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Yao P, Zhao G, Li M, Qiu W, Lu Z. Abrogation of nuclear entry of TERT by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 1-mediated dephosphorylation. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024. [PMID: 39073311 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Yao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Institute of Fundamental and Transdisciplinary Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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2
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Li M, Wang Z, Tao J, Jiang H, Yang H, Guo D, Zhao H, He X, Luo S, Jiang X, Yuan L, Xiao L, He H, Yu R, Fang J, Liang T, Mao Z, Xu D, Lu Z. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 dephosphorylates and inhibits TERT for tumor suppression. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01597-2. [PMID: 38538923 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction is intricately linked to the aging process and stands out as a prominent cancer hallmark. Here we demonstrate that telomerase activity is differentially regulated in cancer and normal cells depending on the expression status of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1). In FBP1-expressing cells, FBP1 directly interacts with and dephosphorylates telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) at Ser227. Dephosphorylated TERT fails to translocate into the nucleus, leading to the inhibition of telomerase activity, reduction in telomere lengths, enhanced senescence and suppressed tumor cell proliferation and growth in mice. Lipid nanoparticle-mediated delivery of FBP1 mRNA inhibits liver tumor growth. Additionally, FBP1 expression levels inversely correlate with TERT pSer227 levels in renal and hepatocellular carcinoma specimens and with poor prognosis of the patients. These findings demonstrate that FBP1 governs cell immortality through its protein phosphatase activity and uncover a unique telomerase regulation in tumor cells attributed to the downregulation or deficiency of FBP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Tao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Huang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuxiao He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shudi Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daqian Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications in Telomerase Biogenesis and Recruitment to Telomeres. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055027. [PMID: 36902458 PMCID: PMC10003056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is associated with the proliferative potential of cells. Telomerase is an enzyme that elongates telomeres throughout the entire lifespan of an organism in stem cells, germ cells, and cells of constantly renewed tissues. It is activated during cellular division, including regeneration and immune responses. The biogenesis of telomerase components and their assembly and functional localization to the telomere is a complex system regulated at multiple levels, where each step must be tuned to the cellular requirements. Any defect in the function or localization of the components of the telomerase biogenesis and functional system will affect the maintenance of telomere length, which is critical to the processes of regeneration, immune response, embryonic development, and cancer progression. An understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of telomerase biogenesis and activity is necessary for the development of approaches toward manipulating telomerase to influence these processes. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in the major steps of telomerase regulation and the role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications in telomerase biogenesis and function in yeast and vertebrates.
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4
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Qu L, Jin J, Lou J, Qian C, Lin J, Xu A, Liu B, Zhang M, Tao H, Yu W. The nuclear transportation of PD-L1 and the function in tumor immunity and progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2313-2323. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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5
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Ait-Aissa K, Norwood-Toro LE, Terwoord J, Young M, Paniagua LA, Hader SN, Hughes WE, Hockenberry JC, Beare JE, Linn J, Kohmoto T, Kim J, Betts DH, LeBlanc AJ, Gutterman DD, Beyer AM. Noncanonical Role of Telomerase in Regulation of Microvascular Redox Environment With Implications for Coronary Artery Disease. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2022; 3:zqac043. [PMID: 36168588 PMCID: PMC9508843 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) (catalytic subunit of telomerase) is linked to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD); however, whether the role of nuclear vs. mitchondrial actions of TERT is involved is not determined. Dominant-negative TERT splice variants contribute to decreased mitochondrial integrity and promote elevated reactive oxygen species production. We hypothesize that a decrease in mitochondrial TERT would increase mtDNA damage, promoting a pro-oxidative redox environment. The goal of this study is to define whether mitochondrial TERT is sufficient to maintain nitric oxide as the underlying mechanism of flow-mediated dilation by preserving mtDNA integrity.Immunoblots and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to show elevated levels of splice variants α- and β-deletion TERT tissue from subjects with and without CAD. Genetic, pharmacological, and molecular tools were used to manipulate TERT localization. Isolated vessel preparations and fluorescence-based quantification of mtH2O2 and NO showed that reduction of TERT in the nucleus increased flow induced NO and decreased mtH2O2 levels, while prevention of mitochondrial import of TERT augmented pathological effects. Further elevated mtDNA damage was observed in tissue from subjects with CAD and initiation of mtDNA repair mechanisms was sufficient to restore NO-mediated dilation in vessels from patients with CAD. The work presented is the first evidence that catalytically active mitochondrial TERT, independent of its nuclear functions, plays a critical physiological role in preserving NO-mediated vasodilation and the balance of mitochondrial to nuclear TERT is fundamentally altered in states of human disease that are driven by increased expression of dominant negative splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ait-Aissa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - L E Norwood-Toro
