows studies down to the single molecule level, mainly in single-colour applications. Instead, multicolour setups are still limited. Here, we describe our strategies for implementing a multi-channel TIRF microscopy system capable of simultaneous two-channel excitation and detection, starting from a single-colour commercial setup. First, we report some applications at high molecule density and then focus on the challenges we faced for achieving the single molecule level simultaneously in different channels, showing that rigorous optimizations on the setup are needed to increase its sensitivity up to this point, from camera setting to background minimization. We also discuss our strategies regarding crucial points of fluorescent labelling for this type of experiment: labelling strategy, kind of probe, efficiency, and orthogonality of the reaction, all of which are aspects that can influence the achievable results. This work may provide useful guidelines for setting up advanced single-molecule multi-channel TIRF experiments to obtain insights into interaction mechanisms on the cell membrane of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
- NEST Laboratory, Istituto Nanoscienze-Consiglio Nazionale delle ricerche (CNR), Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Choosing the Probe for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314949. [PMID: 36499276 PMCID: PMC9735909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Probe choice in single-molecule microscopy requires deeper evaluations than those adopted for less sensitive fluorescence microscopy studies. Indeed, fluorophore characteristics can alter or hide subtle phenomena observable at the single-molecule level, wasting the potential of the sophisticated instrumentation and algorithms developed for advanced single-molecule applications. There are different reasons for this, linked, e.g., to fluorophore aspecific interactions, brightness, photostability, blinking, and emission and excitation spectra. In particular, these spectra and the excitation source are interdependent, and the latter affects the autofluorescence of sample substrate, medium, and/or biological specimen. Here, we review these and other critical points for fluorophore selection in single-molecule microscopy. We also describe the possible kinds of fluorophores and the microscopy techniques based on single-molecule fluorescence. We explain the importance and impact of the various issues in fluorophore choice, and discuss how this can become more effective and decisive for increasingly demanding experiments in single- and multiple-color applications.
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7
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Wang ZJ, Thomson M. Localization of signaling receptors maximizes cellular information acquisition in spatially structured natural environments. Cell Syst 2022; 13:530-546.e12. [PMID: 35679857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells in natural environments, such as tissue or soil, sense and respond to extracellular ligands with intricately structured and non-monotonic spatial distributions, sculpted by processes such as fluid flow and substrate adhesion. In this work, we show that spatial sensing and navigation can be optimized by adapting the spatial organization of signaling pathways to the spatial structure of the environment. We develop an information-theoretic framework for computing the optimal spatial organization of a sensing system for a given signaling environment. We find that receptor localization previously observed in cells maximizes information acquisition in simulated natural contexts, including tissue and soil. Specifically, information acquisition is maximized when receptors form localized patches at regions of maximal ligand concentration. Receptor localization extends naturally to produce a dynamic protocol for continuously redistributing signaling receptors, which when implemented using simple feedback, boosts cell navigation efficiency by 30-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Jerry Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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8
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Large-Scale, Wavelet-Based Analysis of Lysosomal Trajectories and Co-Movements of Lysosomes with Nanoparticle Cargos. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020270. [PMID: 35053385 PMCID: PMC8774281 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes—that is, acidic organelles known for degradation/recycling—move through the cytoplasm alternating between bursts of active transport and short, diffusive motions or even pauses. While their mobility is essential for lysosomes’ fusogenic and non-fusogenic interactions with target organelles, their movements have not been characterized in adequate detail. Here, large-scale statistical analysis of lysosomal movement trajectories reveals that lysosome trajectories in all examined cell types—both cancer and noncancerous ones—are superdiffusive and characterized by heavy-tailed distributions of run and flight lengths. Consideration of Akaike weights for various potential models (lognormal, power law, truncated power law, stretched exponential, and exponential) indicates that the experimental data are best described by the lognormal distribution, which, in turn, can be related to one of the space-search strategies particularly effective when “thorough” search needs to balance search for rare target(s) (organelles). In addition, automated, wavelet-based analysis allows for co-tracking the motions of lysosomes and the cargos they carry—particularly the nanoparticle aggregates known to cause selective lysosome disruption in cancerous cells. The methods we describe here could help study nanoparticle assemblies, viruses, and other objects transported inside various vesicle types, as well as coordinated movements of organelles/particles in the cytoplasm. Custom-written code that includes integrated workflow for our analyses is made available for academic use.
