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Yarlett N, Jarroll EL, Morada M, Lloyd D. Protists: Eukaryotic single-celled organisms and the functioning of their organelles. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:243-307. [PMID: 38821633 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Organelles are membrane bound structures that compartmentalize biochemical and molecular functions. With improved molecular, biochemical and microscopy tools the diversity and function of protistan organelles has increased in recent years, providing a complex panoply of structure/function relationships. This is particularly noticeable with the description of hydrogenosomes, and the diverse array of structures that followed, having hybrid hydrogenosome/mitochondria attributes. These diverse organelles have lost the major, at one time, definitive components of the mitochondrion (tricarboxylic cycle enzymes and cytochromes), however they all contain the machinery for the assembly of Fe-S clusters, which is the single unifying feature they share. The plasticity of organelles, like the mitochondrion, is therefore evident from its ability to lose its identity as an aerobic energy generating powerhouse while retaining key ancestral functions common to both aerobes and anaerobes. It is interesting to note that the apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic plastid that is present in all apicomplexan protozoa, apart from Cryptosporidium and possibly the gregarines, is also the site of Fe-S cluster assembly proteins. It turns out that in Cryptosporidium proteins involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are localized in the mitochondrial remnant organelle termed the mitosome. Hence, different organisms have solved the same problem of packaging a life-requiring set of reactions in different ways, using different ancestral organelles, discarding what is not needed and keeping what is essential. Don't judge an organelle by its cover, more by the things it does, and always be prepared for surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Edward L Jarroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, CUNY-Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mary Morada
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Lloyd
- Schools of Biosciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
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Girault M, Siano R, Labry C, Latimier M, Jauzein C, Beneyton T, Buisson L, Del Amo Y, Baret JC. Variable inter and intraspecies alkaline phosphatase activity within single cells of revived dinoflagellates. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2057-2069. [PMID: 33568788 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of cell populations to environmental changes is mediated by phenotypic variability at the single-cell level. Enzyme activity is a key factor in cell phenotype and the expression of the alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) is a fundamental phytoplankton strategy for maintaining growth under phosphate-limited conditions. Our aim was to compare the APA among cells and species revived from sediments of the Bay of Brest (Brittany, France), corresponding to a pre-eutrophication period (1940's) and a beginning of a post-eutrophication period (1990's) during which phosphate concentrations have undergone substantial variations. Both toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and the non-toxic dinoflagellate Scrippsiella acuminata were revived from ancient sediments. Using microfluidics, we measured the kinetics of APA at the single-cell level. Our results indicate that all S. acuminata strains had significantly higher APA than A. minutum strains. For both species, the APA in the 1990's decade was significantly lower than in the 1940's. For the first time, our results reveal both inter and intraspecific variabilities of dinoflagellate APA and suggest that, at a half-century timescale, two different species of dinoflagellate may have undergone similar adaptative evolution to face environmental changes and acquire ecological advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lionel Buisson
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR5031, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Yolanda Del Amo
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Baret
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR5031, 33600, Pessac, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France.
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Probing the interaction induced conformation transitions in acid phosphatase with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Relation to inhibition and bio-activity of Chlorella vulgaris acid phosphatase. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:338-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Effect of copper on the activation of the acid phosphatase from the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Biometals 2009; 23:93-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jonsson CM, Paraiba LC, Aoyama H. Metals and linear alkylbenzene sulphonate as inhibitors of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata acid phosphatase activity. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:610-619. [PMID: 19418219 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge applied to soils as a fertilizer often contains metals and linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) as contaminants. These pollutants can be transported to the aquatic environment where they can alter the phosphatase activity in living organisms. The acid phosphatase of algae plays important roles in metabolism such as decomposing organic phosphate into free phosphate and autophagic digestive processes. The order of in vitro inhibition of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata acid phosphatase at the highest concentration tested was LAS > Hg2+ = Al3+ > Se4+ = Pb2+ > Cd2+. A non-competitive inhibition mechanism was obtained for Hg2+ (Ki = 0.040 mM) and a competitive inhibition for LAS (Ki = 0.007 mM). In vivo studies with treated algae cultures showed that the inhibition of specific activity was observed in algae exposed during 7 days, in contrast to short term (24 h) treatments with both these chemicals. Our results suggest that the inhibition parameters in vitro did not markedly differ between the two chemicals. On the other hand, in vivo evaluations showed strong differences between both pollutants regarding the concentration values and the degree of response.