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - J Terwoord
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - M Young
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - L A Paniagua
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - S N Hader
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - W E Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - J C Hockenberry
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - J E Beare
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - J Linn
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - T Kohmoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - J Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - D H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - A J LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - D D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - A M Beyer
- Address correspondence to A.M.B. (e-mail: )
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6
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Odeh HM, Fare CM, Shorter J. Nuclear-Import Receptors Counter Deleterious Phase Transitions in Neurodegenerative Disease. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167220. [PMID: 34464655 PMCID: PMC8748273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear-import receptors (NIRs) engage nuclear-localization signals (NLSs) of polypeptides in the cytoplasm and transport these cargo across the size-selective barrier of the nuclear-pore complex into the nucleoplasm. Beyond this canonical role in nuclear transport, NIRs operate in the cytoplasm to chaperone and disaggregate NLS-bearing clients. Indeed, NIRs can inhibit and reverse functional and deleterious phase transitions of their cargo, including several prominent neurodegenerative disease-linked RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with prion-like domains (PrLDs), such as TDP-43, FUS, EWSR1, TAF15, hnRNPA1, and hnRNPA2. Importantly, elevated NIR expression can mitigate degenerative phenotypes connected to aberrant cytoplasmic aggregation of RBPs with PrLDs. Here, we review recent discoveries that NIRs can also antagonize aberrant interactions and toxicity of arginine-rich, dipeptide-repeat proteins that are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) caused by G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the first intron of C9ORF72. We also highlight recent findings that multiple NIR family members can prevent and reverse liquid-liquid phase separation of specific clients bearing RGG motifs in an NLS-independent manner. Finally, we discuss strategies to enhance NIR activity or expression, which could have therapeutic utility for several neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS, FTD, multisystem proteinopathy, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, tauopathies, and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M Odeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charlotte M Fare
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. https://twitter.com/CharlotteFare
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Zhang Z, Han Z, Guo Y, Liu X, Gao Y, Zhang Y. Establishment of an Efficient Immortalization Strategy Using HMEJ-Based b TERT Insertion for Bovine Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212540. [PMID: 34830422 PMCID: PMC8622252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines have been used in a wide range of applications in research on immune disorders and cellular metabolic regulation due to the stability and uniformity of their cellular characteristics. At present, the investigation into molecular functions and signaling pathways within bovine cells remains largely limited by the lack of immortalized model cells. Current methods for immortalizing bovine cells are mainly restricted to the ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) through transient transfection or virus-mediated delivery, which have defects in efficiency and reliability. In this study, we identified bovine TERT (bTERT) as a novel potent biofactor for immortalizing bovine cells with great advantages over hTERT, and established an efficient and easily manipulated strategy for the immortalization of bovine primary cells. Through the homology-mediated end-joining-based insertion of bTERT at the ROSA26 locus, we successfully generated immortalized bovine fetal fibroblast cell lines with stable characteristics. The observed limitation of this strategy in immortalizing bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages was attributed to the post-translational modification of bTERT, causing inhibited nuclear localization and depressed activity of bTERT in this terminally differentiated cell. In summary, we constructed an innovative method to achieve the high-quality immortalization of bovine primary cells, thereby expanding the prospects for the future application of immortalized bovine model cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhuo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuanpeng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
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8
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Plyasova AA, Zhdanov DD. Alternative Splicing of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) and Its Implications in Physiological and Pathological Processes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:526. [PMID: 34065134 PMCID: PMC8150890 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase) pre-mRNA strongly regulates telomerase activity. Several proteins can regulate AS in a cell type-specific manner and determine the functions of cells. In addition to being involved in telomerase activity regulation, AS provides cells with different splice variants that may have alternative biological activities. The modulation of telomerase activity through the induction of hTERT AS is involved in the development of different cancer types and embryos, and the differentiation of stem cells. Regulatory T cells may suppress the proliferation of target human and murine T and B lymphocytes and NK cells in a contact-independent manner involving activation of TERT AS. This review focuses on the mechanism of regulation of hTERT pre-mRNA AS and the involvement of splice variants in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya st 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