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9
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Oo WM, Hunter DJ. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Inhibitors and Related Agents for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Comprehensive Review. BioDrugs 2021; 35:611-641. [PMID: 34807432 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain such as osteoarthritis (OA) and low back pain (LBP) are very common and contribute to enormous burden and societal costs, despite dramatic therapeutic advances over recent decades. Novel approaches and targeted therapies are required to satisfy the urgent unmet medical need of musculoskeletal pain relief in both conditions. Nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibitors have utilized novel mechanisms different from conventional drugs, which have a variety of gastrointestinal, cardiac, or renal adverse effects. Several phase 2/3 studies have been accomplished for these drugs, such as tanezumab, fasinumab, and tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA) inhibitors. We searched the literature using the PubMed database and clinical trials using ClinicalTrials.gov to identify original papers, meta-analyses as well as ongoing clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety profile of these drugs. In this narrative review, we briefly overview the disease burden of musculoskeletal pain, the role of NGF signaling and its receptors in the genesis of pain, and the mechanisms of action of inhibitors of NGF signaling and downstream pathways, and then discuss the efficacy and safety of each investigational drug in OA and LBP. Finally, we briefly review two serious adverse effects of NGF inhibitors, namely rapidly progressive OA and sympathetic system effects, and conclude with possible barriers and potential research directions to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Min Oo
- Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mandalay General Hospital, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - David J Hunter
- Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, and Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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10
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Stüber JC, Richter CP, Bellón JS, Schwill M, König I, Schuler B, Piehler J, Plückthun A. Apoptosis-inducing anti-HER2 agents operate through oligomerization-induced receptor immobilization. Commun Biol 2021; 4:762. [PMID: 34155320 PMCID: PMC8217238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2 plays a critical role in the development of various tumors. Biparatopic designed ankyrin repeat proteins (bipDARPins) potently induce apoptosis in HER2-addicted breast cancer cell lines. Here, we have investigated how the spatiotemporal receptor organization at the cell surface is modulated by these agents and is distinguished from other molecules, which do not elicit apoptosis. Binding of conventional antibodies is accompanied by moderate reduction of receptor mobility, in agreement with HER2 being dimerized by the bivalent IgG. In contrast, the most potent apoptosis-inducing bipDARPins lead to a dramatic arrest of HER2. Dual-color single-molecule tracking revealed that the HER2 "lockdown" by these bipDARPins is caused by the formation of HER2-DARPin oligomer chains, which are trapped in nanoscopic membrane domains. Our findings establish that efficient neutralization of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling can be achieved through intermolecular bipDARPin crosslinking alone, resulting in inactivated, locked-down bipDARPin-HER2 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob C Stüber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian P Richter
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Junel Sotolongo Bellón
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Martin Schwill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iwo König
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Roche Diagnostics Int. AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Schuler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology/Chemistry and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Photosensitive tyrosine analogues unravel site-dependent phosphorylation in TrkA initiated MAPK/ERK signaling. Commun Biol 2020; 3:706. [PMID: 33239753 PMCID: PMC7689462 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) is a membrane receptor which, upon ligand binding, activates several pathways including MAPK/ERK signaling, implicated in a spectrum of human pathologies; thus, TrkA is an emerging therapeutic target in treatment of neuronal diseases and cancer. However, mechanistic insights into TrKA signaling are lacking due to lack of site-dependent phosphorylation control. Here we engineer two light-sensitive tyrosine analogues, namely p-azido-L-phenylalanine (AzF) and the caged-tyrosine (ONB), through amber codon suppression to optically manipulate the phosphorylation state of individual intracellular tyrosines in TrkA. We identify TrkA-AzF and ONB mutants, which can activate the ERK pathway in the absence of NGF ligand binding through light control. Our results not only reveal how TrkA site-dependent phosphorylation controls the defined signaling process, but also extend the genetic code expansion technology to enable regulation of receptor-type kinase activation by optical control at the precision of a single phosphorylation site. It paves the way for comprehensive analysis of kinase-associated pathways as well as screening of compounds intervening in a site-directed phosphorylation pathway for targeted therapy. Using genetic code expansion, Zhao, Shi et al. generate light-sensitive tyrosine analogues to obtain insights into the activation of the NGF receptor, TrkA. They identify light-sensitive and NGF-insensitive phosphorylation sites, validating the approach and providing insights into TrkA signaling
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12
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Amodeo R, Convertino D, Calvello M, Ceccarelli L, Bonsignore F, Ravelli C, Cattaneo A, Martini C, Luin S, Mitola S, Signore G, Marchetti L. Fluorolabeling of the PPTase-Related Chemical Tags: Comparative Study of Different Membrane Receptors and Different Fluorophores in the Labeling Reactions. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:195. [PMID: 32850976 PMCID: PMC7426934 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The set-up of an advanced imaging experiment requires a careful selection of suitable labeling strategies and fluorophores for the tagging of the molecules of interest. Here we provide an experimental workflow to allow evaluation of fluorolabeling performance of the chemical tags target of phosphopantetheinyl transferase enzymes (PPTases), once inserted in the sequence of different proteins of interest. First, S6 peptide tag was fused to three different single-pass transmembrane proteins (the tyrosine receptor kinases TrkA and VEGFR2 and the tumor necrosis factor receptor p75NTR), providing evidence that all of them can be conveniently albeit differently labeled. Moreover, we chose the S6-tagged TrkA construct to test eight different organic fluorophores for the PPTase labeling of membrane receptors in living cells. We systematically compared their non-specific internalization when added to a S6-tag negative cell culture, the percentage of S6-TrkA expressing cells effectively labeled and the relative mean fluorescence intensity, their photostability upon conjugation, and ratio of specific (cellular) versus background (glass-adhered) signal. This allowed to identify which fluorophores are actually recommended for these labeling reactions. Finally, we compared the PPTase labeling of a purified, YBBR-tagged Nerve Growth Factor with two differently charged organic dyes. We detected some batch-to-batch variability in the labeling yield, regardless of the fluorophore used. However, upon purification of the fluorescent species and incubation with living primary DRG neurons, no significant difference could be appreciated in both internalization and axonal transport of the labeled neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Amodeo
