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Kong S, Zhu M, Scarpin MR, Pan D, Jia L, Martinez RE, Alamos S, Vadde BVL, Garcia HG, Qian SB, Brunkard JO, Roeder AHK. DRMY1 promotes robust morphogenesis by sustaining the translation of cytokinin signaling inhibitor proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.07.536060. [PMID: 37066395 PMCID: PMC10104159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Robustness is the invariant development of phenotype despite environmental changes and genetic perturbations. In the Arabidopsis flower bud, four sepals robustly initiate and grow to constant size to enclose and protect the inner floral organs. We previously characterized the mutant development related myb-like1 ( drmy1 ), where 3-5 sepals initiate variably and grow to different sizes, compromising their protective function. The molecular mechanism underlying this loss of robustness was unclear. Here, we show that drmy1 has reduced TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) activity, ribosomal content, and translation. Translation reduction decreases the protein level of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (ARR7) and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6 (AHP6), two cytokinin signaling inhibitors that are normally rapidly produced before sepal initiation. The resultant upregulation of cytokinin signaling disrupts robust auxin patterning and sepal initiation. Our work shows that the homeostasis of translation, a ubiquitous cellular process, is crucial for the robust spatiotemporal patterning of organogenesis.
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Karunadasa SS, Kurepa J, Shull TE, Smalle JA. Cytokinin-induced protein synthesis suppresses growth and osmotic stress tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:50-64. [PMID: 32129886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins control critical aspects of plant development and environmental responses. Perception of cytokinin ultimately leads to the activation of proteins belonging to the type-B Response Regulator family of cytokinin response activators. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ARR1 is one of the most abundantly expressed type-B Response Regulators. We investigated the link between cytokinin signaling, protein synthesis, plant growth and osmotic stress tolerance. We show that the increased cytokinin signaling in ARR1 gain-of-function transgenic lines is associated with increased rates of protein synthesis, which lead to growth inhibition and hypersensitivity to osmotic stress. Cytokinin-induced growth inhibition and osmotic stress hypersensitivity were rescued by treatments with ABA, a hormone known to inhibit protein synthesis. We also demonstrate that cytokinin-induced protein synthesis requires isoforms of the ribosomal protein L4 encoded by the cytokinin-inducible genes RPL4A and RPL4D, and that RPL4 loss-of-function increases osmotic stress tolerance and decreases sensitivity to cytokinin-induced growth inhibition. These findings reveal that an increase in protein synthesis negatively impacts growth and osmotic stress tolerance and explain some of the adverse effects of elevated cytokinin action on plant development and stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu S Karunadasa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jasmina Kurepa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Timothy E Shull
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jan A Smalle
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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Laureys F, Smets R, Lenjou M, Van Bockstaele D, Inzé D, Van Onckelen H. A low content in zeatin type cytokinins is not restrictive for the occurrence of G1/S transition in tobacco BY-2 cells. FEBS Lett 1999; 460:123-8. [PMID: 10571073 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Theories on the importance of cytokinins in G1/S transition control are manifold and contradictory. By establishing a double A(phi-PZ block, maximal synchronization of a BY-2 suspension culture was obtained to investigate the effect of cytokinin depletion on G1/S transition. Lovastatin was used as a specific inhibitor of cytokinin biosynthesis. Flow cytometry showed that the G1/S transition occurred regardless of the cytokinin drop. This observation indicates an extremely low dose requiry for that stage of the cell cycle. It is very likely that precisely the downregulation of zeatin type cytokinins matters for the G1/S transition to occur, since cytokinin addition at early G1 blocked the cycle at G1/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laureys
- Department of Biology, Universiteit Antwerpen, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Bevan M, Northcote DH. Subculture-induced protein synthesis in tissue cultures of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris. PLANTA 1981; 152:24-31. [PMID: 24302314 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/1980] [Accepted: 12/22/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of subculture of tissue cultures on the levels of certain mRNAs have been investigated, and the action of cytokinins on the disposition of certain mRNAs between possible non-translating and translating pools has been determined. mRNA preparations were assayed by cell free translation with message-dependent reticulocyte lysate and the in vitro products resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Subculture of the cells caused a rapid stimulation of polysome formation. It also increased the translatable levels of a small group of mRNAs, one of which was present in both bean and soybean cultures. Cytokinins caused a slight increase in polysome levels after subculture, but had no effect on the levels of particular mRNAs, nor on the distribution of mRNAs between a non-translating and translating pool, nor on polysome levels in the absence of subculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bevan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QW, Cambridge, UK
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Control of Growth by Cytokinin: An Examination of Tubulin Synthesis During Cytokinin — Induced Growth in Cultured Cells of Paul’s Scarlet Rose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68035-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Plastogenesis and Cytokinin Action. Cytokinin and Light Interactions in Plastid Enzyme Formation of Detached Cucurbita Cotyledons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68035-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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7