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9
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Nersisyan L, Simonyan A, Binder H, Arakelyan A. Telomere Maintenance Pathway Activity Analysis Enables Tissue- and Gene-Level Inferences. Front Genet 2021; 12:662464. [PMID: 33897770 PMCID: PMC8058386 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.662464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere maintenance is one of the mechanisms ensuring indefinite divisions of cancer and stem cells. Good understanding of telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) is important for studying cancers and designing therapies. However, molecular factors triggering selective activation of either the telomerase dependent (TEL) or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway are poorly understood. In addition, more accurate and easy-to-use methodologies are required for TMM phenotyping. In this study, we have performed literature based reconstruction of signaling pathways for the ALT and TEL TMMs. Gene expression data were used for computational assessment of TMM pathway activities and compared with experimental assays for TEL and ALT. Explicit consideration of pathway topology makes bioinformatics analysis more informative compared to computational methods based on simple summary measures of gene expression. Application to healthy human tissues showed high ALT and TEL pathway activities in testis, and identified genes and pathways that may trigger TMM activation. Our approach offers a novel option for systematic investigation of TMM activation patterns across cancers and healthy tissues for dissecting pathway-based molecular markers with diagnostic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Nersisyan
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia.,Pathverse, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arman Simonyan
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arsen Arakelyan
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia.,Pathverse, Yerevan, Armenia
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10
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Schrumpfová PP, Fajkus J. Composition and Function of Telomerase-A Polymerase Associated with the Origin of Eukaryotes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101425. [PMID: 33050064 PMCID: PMC7658794 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical DNA polymerases involved in the replication of the genome are unable to fully replicate the physical ends of linear chromosomes, called telomeres. Chromosomal termini thus become shortened in each cell cycle. The maintenance of telomeres requires telomerase—a specific RNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme complex that carries its own RNA template and adds telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes using a reverse transcription mechanism. Both core subunits of telomerase—its catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) subunit and telomerase RNA (TR) component—were identified in quick succession in Tetrahymena more than 30 years ago. Since then, both telomerase subunits have been described in various organisms including yeasts, mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Despite the fact that telomerase activity in plants was described 25 years ago and the TERT subunit four years later, a genuine plant TR has only recently been identified by our group. In this review, we focus on the structure, composition and function of telomerases. In addition, we discuss the origin and phylogenetic divergence of this unique RNA-dependent DNA polymerase as a witness of early eukaryotic evolution. Specifically, we discuss the latest information regarding the recently discovered TR component in plants, its conservation and its structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Procházková Schrumpfová
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiří Fajkus
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Szabo B, Horvath T, Schad E, Murvai N, Tantos A, Kalmar L, Chemes LB, Han KH, Tompa P. Intrinsically Disordered Linkers Impart Processivity on Enzymes by Spatial Confinement of Binding Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092119. [PMID: 31032817 PMCID: PMC6540235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Processivity is common among enzymes and mechanochemical motors that synthesize, degrade, modify or move along polymeric substrates, such as DNA, RNA, polysaccharides or proteins. Processive enzymes can make multiple rounds of modification without releasing the substrate/partner, making their operation extremely effective and economical. The molecular mechanism of processivity is rather well understood in cases when the enzyme structurally confines the substrate, such as the DNA replication factor PCNA, and also when ATP energy is used to confine the succession of molecular events, such as with mechanochemical motors. Processivity may also result from the kinetic bias of binding imposed by spatial confinement of two binding elements connected by an intrinsically disordered (ID) linker. (2) Method: By statistical physical modeling, we show that this arrangement results in processive systems, in which the linker ensures an optimized effective concentration around novel binding site(s), favoring rebinding over full release of the polymeric partner. (3) Results: By analyzing 12 such proteins, such as cellulase, and RNAse-H, we illustrate that in these proteins linker length and flexibility, and the kinetic parameters of binding elements, are fine-tuned for optimizing processivity. We also report a conservation of structural disorder, special amino acid composition of linkers, and the correlation of their length with step size. (4) Conclusion: These observations suggest a unique type of entropic chain function of ID proteins, that may impart functional advantages on diverse enzymes in a variety of biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szabo
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Tamas Horvath
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Eva Schad
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Nikoletta Murvai
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Agnes Tantos
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Kalmar
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Lucía Beatriz Chemes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
| | - Kyou-Hoon Han
- Genome Editing Research Center, Division of Biomedical Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.