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Ceccarelli
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Luin
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Kipnis PA, Sullivan BJ, Carter BM, Kadam SD. TrkB agonists prevent postischemic emergence of refractory neonatal seizures in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136007. [PMID: 32427585 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory neonatal seizures do not respond to first-line antiseizure medications like phenobarbital (PB), a positive allosteric modulator for GABAA receptors. GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition is dependent upon electroneutral cation-chloride transporter KCC2, which mediates neuronal chloride extrusion and its age-dependent increase and postnatally shifts GABAergic signaling from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. Brain-derived neurotropic factor-tyrosine receptor kinase B activation (BDNF-TrkB activation) after excitotoxic injury recruits downstream targets like PLCγ1, leading to KCC2 hypofunction. Here, the antiseizure efficacy of TrkB agonists LM22A-4, HIOC, and deoxygedunin (DG) on PB-refractory seizures and postischemic TrkB pathway activation was investigated in a mouse model (CD-1, P7) of refractory neonatal seizures. LM, a BDNF loop II mimetic, rescued PB-refractory seizures in a sexually dimorphic manner. Efficacy was associated with a substantial reduction in the postischemic phosphorylation of TrkB at Y816, a site known to mediate postischemic KCC2 hypofunction via PLCγ1 activation. LM rescued ischemia-induced phospho-KCC2-S940 dephosphorylation, preserving its membrane stability. Full TrkB agonists HIOC and DG similarly rescued PB refractoriness. Chemogenetic inactivation of TrkB substantially reduced postischemic neonatal seizure burdens at P7. Sex differences identified in developmental expression profiles of TrkB and KCC2 may underlie the sexually dimorphic efficacy of LM. These results support a potentially novel role for the TrkB receptor in the emergence of age-dependent refractory neonatal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Kipnis
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brennan J Sullivan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon M Carter
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shilpa D Kadam
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Durso W, Martins M, Marchetti L, Cremisi F, Luin S, Cardarelli F. Lysosome Dynamic Properties during Neuronal Stem Cell Differentiation Studied by Spatiotemporal Fluctuation Spectroscopy and Organelle Tracking. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093397. [PMID: 32403391 PMCID: PMC7247004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated lysosome dynamics during neuronal stem cell (NSC) differentiation by two quantitative and complementary biophysical methods based on fluorescence: imaging-derived mean square displacement (iMSD) and single-particle tracking (SPT). The former extracts the average dynamics and size of the whole population of moving lysosomes directly from imaging, with no need to calculate single trajectories; the latter resolves the finest heterogeneities and dynamic features at the single-lysosome level, which are lost in the iMSD analysis. In brief, iMSD analysis reveals that, from a structural point of view, lysosomes decrement in size during NSC differentiation, from 1 μm average diameter in the embryonic cells to approximately 500 nm diameter in the fully differentiated cells. Concomitantly, iMSD analysis highlights modification of key dynamic parameters, such as the average local organelle diffusivity and anomalous coefficient, which may parallel cytoskeleton remodeling during the differentiation process. From average to local, SPT allows mapping heterogeneous dynamic responses of single lysosomes in different districts of the cells. For instance, a dramatic decrease of lysosomal transport in the soma is followed by a rapid increase of transport in the projections at specific time points during neuronal differentiation, an observation compatible with the hypothesis that lysosomal active mobilization shifts from the soma to the newborn projections. Our combined results provide new insight into the lysosome size and dynamics regulation throughout NSC differentiation, supporting new functions proposed for this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Durso
- NEST Laboratory—Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Manuella Martins
- Bio@SNS Laboratory—Scuola Normale Superiore, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST (CNI@NEST), Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Federico Cremisi
- Bio@SNS Laboratory—Scuola Normale Superiore, via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory—Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- NEST Laboratory—Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (F.C.)
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15
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Franco ML, Nadezhdin KD, Goncharuk SA, Mineev KS, Arseniev AS, Vilar M. Structural basis of the transmembrane domain dimerization and rotation in the activation mechanism of the TRKA receptor by nerve growth factor. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:275-286. [PMID: 31801826 PMCID: PMC6952603 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin-receptor kinases (TRKs) are essential for the development of the nervous system. The molecular mechanism of TRKA activation by its ligand nerve growth factor (NGF) is still unsolved. Recent results indicate that at endogenous levels most of TRKA is in a monomer-dimer equilibrium and that the binding of NGF induces an increase of the dimeric and oligomeric forms of this receptor. An unsolved issue is the role of the TRKA transmembrane domain (TMD) in the dimerization of TRKA and the structural details of the TMD in the active dimer receptor. Here, we found that the TRKA-TMD can form dimers, identified the structural determinants of the dimer interface in the active receptor, and validated this interface through site-directed mutagenesis together with functional and cell differentiation studies. Using in vivo cross-linking, we found that the extracellular juxtamembrane region is reordered after ligand binding. Replacement of some residues in the juxtamembrane region with cysteine resulted in ligand-independent active dimers and revealed the preferred dimer interface. Moreover, insertion of leucine residues into the TMD helix induced a ligand-independent TRKA activation, suggesting that a rotation of the TMD dimers underlies NGF-induced TRKA activation. Altogether, our findings indicate that the transmembrane and juxtamembrane regions of TRKA play key roles in its dimerization and activation by NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Franco
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Kirill D Nadezhdin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy Pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Goncharuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy Pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin S Mineev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy Pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy Pereulok 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russian Federation.
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46010 València, Spain.