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Naito K, Takahashi T, Endo Y, Shimizu S. Benzyladenine-induced Chlorophyll Formation in Etiolated Cucumber Cotyledons: Differential Responses of δ-aminolevulinic Acid Formation to Inhibitors of RNA ano Protein Synthesis in Darkness and then after Illumination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Tepfer DA, Fosket DE. Hormone-mediated translational control of protein synthesis in cultured cells of Glycine max. Dev Biol 1978; 62:486-97. [PMID: 627313 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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de Boer J, Feierabend J. Comparative analysis of the action of cytokinin and light on the growth of rye leaves. PLANTA 1978; 142:67-73. [PMID: 24408000 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/1978] [Accepted: 05/11/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In etiolated rye seedlings (Secale cereale L.) the cytokinin supply controls leaf growth. Dry weight and total amino-nitrogen, protein, total nucleic acid, DNA, and rRNA levels were similarly lowered in leaves depleted of their endogenous cytokinin supply by early excision of the seedling roots and increased by 70-100% after the addition of kinetin. The proportion of cytoplasmic ribosomes bound as polyribosomes was only slightly increased from 40% in cytokinin-deficient to 50% in kinetin-treated darkgrown leaves. White light increased the polyribosome proportion to 61%. In cytokinin-supplied leaves uptake and accumulation of L-[(3)H]leucine were greater than in cytokinin-deficient leaves. Under all conditions of cytokinin supply the same proportion of the total amino nitrogen content (80%) was present as protein nitrogen and virtually, the same percentage (60%) of the total uptake of L-[(3)H]leucine was incorporated into protein in dark-grown leaves. In light, significantly higher proportions of the amino nitrogen content and of the L-[(3)H]leucine uptake were incorporated into protein. The results suggest that the accumulation of substrate is a main cytokinin-controlled step determining the growth of the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Boer
- Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Postfach 102148, D-4630, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
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12
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Sossinka J, Feierabend J. Influence of Cytokinin and Light on Nucleic Acid and Protein Metabolism of Senescing Coleoptiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)30529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Fosket DE, Tepfer DA. Hormonal regulation of growth in cultured plant cells. IN VITRO 1978; 14:63-75. [PMID: 624559 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Feierabend J, de Boer J. Comparative analysis of the action of cytokinin and light on the formation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and plastid biogenesis. PLANTA 1978; 142:75-82. [PMID: 24408001 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/1978] [Accepted: 05/11/1978] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of cytokinin in plastid biogenesis was investigated in etiolated rye leaves (Secale cereale L.) and compared with the effect of white light. Cytokinin deficiency of the leaves was induced by early excision of the seedling roots and reversed by the application of kinetin. The cytokinin supply had a much greater influence on plastid biogenesis than on leaf growth in general. The activities of several chloroplastic enzymes were increased 200%-400% after kinetin treatment of cytokinin-depleted leaves. The activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39) and the amount of fraction-I protein even showed a sevenfold increase. In cytokinin-depleted leaves the development of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and NADP-glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase was specifically, and markedly inhibited by actinomycin D. The inhibition was partially or even completely overcome after treatment with kinetin. However, under all conditions, RNA synthesis of the leaves, was only partially inhibited by actinomycin D. According to immunologic studies, all dark-grown leaves, in addition to the complete enzyme, contained an excess of free small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase that was absent in mature light-grown leaves. The most striking accumulation of free small subunit, protein occurred in cytokinin-depleted dark-grown leaves, indicating a deficiency of the plastidic synthesis of the large subunit. The capacity as well as the activity of plastidic protein synthesis was preferentially increased by cytokinin and light. Cytokinin increased, the amount of plastidic ribosomes per leaf and relative to the amount of cytoplasmic ribosomes. While the percentage of cytoplasmic ribosomes bound as polyribosomes was little affected by the cytokinin supply, the proportion of plastidic polyribosomes was increased from 11% to 18% after kinetin treatment of cytokinin-depleted leaves. In the light, the proportion of plastidic polyribosomes reached 39% of the total plastidic ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feierabend
- Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzliche Zellphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Postfach 1021 48, D-4630, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
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Maaß H, Klämbt D. Cytokinin effect on protein synthesis in vivo in higher plants. PLANTA 1977; 133:117-120. [PMID: 24425213 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/1976] [Accepted: 09/23/1976] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of naphthalene-1-acetic acid and kinetin on protein synthesis in vivo was investigated by measuring the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into polypeptides of synthesizing polysomes. The second subculture of sterile pith tissue of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38 grown on a medium containing only a minimum of growth substances was further starved in a small volume of medium lacking auxin and cytokinin for 12 h. An incubation period of 4 h with [(14)C]amino acids followed. The last 30 min of those incubations were carried out in the presence of actinomycin D and the last 20 min were performed under different conditions: a) without any growth substances, b) with naphthalene-l-acetic acid, c) with kinetin. By measuring the differences of the specific radioactivities of the polysomes the following results were revealed: 1) Kinetin increases the protein synthesis by an average of 35%-2) Auxin has no effect on protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maaß
- Botanisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, D-5300, Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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