- Department of Nano and Bioinformatics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Peter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
- VIB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Univresiteit Brussel, 1050, Belgium.
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12
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Dilshara MG, Jayasooriya RGPT, Choi YH, Kim GY. Camptothecin induces c-Myc- and Sp1-mediated hTERT expression in LNCaP cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species and PI3K/Akt. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:53-60. [PMID: 30851366 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), a quinoline alkaloid isolated from Camptotheca acuminate, targets topoisomerase I, which is continuously expressed in cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for CPT-induced telomerase inhibition remain unclear. Unexpectedly, we found that CPT upregulates hTERT expression and concomitantly increases telomerase activity. However, transfection of hTERT-targeting siRNA had no effect on CPT-induced G2/M phase arrest, suggesting that CPT-induced telomerase activation was not related to G2/M phase arrest. CPT simultaneously increased Nrf2 expression and the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas pretreatment with the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) or glutathione (GSH) strongly attenuated ROS production, which was accompanied by hTERT downregulation. Additionally, transient Nrf2 knockdown enhanced CPT-induced ROS production and hTERT promoter activity. CPT also upregulated hTERT expression and telomerase activity by inducing c-Myc and Sp1 expression and activity. Moreover, c-Myc stimulated ROS production in response to CPT, leading to Sp1 activation, which promoted hTERT expression and telomerase activity. CPT treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, which led to hTERT phosphorylation into the nucleus. These findings demonstrate that CPT positively regulates telomerase activity by upregulating hTERT expression and phosphorylation via the c-Myc/ROS/Sp1 and PI3K/Akt axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Telomeres in Plants and Humans: Not So Different, Not So Similar. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010058. [PMID: 30654521 PMCID: PMC6356271 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parallel research on multiple model organisms shows that while some principles of telomere biology are conserved among all eukaryotic kingdoms, we also find some deviations that reflect different evolutionary paths and life strategies, which may have diversified after the establishment of telomerase as a primary mechanism for telomere maintenance. Much more than animals, plants have to cope with environmental stressors, including genotoxic factors, due to their sessile lifestyle. This is, in principle, made possible by an increased capacity and efficiency of the molecular systems ensuring maintenance of genome stability, as well as a higher tolerance to genome instability. Furthermore, plant ontogenesis differs from that of animals in which tissue differentiation and telomerase silencing occur during early embryonic development, and the “telomere clock” in somatic cells may act as a preventive measure against carcinogenesis. This does not happen in plants, where growth and ontogenesis occur through the serial division of apical meristems consisting of a small group of stem cells that generate a linear series of cells, which differentiate into an array of cell types that make a shoot and root. Flowers, as generative plant organs, initiate from the shoot apical meristem in mature plants which is incompatible with the human-like developmental telomere shortening. In this review, we discuss differences between human and plant telomere biology and the implications for aging, genome stability, and cell and organism survival. In particular, we provide a comprehensive comparative overview of telomere proteins acting in humans and in Arabidopsis thaliana model plant, and discuss distinct epigenetic features of telomeric chromatin in these species.