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Jonsson CM, Aoyama H. In vitro effect of agriculture pollutants and their joint action on Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata acid phosphatase. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:849-55. [PMID: 17673275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Acid phosphatase plays important roles in algae metabolism such as availability and recycling of inorganic phosphate, autophagic digestive processes and fertilization. Chemicals released into the environment from agriculture activities may impair algae phosphatase activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro effect of twenty-four organic compounds and six metals used as pesticides, or present as contaminants in sewage sludge, on the acid phosphatase activity extracted from Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Results demonstrated that only the linear surfactant alkyl benzenesulphonate (LAS) and the heavy metals Hg(2+), Al(3+) and Cu(2+) markedly altered (50%) the enzyme activity. Join action inhibition studies indicated that Hg(2+) was more potent inhibitor than Al(3+) or LAS, and that the Hg(2+)+Al(3+) and Hg(2+)+LAS mixtures have, respectively, additive and slight antagonism effects. Copper, which demonstrated an activator effect when preincubated with the enzyme, behaved as a slight antagonist for the inhibitor effect of Hg(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Martín Jonsson
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Biossegurança, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, CP 69, CEP 13820-000, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mallet MA, Lee RW. Identification of Three Distinct Polytomella Lineages Based on Mitochondrial DNA Features. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53:79-84. [PMID: 16579809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polytomella is composed of colorless green algae closely related to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Species in the genus have been used in diverse fields of biological research, most recently to study mitochondrial function and mitochondrial genome evolution in the Chlorophyceae, but the phylogenetic relationship between the various available taxa has not yet been clarified and it is not known whether they also possess fragmented mitochondrial genomes, as reported for Polytomella parva. We therefore examined cox1 sequence from seven Polytomella taxa with the goal of establishing their phylogenetic relationships and relating this information to their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragmentation pattern. We found that the Polytomella isolates examined fall into three distinct lineages, two of which possess fragmented mitochondrial genomes. The third and earliest branching lineage, represented by Polytomella capuana, appears to possess an intact mtDNA. In addition, there is evidence for variation in both size and number of mtDNA fragments between various Polytomella isolates, even within the same lineage. The considerable amount of sequence divergence between lineages seems to correlate with the geographic origin of the strains, leading us to believe that greater amounts of sequence divergence could be uncovered by a broader sampling of Polytomella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Mallet
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1, Canada
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Domozych DS. The Golgi apparatus and membrane trafficking in green algae. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1991; 131:213-53. [PMID: 1761384 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
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Cembella AD, Antia NJ, Harrison PJ. The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae: a multidisciplinary perspective. Part 2. Crit Rev Microbiol 1984; 11:13-81. [PMID: 6373151 DOI: 10.3109/10408418409105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cembella AD, Antia NJ, Harrison PJ. The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorous compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae: a multidisciplinary perspective: part 1. Crit Rev Microbiol 1982; 10:317-91. [PMID: 6321101 DOI: 10.3109/10408418209113567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive literature review of the phosphorus nutrition and metabolism of eukaryotic microalgae deals sequentially with (1) extracellular P-compounds available for algal utilization and growth; (2) orthophosphate uptake mechanisms, kinetics, and influence from environmental variables; (3) phosphatase-mediated utilization of organic phosphates involving multiple enzymes, induction and cellular location of repressible and irrepressible phosphatases, and their role in growth physiological processes; (4) intracellular phosphate metabolism covering diversity of phosphometabolites. ATP-linked energy regulation, polyphosphate pools and storage roles, phospholipids and phospholipases; (5) steady-state and transient-state models relating phosphate utilization to growth; (6) ecological aspects covering manifestations of phosphorus limitation, interspecific competition for phosphonutrients among microorganisms, and current views on phosphorus cycling and turnover in aquatic ecosystems. Although concentrating on the microalgae, the review often points out sounder conclusions drawn from bacteria and fungi, and includes specific macroalgae in considering certain subtopics where such algae were better investigated and provided a good basis for comparison with the microalgae.
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de la Cruz VF, Gittleson SM. The genus Polytomella: A review of classification, morphology, life cycle, metabolism, and motility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9365(81)80001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rainina EI, Zubatov AS, Buchwalow IB, Luzikov VN. A cytochemical study of the localization of acid phosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at different growth phases. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1979; 11:299-310. [PMID: 37195 DOI: 10.1007/bf01005029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The localization of acid phosphatase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at different growth phases had been studied. It was shown to be crucial for authentic location of acid phosphatase that the cytochemical reaction be performed on whole cells. Dimethylsulphoxide was used to alleviate the effects of fixation of the yeast cells with glutaraldehyde; the sulphoxide did not affect the distribution of acid phosphatase in the cells. It has been established that in exponentially-growing cells acid phosphatase is localized mostly in small vacuolar compartments. In mature cells, the bulk of acid phosphatase is found in the central vacuole, although a significant amount of the enzyme is detectable in the plasma membrane and the adjacent vesicles.
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Matagne RF, Loppes R, Deltour R. Phosphatase of Chlamydomonas reinhardi: biochemical and cytochemical approach with specific mutants. J Bacteriol 1976; 126:937-50. [PMID: 4437 PMCID: PMC233232 DOI: 10.1128/jb.126.2.937-950.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi produces two constitutive acid phosphatases and three depressible phosphatases (a neutral and two alkaline ones) that can utilize napthyl phosphate as a substrate. Specific mutants depressible phosphatase were used to investigate biochemical properties and the cytochemical localization of these enzymes. The two constitutive phosphatases show similar pH optima (about 5.0) and Km values (2 x 10(-3) to 3.3 x 10(-3) M) but differ in their heat sensitivity and affinity for glycerophosphate.
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Esau K, Charvat ID. An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase localization in cells of Phaseolus vulgaris phloem by the use of the azo dye method. Tissue Cell 1975; 7:619-30. [PMID: 1209585 DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(75)90031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The localization of acid phosphatase was studied in the sieve elements and companion cells in the phloem tissue of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. The various organelles in the two kinds of cell showed fine granules of the azo dye as the final reaction product. The aggregated smooth endoplasmic reticulum displayed the dye particularly consistently. The dye was also present in the plasmodesmata and in the contents of the sieve plate pores. The reaction product was conspicuous in the cell walls and tended to be concentrated in the middle lamella and in the nacreous wall layer of the differentiating sieve elements.
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