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16
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Amodeo R, Nifosì R, Giacomelli C, Ravelli C, La Rosa L, Callegari A, Trincavelli ML, Mitola S, Luin S, Marchetti L. Molecular insight on the altered membrane trafficking of TrkA kinase dead mutants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118614. [PMID: 31760089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We address the contribution of kinase domain structure and catalytic activity to membrane trafficking of TrkA receptor tyrosine kinase. We conduct a systematic comparison between TrkA-wt, an ATP-binding defective mutant (TrkA-K544N) and other mutants displaying separate functional impairments of phosphorylation, ubiquitination, or recruitment of intracellular partners. We find that only K544N mutation endows TrkA with restricted membrane mobility and a substantial increase of cell surface pool already in the absence of ligand stimulation. This mutation is predicted to drive a structural destabilization of the αC helix in the N-lobe by molecular dynamics simulations, and enhances interactions with elements of the actin cytoskeleton. On the other hand, a different TrkA membrane immobilization is selectively observed after NGF stimulation, requires both phosphorylation and ubiquitination to occur, and is most probably related to the signaling abilities displayed by the wt but not mutated receptors. In conclusion, our results allow to distinguish two different TrkA membrane immobilization modes and demonstrate that not all kinase-inactive mutants display identical membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Amodeo
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy; Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Nifosì
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy; NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Cosetta Ravelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Stefania Mitola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy; NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Fast-diffusing p75 NTR monomers support apoptosis and growth cone collapse by neurotrophin ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21563-21572. [PMID: 31515449 PMCID: PMC6815156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902790116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are homodimeric growth factors displaying fundamental roles in the nervous system. Their activity stems from binding and activation of 3 different receptor types in nervous cell membranes. The p75 NT receptor (p75NTR) was the first to be discovered in 1986; nevertheless, for the numerous structural and functional facets so far reported, its activation mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that its pleiotropic functions are regulated by different redistributions of the receptors, which crucially depend on the available NT and on the involved subcellular compartment but are unrelated to its oligomerization state. Single-particle studies proved receptors to be monomers with a fast-diffusive behavior in the membrane with, at most, transient self-interactions on the millisecond time scale. The p75 neurotrophin (NT) receptor (p75NTR) plays a crucial role in balancing survival-versus-death decisions in the nervous system. Yet, despite 2 decades of structural and biochemical studies, a comprehensive, accepted model for p75NTR activation by NT ligands is still missing. Here, we present a single-molecule study of membrane p75NTR in living cells, demonstrating that the vast majority of receptors are monomers before and after NT activation. Interestingly, the stoichiometry and diffusion properties of the wild-type (wt) p75NTR are almost identical to those of a receptor mutant lacking residues previously believed to induce oligomerization. The wt p75NTR and mutated (mut) p75NTR differ in their partitioning in cholesterol-rich membrane regions upon nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation: We argue that this is the origin of the ability of wt p75NTR , but not of mut p75NTR, to mediate immature NT (proNT)-induced apoptosis. Both p75NTR forms support proNT-induced growth cone retraction: We show that receptor surface accumulation is the driving force for cone collapse. Overall, our data unveil the multifaceted activity of the p75NTR monomer and let us provide a coherent interpretative frame of existing conflicting data in the literature.
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18
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Kreutzberger AJB, Ji M, Aaron J, Mihaljević L, Urban S. Rhomboid distorts lipids to break the viscosity-imposed speed limit of membrane diffusion. Science 2019; 363:363/6426/eaao0076. [PMID: 30705155 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that cut proteins inside membranes regulate diverse cellular events, including cell signaling, homeostasis, and host-pathogen interactions. Adaptations that enable catalysis in this exceptional environment are poorly understood. We visualized single molecules of multiple rhomboid intramembrane proteases and unrelated proteins in living cells (human and Drosophila) and planar lipid bilayers. Notably, only rhomboid proteins were able to diffuse above the Saffman-Delbrück viscosity limit of the membrane. Hydrophobic mismatch with the irregularly shaped rhomboid fold distorted surrounding lipids and propelled rhomboid diffusion. The rate of substrate processing in living cells scaled with rhomboid diffusivity. Thus, intramembrane proteolysis is naturally diffusion-limited, but cells mitigate this constraint by using the rhomboid fold to overcome the "speed limit" of membrane diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ljubica Mihaljević
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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19
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Clarke DT, Martin-Fernandez ML. A Brief History of Single-Particle Tracking of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2010012. [PMID: 31164594 PMCID: PMC6481046 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-particle tracking (SPT) has been used and developed over the last 25 years as a method to investigate molecular dynamics, structure, interactions, and function in the cellular context. SPT is able to show how fast and how far individual molecules move, identify different dynamic populations, measure the duration and strength of intermolecular interactions, and map out structures on the nanoscale in cells. In combination with other techniques such as macromolecular crystallography and molecular dynamics simulation, it allows us to build models of complex structures, and develop and test hypotheses of how these complexes perform their biological roles in health as well as in disease states. Here, we use the example of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which has been studied extensively by SPT, demonstrating how the method has been used to increase our understanding of the receptor’s organization and function, including its interaction with the plasma membrane, its activation, clustering, and oligomerization, and the role of other receptors and endocytosis. The examples shown demonstrate how SPT might be employed in the investigation of other biomolecules and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Clarke
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
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20
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Barabás K, Godó S, Lengyel F, Ernszt D, Pál J, Ábrahám IM. Rapid non-classical effects of steroids on the membrane receptor dynamics and downstream signaling in neurons. Horm Behav 2018; 104:183-191. [PMID: 29775570 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. Although rapid effects of steroid hormones on membrane receptors and intracellular signaling molecules have been extensively studied in neurons, we are only beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms behind these non-classical steroid actions. Single molecule tracking (SMT) studies on live cells demonstrated that surface trafficking of membrane receptors determines their ligand binding properties and downstream signaling events. Recent findings suggest that one of the underlying mechanisms of non-classical steroid actions is the alteration of receptor movements on the membrane surface. In order to highlight this novel aspect of steroid effects, we first address the types of receptor movements in the plasma membrane and the role of cortical actin dynamics in receptor movement. We then discuss how single molecules and the surface movements of receptors can be detected in live cells. Next, we review the fundamental processes, which determine the effect of steroids on the plasma membrane: steroid movement through the lipid bilayer and the role of steroid membrane receptors. Using glutamate and neurotrophin receptors (NTRs) as examples, we demonstrate the features of receptor dynamics in the membrane. In addition, we survey the available data of rapid steroid actions on membrane receptor trafficking: we discuss how glucocorticoids act on the surface diffusion of glutamate receptor molecules and how estradiol acts on NTRs and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) and their related signaling events as well as on cortical actin. Finally, we address the physiological relevance of rapid steroid action on membrane receptors dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Barabás