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14
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A novel cell-penetrating peptide protects against neuron apoptosis after cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of annexin A1. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:260-275. [PMID: 29769639 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of annexin A1 (ANXA1) has recently been reported to participate in neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. Prevention of the nuclear translocation of ANXA1 should therefore inhibit neuronal apoptosis and protect against cerebral stroke. Here, we found that, in the repeat III domain of ANXA1, the amino-acid residues from R228 to F237 function as a unique nuclear translocation signal (NTS) and are required for nuclear translocation of ANXA1. Intriguingly, we synthesized a cell-penetrating peptide derived by conjugating the trans-activator of transcription (Tat) domain to the NTS sequence. This Tat-NTS peptide specifically blocked the interaction of ANXA1 with importin β and, consequently, the nuclear translocation of ANXA1 without affecting the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of other proteins. The Tat-NTS peptide inhibited the transcriptional activity of p53, decreased Bid expression, suppressed activation of the caspase-3 apoptosis pathway and improved the survival of hippocampal neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion in vitro. Moreover, using a focal brain ischemia animal model, we showed that the Tat-NTS peptide could be efficiently infused into the ischemic hippocampus and cortex by unilateral intracerebroventricular injection. Injection of the Tat-NTS peptide alleviated neuronal apoptosis in the ischemic zone. Importantly, further work revealed that administration of the Tat-NTS peptide resulted in a dramatic reduction in infarct volume and that this was correlated with a parallel improvement in neurological function after reperfusion. Interestingly, the effects of Tat-NTS were injury specific, with little impact on neuronal apoptosis or cognitive function in sham-treated nonischemic animals. In conclusion, based on its profound neuroprotective and cognitive-preserving effects, it is suggested that the Tat-NTS peptide represents a novel and potentially promising new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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15
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von Morgen P, Lidak T, Horejsi Z, Macurek L. Nuclear localisation of 53BP1 is regulated by phosphorylation of the nuclear localisation signal. Biol Cell 2018; 110:137-146. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick von Morgen
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Lidak
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Horejsi
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR; Prague Czech Republic
- Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; John Vane Science Centre; Charterhouse Square London EC1M 6BQ UK
| | - Libor Macurek
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR; Prague Czech Republic
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16
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Ko E, Seo HW, Jung G. Telomere length and reactive oxygen species levels are positively associated with a high risk of mortality and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 67:1378-1391. [PMID: 29059467 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Telomeres protect chromosomal ends from deterioration and have been shown to be susceptible to shortening by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage. ROS levels increase during the progression from early to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An independent study found that the telomeres in most HCC tissues lengthened during carcinogenic advancement. Activated telomerase has been hypothesized to elongate telomeres during the progression of malignant HCC, but it remains unclear which signaling pathway is necessary for telomerase activation in HCC. Here, we showed using cell lines derived from human HCC that H2 O2 , which is a major component of ROS in living organisms, elongates telomeres by increasing telomerase activity through protein kinase B (AKT) activation. The AKT inhibitor, perifosine, decreased telomere length, cellular viability, and H2 O2 -mediated migration and invasion capacity in HCC cells while also inhibiting AKT activation, telomere maintenance, and tumor growth in nude mice. Advanced HCC tissues showed a positive correlation among ROS levels, phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) levels, and telomere length. Furthermore, patients with HCC tumors that have high ROS levels and long telomeres displayed poorer survival rates. These data demonstrate the significant utilities of ROS levels, pAKT levels, and telomere length for predicting a poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Taken together, AKT activation could be essential for telomere maintenance in advanced HCC tumors as well as being an important contributor to malignant HCC progression. CONCLUSION We showed that H2 O2 contributes to telomere elongation through AKT activation in advanced HCC, suggesting that an AKT inhibitor such as perifosine may be useful for treating patients with malignant HCC. (Hepatology 2018;67:1378-1391).