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Soma Godó
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Lengyel
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Ernszt
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Pál
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István M Ábrahám
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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21
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Zahavi EE, Steinberg N, Altman T, Chein M, Joshi Y, Gradus-Pery T, Perlson E. The receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB signals without dimerization at the plasma membrane. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/529/eaao4006. [PMID: 29739881 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin-related tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) is the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and provides critical signaling that supports the development and function of the mammalian nervous system. Like other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), TrkB is thought to signal as a dimer. Using cell imaging and biochemical assays, we found that TrkB acted as a monomeric receptor at the plasma membrane regardless of its binding to BDNF and initial activation. Dimerization occurred only after the internalization and accumulation of TrkB monomers within BDNF-containing endosomes. We further showed that dynamin-mediated endocytosis of TrkB-BDNF was required for the effective activation of the kinase AKT but not of the kinase ERK1/2. Thus, we report a previously uncharacterized mode of monomeric signaling for an RTK and a specific role for the endosome in TrkB homodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Erez Zahavi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noam Steinberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Topaz Altman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michael Chein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yuvraj Joshi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tal Gradus-Pery
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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22
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Gobbo F, Bonsignore F, Amodeo R, Cattaneo A, Marchetti L. Site-Specific Direct Labeling of Neurotrophins and Their Receptors: From Biochemistry to Advanced Imaging Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1727:295-314. [PMID: 29222790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a versatile methodological platform to achieve site-directed and stoichiometry-controlled labeling of neurotrophins and their receptors with various probes, ranging from biotin to small organic dyes. This labeling method works in vitro on purified neurotrophins as well as in a living cell context, where it achieves selective labeling of surface-exposed neurotrophin receptors. Here, we list all experimental details of our labeling protocols, along with examples of the wide range of applications in which these can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gobbo
- Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Fulvio Bonsignore
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Rosy Amodeo
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy.
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy.
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23
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Moravcova R, Melkes B, Novotny J. TRH receptor mobility in the plasma membrane is strongly affected by agonist binding and by interaction with some cognate signaling proteins. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 38:20-26. [PMID: 29137494 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1398756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extensive research has been dedicated to elucidating the mechanisms of signal transduction through different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, relatively little is known about the regulation of receptor movement within the cell membrane upon ligand binding. In this study we focused our attention on the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptor that typically couples to Gq/11 proteins. METHODS We monitored receptor diffusion in the plasma membrane of HEK293 cells stably expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged TRH receptor (TRHR-YFP) by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). RESULTS FRAP analysis indicated that the lateral movement of the TRH receptor was markedly reduced upon TRH binding as the value of its diffusion coefficient fell down by 55%. This effect was prevented by the addition of the TRH receptor antagonist midazolam. We also found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Gq/11α, Gβ, β-arrestin2 and phospholipase Cβ1, but not of Giα1, β-arrestin1 or G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of TRHR-YFP diffusion, indicating the involvement of the former proteins in the regulation of TRH receptor behavior. The observed partial reduction of the TRHR-YFP mobile fraction caused by down-regulation of Giα1 and β-arrestin1 suggests that these proteins may also play distinct roles in THR receptor-mediated signaling. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate for the first time that not only agonist binding but also abundance of some signaling proteins may strongly affect TRH receptor dynamics in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Moravcova
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Melkes
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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24
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Conformational transitions and interactions underlying the function of membrane embedded receptor protein kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1417-1429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Harwardt MLIE, Young P, Bleymüller WM, Meyer T, Karathanasis C, Niemann HH, Heilemann M, Dietz MS. Membrane dynamics of resting and internalin B-bound MET receptor tyrosine kinase studied by single-molecule tracking. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1422-1440. [PMID: 28904870 PMCID: PMC5586345 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The human MET receptor tyrosine kinase contributes to vertebrate development and cell proliferation. As a proto-oncogene, it is a target in cancer therapies. MET is also relevant for bacterial infection by Listeria monocytogenes and is activated by the bacterial protein internalin B. The processes of ligand binding, receptor activation, and the diffusion behavior of MET within the plasma membrane as well as its interconnections with various cell components are not fully understood. We investigated the receptor diffusion dynamics using single-particle tracking and imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and elucidated mobility states of resting and internalin B-bound MET. We show that internalin B-bound MET exhibits lower diffusion coefficients and diffuses in a more confined area in the membrane. We report that the fraction of immobile receptors is larger for internalin B-bound receptors than for resting MET. Results of single-particle tracking in cells treated with various cytotoxins depleting cholesterol from the membrane and disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules suggest that cholesterol and actin influence MET diffusion dynamics, while microtubules do not have any effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lena I E Harwardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Phoebe Young
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Willem M Bleymüller
- Structural Biochemistry Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Germany
| | - Timo Meyer
- Structural Biochemistry Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Germany
| | - Christos Karathanasis
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Hartmut H Niemann
- Structural Biochemistry Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt Germany
| | - Marina S Dietz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt Germany
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26
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Wu C, Cui Z, Liu Y, Zhang J, Ding W, Wang S, Bao G, Xu G, Sun Y, Chen J. The importance of EHD1 in neurite outgrowth contributing to the functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 52:24-32. [PMID: 27211346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunshuai Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensen Ding
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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27
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De Nadai T, Marchetti L, Di Rienzo C, Calvello M, Signore G, Di Matteo P, Gobbo F, Turturro S, Meucci S, Viegi A, Beltram F, Luin S, Cattaneo A. Precursor and mature NGF live tracking: one versus many at a time in the axons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20272. [PMID: 26829890 PMCID: PMC4735336 DOI: 10.1038/srep20272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of nerve growth factor (NGF) action in the nervous system is linked to its retrograde axonal transport. However, almost nothing is known on the trafficking properties of its unprocessed precursor proNGF, characterized by different and generally opposite biological functions with respect to its mature counterpart. Here we developed a strategy to fluorolabel both purified precursor and mature neurotrophins (NTs) with a controlled stoichiometry and insertion site. Using a single particle tracking approach, we characterized the axonal transport of proNGF versus mature NGF in living dorsal root ganglion neurons grown in compartmentalized microfluidic devices. We demonstrate that proNGF is retrogradely transported as NGF, but with a lower flux and a different distribution of numbers of neurotrophins per vesicle. Moreover, exploiting a dual-color labelling technique, we analysed the transport of both NT forms when simultaneously administered to the axon tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa De Nadai
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Marchetti
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy.,NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmine Di Rienzo
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Signore
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Di Matteo
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Gobbo
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Sandro Meucci
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Viegi
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
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28
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Travaglia A, Pietropaolo A, Di Martino R, Nicoletti VG, La Mendola D, Calissano P, Rizzarelli E. A small linear peptide encompassing the NGF N-terminus partly mimics the biological activities of the entire neurotrophin in PC12 cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1379-92. [PMID: 25939060 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of its neurite growth promoting activity in sympathetic and sensory ganglia, nerve growth factor (NGF) became the prototype of the large family of neurotrophins. The use of primary cultures and clonal cell lines has revealed several distinct actions of NGF and other neurotrophins. Among several models of NGF activity, the clonal cell line PC12 is the most widely employed. Thus, in the presence of NGF, through the activation of the transmembrane protein TrkA, these cells undergo a progressive mitotic arrest and start to grow electrically excitable neuritis. A vast number of studies opened intriguing aspects of NGF mechanisms of action, its biological properties, and potential use as therapeutic agents. In this context, identifying and utilizing small portions of NGF is of great interest and involves several human diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Here we report the specific action of the peptide encompassing the 1-14 sequence of the human NGF (NGF(1-14)), identified on the basis of scattered indications present in literature. The biological activity of NGF(1-14) was tested on PC12 cells, and its binding with TrkA was predicted by means of a computational approach. NGF(1-14) does not elicit the neurite outgrowth promoting activity, typical of the whole protein, and it only has a moderate action on PC12 proliferation. However, this peptide exerts, in a dose and time dependent fashion, an effective and specific NGF-like action on some highly conserved and biologically crucial intermediates of its intracellular targets such as Akt and CREB. These findings indicate that not all TrkA pathways must be at all times operative, and open the possibility of testing each of them in relation with specific NGF needs, biological actions, and potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rossana Di Martino
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare (IBFM)-CNR, C.da Pietrapollastra-Pisciotto, Cefalù, Palermo 90015, Italy
| | - Vincenzo G. Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche - Sezione di Biochimica Medica, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB) − Sezione Biomolecole, Consorzio Interuniversitario, Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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29
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Thiede-Stan NK, Schwab ME. Attractive and repulsive factors act through multi-subunit receptor complexes to regulate nerve fiber growth. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2403-14. [PMID: 26116576 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.165555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, attractive and repulsive factors guide neuronal growth, pathfinding and target innervation during development, learning and regeneration after injury. Repulsive and growth-inhibitory factors, such as some ephrins, semaphorins, netrins and myelin-associated growth inhibitors, restrict nerve fiber growth, whereas neurotrophins, and other ephrins, semaphorins and netrins attract fibers and promote neurite growth. Several of these guidance molecules also play crucial roles in vasculogenesis, and regulate cell migration and tissue formation in different organs. Precise and highly specific signal transduction in space and time is required in all these cases, which primarily depends on the presence and function of specific receptors. Interestingly, many of these ligands act through multi-subunit receptor complexes. In this Commentary, we review the current knowledge of how complexes of the receptors for attractive and repulsive neurite growth regulatory factors are reorganized in a spatial and temporal manner, and reveal the implications that such dynamics have on the signaling events that coordinate neurite fiber growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Thiede-Stan
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Department of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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30
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Marchetti L, Luin S, Bonsignore F, de Nadai T, Beltram F, Cattaneo A. Ligand-induced dynamics of neurotrophin receptors investigated by single-molecule imaging approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1949-79. [PMID: 25603178 PMCID: PMC4307343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are secreted proteins that regulate neuronal development and survival, as well as maintenance and plasticity of the adult nervous system. The biological activity of neurotrophins stems from their binding to two membrane receptor types, the tropomyosin receptor kinase and the p75 neurotrophin receptors (NRs). The intracellular signalling cascades thereby activated have been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, a comprehensive description of the ligand-induced nanoscale details of NRs dynamics and interactions spanning from the initial lateral movements triggered at the plasma membrane to the internalization and transport processes is still missing. Recent advances in high spatio-temporal resolution imaging techniques have yielded new insight on the dynamics of NRs upon ligand binding. Here we discuss requirements, potential and practical implementation of these novel approaches for the study of neurotrophin trafficking and signalling, in the framework of current knowledge available also for other ligand-receptor systems. We shall especially highlight the correlation between the receptor dynamics activated by different neurotrophins and the respective signalling outcome, as recently revealed by single-molecule tracking of NRs in living neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marchetti
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Stefano Luin
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Bonsignore
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Teresa de Nadai
- Biology Laboratory (BioSNS), Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze-CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa I-56100, Italy.
| | - Fabio Beltram
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa I-56127, Italy.