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyong Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Guhung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Okuyama T, Yamagishi R, Shimada J, Ikeda M, Maruoka Y, Kaneko H. Structural and mechanistic insights into nuclear transport and delivery of the critical pluripotency factor Oct4 to DNA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:767-778. [PMID: 28166455 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1289124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oct4 is a master regulator of the induction and maintenance of cellular pluripotency, and has crucial roles in early stages of differentiation. It is the only factor that cannot be substituted by other members of the same protein family to induce pluripotency. However, although Oct4 nuclear transport and delivery to target DNA are critical events for reprogramming to pluripotency, little is known about the molecular mechanism. Oct4 is imported to the nucleus by the classical nuclear transport mechanism, which requires importin α as an adaptor to bind the nuclear localization signal (NLS). Although there are structures of complexes of the NLS of transcription factors (TFs) in complex with importin α, there are no structures available for complexes involving intact TFs. We have therefore modeled the structure of the complex of the whole Oct4 POU domain and importin α2 using protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics. The model explains how the Ebola virus VP24 protein has a negative effect on the nuclear import of STAT1 by importin α but not on Oct4, and how Nup 50 facilitates cargo release from importin α. The model demonstrates the structural differences between the Oct4 importin α bound and DNA bound crystal states. We propose that the 'expanded linker' between the two DNA-binding domains of Oct4 is an intrinsically disordered region and that its conformational changes have a key role in the recognition/binding to both DNA and importin α. Moreover, we propose that this structural change enables efficient delivery to DNA after release from importin α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Okuyama
- a Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamagishi
- b Department of Integrated Sciences in Physics and Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan.,c National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition , 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 675-0085 , Japan
| | - Jiro Shimada
- b Department of Integrated Sciences in Physics and Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan
| | - Masaaki Ikeda
- b Department of Integrated Sciences in Physics and Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan
| | - Yayoi Maruoka
- b Department of Integrated Sciences in Physics and Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- a Graduate School of Integrated Basic Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan.,b Department of Integrated Sciences in Physics and Biology, College of Humanities and Sciences , Nihon University , 3-25-40 Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550 , Japan.,c National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition , 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 675-0085 , Japan
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18
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Nakada R, Hirano H, Matsuura Y. Structural basis for the regulation of nuclear import of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) by phosphorylation of the nuclear localization signal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:113-117. [PMID: 28104399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in every EBV-positive tumor and is essential for the maintenance, replication, and transcription of the EBV genome in the nucleus of host cells. EBNA1 is a serine phosphoprotein, and it has been shown that phosphorylation of S385 in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of EBNA1 increases the binding affinity to the nuclear import adaptor importin-α1 as well as importin-α5, and stimulates nuclear import of EBNA1. To gain insights into how phosphorylation of the EBNA1 NLS regulates nuclear import, we have determined the crystal structures of two peptide complexes of importin-α1: one with S385-phosphorylated EBNA1 NLS peptide, determined at 2.0 Å resolution, and one with non-phosphorylated EBNA1 NLS peptide, determined at 2.2 Å resolution. The structures show that EBNA1 NLS binds to the major and minor NLS-binding sites of importin-α1, and indicate that the binding affinity of the EBNA1 NLS to the minor NLS-binding site could be enhanced by phosphorylation of S385 through electrostatic interaction between the phosphate group of phospho-S385 and K392 of importin-α1 (corresponding to R395 of importin-α5) on armadillo repeat 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nakada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Hidemi Hirano
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan; Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan; Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan.
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19
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Hsp90-binding immunophilin FKBP52 modulates telomerase activity by promoting the cytoplasmic retrotransport of hTERT. Biochem J 2016; 473:3517-3532. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is a unique ribonucleoprotein enzyme that is required for continued cell proliferation. To generate catalytically active telomerase, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) must translocate to the nucleus and assemble with the RNA component of telomerase. The molecular chaperones heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and p23 maintain hTERT in a conformation that enables nuclear translocation. However, the regulatory role of chaperones in nuclear transport of hTERT remains unclear. In this work, we demonstrate that immunophilin FK506-binding protein (FKBP)52 linked the hTERT–Hsp90 complex to the dynein–dynactin motor, thereby promoting the transport of hTERT to the nucleus along microtubules. FKBP52 interacted with the hTERT–Hsp90 complex through binding of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain to Hsp90 and binding of the dynamitin (Dyt) component of the dynein-associated dynactin complex to the peptidyl prolyl isomerase domain. The depletion of FKBP52 inhibited nuclear transport of hTERT, resulting in cytoplasmic accumulation. Cytoplasmic hTERT was rapidly degraded through ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteolysis, thereby abrogating telomerase activity. In addition, overexpression of dynamitin, which is known to dissociate the dynein–dynactin motor from its cargoes, reduced telomerase activity. Collectively, these results provide a molecular mechanism by which FKBP52 modulates telomerase activity by promoting dynein–dynactin-dependent nuclear import of hTERT.