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Biology Laboratory (BioSNS), Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze-CNR, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa I-56100, Italy.
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31
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Abstract
Chemotaxis, or directed motion in chemical gradients, is critical for various biological processes. Many eukaryotic cells perform spatial sensing, i.e. they detect gradients by comparing spatial differences in binding occupancy of chemosensory receptors across their membrane. In many theoretical models of spatial sensing, it is assumed, for the sake of simplicity, that the receptors concerned do not move. However, in reality, receptors undergo diverse modes of diffusion, and can traverse considerable distances in the time it takes such cells to turn in an external gradient. This sets a physical limit on the accuracy of spatial sensing, which we explore using a model in which receptors diffuse freely over the membrane. We find that the Fisher information carried in binding and unbinding events decreases monotonically with the diffusion constant of the receptors.
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32
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Thiede-Stan NK, Tews B, Albrecht D, Ristic Z, Ewers H, Schwab ME. Tetraspanin-3 is an organizer of the multi-subunit Nogo-A signaling complex. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3583-96. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.167981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure precision and specificity of ligand – receptor induced signaling, co-receptors and modulatory factors play important roles. The membrane bound ligand Nogo-A induces inhibition of neurite outgrowth, cell spreading, adhesion and migration via multi-subunit receptor complexes. Here, we identified the 4-transmembrane-spanning protein tetraspanin-3 (TSPAN3) as a new modulatory co-receptor for the Nogo-A inhibitory domain Nogo-A-Δ20. Single-molecule-tracking showed that TSPAN3 molecules in the cell membrane reacted with elevated mobility to Nogo-A binding, followed by association with the signal transducing Nogo-A receptor sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). Subsequently, TSPAN3 was co-internalized as part of the Nogo-A ligand – receptor complex into early endosomes, where it subsequently separated from Nogo-A and S1PR2 to be recycled to the cell surface. The functional importance of the Nogo-A – TSPAN3 interaction is shown by the fact that knockdown of TSPAN3 strongly reduced the Nogo-A-induced S1PR2 clustering, RhoA activation and cell spreading and neurite outgrowth inhibition. In addition to the modulatory functions of TSPAN3 on Nogo-A-S1PR2 signaling, these results illustrate the very dynamic spatiotemporal reorganizations of membrane proteins during ligand-induced receptor complex organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K. Thiede-Stan
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Dept. of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Tews
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Dept. of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zorica Ristic
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Dept. of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge Ewers
- Institute of Biochemistry and Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Dept. of Health Sciences & Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Marchetti L, De Nadai T, Bonsignore F, Calvello M, Signore G, Viegi A, Beltram F, Luin S, Cattaneo A. Site-specific labeling of neurotrophins and their receptors via short and versatile peptide tags. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113708. [PMID: 25426999 PMCID: PMC4245215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a toolbox for the study of molecular interactions occurring between NGF and its receptors. By means of a suitable insertional mutagenesis method we show the insertion of an 8 amino acid tag (A4) into the sequence of NGF and of 12 amino acid tags (A1 and S6) into the sequence of TrkA and P75NTR NGF-receptors. These tags are shortened versions of the acyl and peptidyl carrier proteins; they are here covalently conjugated to the biotin-substituted arm of a coenzyme A (coA) substrate by phosphopantetheinyl transferase enzymes (PPTases). We demonstrate site-specific biotinylation of the purified recombinant tagged neurotrophin, in both the immature proNGF and mature NGF forms. The resulting tagged NGF is fully functional: it can signal and promote PC12 cells differentiation similarly to recombinant wild-type NGF. Furthermore, we show that the insertion of A1 and S6 tags into human TrkA and P75NTR sequences leads to the site-specific biotinylation of these receptors at the cell surface of living cells. Crucially, the two tags are labeled selectively by two different PPTases: this is exploited to reach orthogonal fluorolabeling of the two receptors co-expressed at low density in living cells. We describe the protocols to obtain the enzymatic, site-specific biotinylation of neurotrophins and their receptors as an alternative to their chemical, nonspecific biotinylation. The present strategy has three main advantages: i) it yields precise control of stoichiometry and site of biotin conjugation; ii) the tags used can be functionalized with virtually any small probe that can be carried by coA substrates, besides (and in addition to) biotin; iii) above all it makes possible to image and track interacting molecules at the single-molecule level in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marchetti
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze – CNR, Pisa, Italy
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa De Nadai
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Bonsignore
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze – CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Viegi
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Beltram
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze – CNR, Pisa, Italy
- IIT@NEST, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze – CNR, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail: (SL); (AC)
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- BioSNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto di Neuroscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail: (SL); (AC)
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34
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Marlin MC, Li G. Biogenesis and function of the NGF/TrkA signaling endosome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 314:239-57. [PMID: 25619719 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Target-derived neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor TrkA are well known for retrograde signaling to promote survival and innervation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. In recent years, the signaling endosome model has been used to describe the sustained NGF/TrkA retrograde signaling as a process of endocytosis and retrograde transport of NGF/TrkA-containing endosomes from the axon terminal to the cell body for activation of NGF-inducible gene expression responsible for neuronal survival and development. Here, we review the biogenesis and function of NGF, TrkA, and the signaling endosome and discuss possible roles of Rab GTPases in the biogenesis and trafficking of signaling endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caleb Marlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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35