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20
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Hebert MD, Poole AR. Towards an understanding of regulating Cajal body activity by protein modification. RNA Biol 2016; 14:761-778. [PMID: 27819531 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1243649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), small Cajal body-specific RNPs (scaRNPs), small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs) and the telomerase RNP involves Cajal bodies (CBs). Although many components enriched in the CB contain post-translational modifications (PTMs), little is known about how these modifications impact individual protein function within the CB and, in concert with other modified factors, collectively regulate CB activity. Since all components of the CB also reside in other cellular locations, it is also important that we understand how PTMs affect the subcellular localization of CB components. In this review, we explore the current knowledge of PTMs on the activity of proteins known to enrich in CBs in an effort to highlight current progress as well as illuminate paths for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Hebert
- a Department of Biochemistry , The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson , MS , USA
| | - Aaron R Poole
- a Department of Biochemistry , The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson , MS , USA
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21
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Han MH, Lee DS, Jeong JW, Hong SH, Choi IW, Cha HJ, Kim S, Kim HS, Park C, Kim GY, Moon SK, Kim WJ, Hyun Choi Y. Fucoidan Induces ROS-Dependent Apoptosis in 5637 Human Bladder Cancer Cells by Downregulating Telomerase Activity via Inactivation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Drug Dev Res 2016; 78:37-48. [PMID: 27654302 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, is a compound found in various species of seaweed that has anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities; however, the underlying relationship between apoptosis and anti-telomerase activity has not been investigated. Here, we report that fucoidan-induced apoptosis in 5637 human bladder cancer cells was associated with an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, Δψm), and cytosolic release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Under the same experimental conditions, fucoidan-treatment decreased hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) expression and the transcription factors, c-myc and Sp1. This was accompanied by decreased telomerase activity. Fucoidan-treatment also suppressed activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling enhanced fucoidan-induced apoptosis and anti-telomerase activity. Meanwhile, fucoidan treatment increased the generation of intracellular ROS, whereas the over-elimination of ROS by N-acetylcysteine, an anti-oxidant, attenuated fucoidan-induced apoptosis, inhibition of hTERT, c-myc, and Sp1 expression, and reversed fucoidan-induced inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Collectively, these data indicate that the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of telomerase activity by fucoidan are mediated via ROS-dependent inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Drug Dev Res 78 : 37-48, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- Natural Products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, 325-902, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Lee
- Natural Products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, 325-902, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 608-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, 602-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Natural Products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, 325-902, Republic of Korea.,Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 614-052, Republic of Korea
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22
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Ceja-Rangel HA, Sánchez-Suárez P, Castellanos-Juárez E, Peñaroja-Flores R, Arenas-Aranda DJ, Gariglio P, Benítez-Bribiesca L. Shorter telomeres and high telomerase activity correlate with a highly aggressive phenotype in breast cancer cell lines. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11917-11926. [PMID: 27072825 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of telomere length is one function of human telomerase that is crucial for the survival of cancer cells and cancer progression. Both telomeres and telomerase have been proposed as possible biomarkers of cancer risk and cancer invasiveness; however, their clinical relevance is still under discussion. In order to improve our understanding of the relationship between telomere length and telomerase activity with cancer invasiveness, we studied telomere length as well as telomerase levels, activity, and intracellular localization in breast cancer cell lines with diverse invasive phenotypes. We found an apparently paradoxical coincidence of short telomeres and enhanced telomerase activity in the most invasive breast cancer cell lines. We also observed that hTERT intracellular localization could be correlated with its level of activity. There was no association between human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein expression levels and invasiveness. We propose that simultaneous evaluation of these two biomarkers-telomere length and telomerase activity-could be useful for the assessment of the invasive capacity and aggressiveness of tumor cells from breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Ceja-Rangel
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06725, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06725, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Emilio Castellanos-Juárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06725, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rubicelia Peñaroja-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06725, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Diego J Arenas-Aranda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Luis Benítez-Bribiesca
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, 06725, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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23
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Beyer AM, Freed JK, Durand MJ, Riedel M, Ait-Aissa K, Green P, Hockenberry JC, Morgan RG, Donato AJ, Peleg R, Gasparri M, Rokkas CK, Santos JH, Priel E, Gutterman DD. Critical Role for Telomerase in the Mechanism of Flow-Mediated Dilation in the Human Microcirculation. Circ Res 2015; 118:856-66. [PMID: 26699654 PMCID: PMC4772813 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Telomerase is a nuclear regulator of telomere elongation with recent reports suggesting a role in regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Flow-mediated dilation in patients with cardiovascular disease is dependent on the formation of reactive oxygen species. OBJECTIVE We examined the hypothesis that telomerase activity modulates microvascular flow-mediated dilation, and loss of telomerase activity contributes to the change of mediator from nitric oxide to mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS Human coronary and adipose arterioles were isolated for videomicroscopy. Flow-mediated dilation was measured in vessels pretreated with the telomerase inhibitor BIBR-1532 or vehicle. Statistical differences between groups were determined using a 2-way analysis of variance repeated measure (n≥4; P<0.05). L-NAME (N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) abolished flow-mediated dilation in arterioles from subjects without CAD, whereas polyethylene glycol-catalase (PEG-catalase; hydrogen peroxide scavenger) had no effect. After exposure to BIBR-1532, arterioles from non-CAD subjects maintained the magnitude of dilation but changed the mediator from nitric oxide to mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (% max diameter at 100 cm H2O: vehicle 74.6±4.1, L-NAME 37.0±2.0*, PEG-catalase 82.1±2.8; BIBR-1532 69.9±4.0, L-NAME 84.7±2.2, PEG-catalase 36.5±6.9*). Conversely, treatment of microvessels from CAD patients with the telomerase activator AGS 499 converted the PEG-catalase-inhibitable dilation to one mediated by nitric oxide (% max diameter at 100 cm H2O: adipose, AGS 499 78.5±3.9; L-NAME 10.9±17.5*; PEG-catalase 79.2±4.9). Endothelial-independent dilation was not altered with either treatment. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a novel role for telomerase in re-establishing a physiological mechanism of vasodilation in arterioles from subjects with CAD. These findings suggest a new target for reducing the oxidative milieu in the microvasculature of patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Beyer
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.).
| | - Julie K Freed
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Matthew J Durand
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Michael Riedel
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Karima Ait-Aissa
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Paula Green
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Joseph C Hockenberry
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - R Garret Morgan
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Anthony J Donato
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Refael Peleg
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Mario Gasparri
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Chris K Rokkas
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Janine H Santos
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - Esther Priel
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
| | - David D Gutterman
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Center (A.M.B., M.J.D., M.R., K.A.-A., J.C.H., D.D.G.), Department of Physiology (A.M.B., K.A.-A., D.D.G.), Department of Anesthesiology (J.K.F.), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (M.J.D.), and Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery (M.G., C.K.R.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School of Rutgers, Newark (P.G., J.H.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (R.G.M., A.J.D.); and Shraga Segal Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (R.P., E.P.)
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24
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Christie M, Chang CW, Róna G, Smith KM, Stewart AG, Takeda AAS, Fontes MRM, Stewart M, Vértessy BG, Forwood JK, Kobe B. Structural Biology and Regulation of Protein Import into the Nucleus. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:2060-90. [PMID: 26523678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are translated in the cytoplasm, but many need to access the nucleus to perform their functions. Understanding how these nuclear proteins are transported through the nuclear envelope and how the import processes are regulated is therefore an important aspect of understanding cell function. Structural biology has played a key role in understanding the molecular events during the transport processes and their regulation, including the recognition of nuclear targeting signals by the corresponding receptors. Here, we review the structural basis of the principal nuclear import pathways and the molecular basis of their regulation. The pathways involve transport factors that are members of the β-karyopherin family, which can bind cargo directly (e.g., importin-β, transportin-1, transportin-3, importin-13) or through adaptor proteins (e.g., importin-α, snurportin-1, symportin-1), as well as unrelated transport factors such as Hikeshi, involved in the transport of heat-shock proteins, and NTF2, involved in the transport of RanGDP. Solenoid proteins feature prominently in these pathways. Nuclear transport factors recognize nuclear targeting signals on the cargo proteins, including the classical nuclear localization signals, recognized by the adaptor importin-α, and the PY nuclear localization signals, recognized by transportin-1. Post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation, constitute key regulatory mechanisms operating in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Christie
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Chiung-Wen Chang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gergely Róna
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Kate M Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Agnes A S Takeda
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Murray Stewart
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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