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Kegel L, Jaegle M, Driegen S, Aunin E, Leslie K, Fukata Y, Watanabe M, Fukata M, Meijer D. Functional phylogenetic analysis of LGI proteins identifies an interaction motif crucial for myelination. Development 2014; 141:1749-56. [PMID: 24715463 DOI: 10.1242/dev.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular interactions that drive the formation and maintenance of the insulating myelin sheath around axons are only partially understood. Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated (LGI) proteins play important roles in nervous system development and mutations in their genes have been associated with epilepsy and amyelination. Their function involves interactions with ADAM22 and ADAM23 cell surface receptors, possibly in apposing membranes, thus attenuating cellular interactions. LGI4-ADAM22 interactions are required for axonal sorting and myelination in the developing peripheral nervous system (PNS). Functional analysis revealed that, despite their high homology and affinity for ADAM22, LGI proteins are functionally distinct. To dissect the key residues in LGI proteins required for coordinating axonal sorting and myelination in the developing PNS, we adopted a phylogenetic and computational approach and demonstrate that the mechanism of action of LGI4 depends on a cluster of three amino acids on the outer surface of the LGI4 protein, thus providing a structural basis for the mechanistic differences in LGI protein function in nervous system development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde Kegel
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Biomedical Sciences, Departments of Genetics and Cell Biology, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
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36
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Maruyama IN. Mechanisms of activation of receptor tyrosine kinases: monomers or dimers. Cells 2014; 3:304-30. [PMID: 24758840 PMCID: PMC4092861 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play essential roles in cellular processes, including metabolism, cell-cycle control, survival, proliferation, motility and differentiation. RTKs are all synthesized as single-pass transmembrane proteins and bind polypeptide ligands, mainly growth factors. It has long been thought that all RTKs, except for the insulin receptor (IR) family, are activated by ligand-induced dimerization of the receptors. An increasing number of diverse studies, however, indicate that RTKs, previously thought to exist as monomers, are present as pre-formed, yet inactive, dimers prior to ligand binding. The non-covalently associated dimeric structures are reminiscent of those of the IR family, which has a disulfide-linked dimeric structure. Furthermore, recent progress in structural studies has provided insight into the underpinnings of conformational changes during the activation of RTKs. In this review, I discuss two mutually exclusive models for the mechanisms of activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, the neurotrophin receptor and IR families, based on these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro N Maruyama
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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37
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Chen YL, Huang HY, Lee CC, Chiang BL. Small interfering RNA targeting nerve growth factor alleviates allergic airway hyperresponsiveness. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e158. [PMID: 24714423 PMCID: PMC4011123 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness is the hallmark of allergic asthma and caused by multiple factors. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin, is originally known for regulation of neural circuit development and function. Recent studies indicated that NGF contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness and pathogenesis of asthma. The objective of this study is to develop a small interfering RNA against NGF to attenuate airway hyperresponsiveness and further elucidate the underlying mechanism. In a murine model of allergic asthma, the ovalbumin-sensitized mice were intratracheally delivered small interfering RNA against NGF or administered an inhibitor targeting NGF receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase A, as a positive treatment control. In this study, knockdown NGF derived from pulmonary epithelium significantly reduced airway resistance in vivo. The levels of NGF, proinflammatory cytokines and infiltrated eosinophils in airway were decreased in small interfering RNA against NGF group but not in tropomyosin-related kinase A inhibitor and mock siRNA group. Furthermore, induction of neuropeptide (substance P) and airway innervation were mediated by NGF/tropomyosin-related kinase A pathway. These findings suggested that NGF targeting treatment holds the potential therapy for antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness via attenuation of airway innervation and inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- 1] Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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38
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Matusica D, Coulson EJ. Local versus long-range neurotrophin receptor signalling: endosomes are not just carriers for axonal transport. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:57-63. [PMID: 24709025 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins play a critical role in neuronal development and survival, as well as maintenance of the adult nervous system. Neurotrophins can mediate their effects by signalling locally at the nerve terminal, or signalling retrogradely from the axonal terminal to the cell soma to regulate gene expression. Given that the axon terminals of many nerve cells can be up to a metre away from their soma, neurons have evolved specialized long-range signalling platforms that depend on a highly regulated network of intracellular membrane compartments termed "signalling endosomes". Endosomal trafficking of activated receptors controls not only the axonal retrograde signals but also local receptor recycling and degradation. Endosomal trafficking involving the sorting and compartmentalizing of different signals, which are subsequently distributed to the appropriate cellular destination, can at least partially explain how neurotrophins generate a diverse array of signalling outcomes. Although signalling endosomes provide a useful model for understanding how different cell surface receptor-mediated signals are generated and transported, the precise role, identity and functional definition of a signalling endosome remains unclear. In this review we will discuss the regulation of local versus long-range neurotrophin signalling, with a specific focus on recent developments in the role of endosomes in regulating the fate of Trk receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Matusica
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 Qld, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 Qld, Australia.
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