1
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González-Acosta D, Lopes M. DNA replication and replication stress response in the context of nuclear architecture. Chromosoma 2024; 133:57-75. [PMID: 38055079 PMCID: PMC10904558 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-023-00813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The DNA replication process needs to be coordinated with other DNA metabolism transactions and must eventually extend to the full genome, regardless of chromatin status, gene expression, secondary structures and DNA lesions. Completeness and accuracy of DNA replication are crucial to maintain genome integrity, limiting transformation in normal cells and offering targeting opportunities for proliferating cancer cells. DNA replication is thus tightly coordinated with chromatin dynamics and 3D genome architecture, and we are only beginning to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. While much has recently been discovered on how DNA replication initiation is organised and modulated in different genomic regions and nuclear territories-the so-called "DNA replication program"-we know much less on how the elongation of ongoing replication forks and particularly the response to replication obstacles is affected by the local nuclear organisation. Also, it is still elusive how specific components of nuclear architecture participate in the replication stress response. Here, we review known mechanisms and factors orchestrating replication initiation, and replication fork progression upon stress, focusing on recent evidence linking genome organisation and nuclear architecture with the cellular responses to replication interference, and highlighting open questions and future challenges to explore this exciting new avenue of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Tang M, Chen J, Zeng T, Ye DM, Li YK, Zou J, Zhang YP. Systemic analysis of the DNA replication regulator origin recognition complex in lung adenocarcinomas identifies prognostic and expression significance. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5035-5054. [PMID: 36205357 PMCID: PMC9972100 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA replication alteration is a hallmark of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and is frequently observed in LUAD progression. Origin recognition complex (ORC) 1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5, and ORC6 form a replication-initiator complex to mediate DNA replication, which plays a key role in carcinogenesis, while their roles in LUAD remain poorly understood. METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of ORCs was confirmed by the GEPIA, HPA, CPTAC, and TCGA databases. The protein-protein interaction network was analyzed by the GeneMANIA database. Functional enrichment was confirmed by the Metascape database. The effects of ORCs on immune infiltration were validated by the TIMER database. The prognostic significance of ORCs in LUAD was confirmed by the KM-plot and GENT2 databases. DNA alteration and protein structure were determined in the cBioProtal and PDB databases. Moreover, the protein expression and prognostic value of ORCs were confirmed in our LUAD data sets by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. RESULTS ORC mRNA and protein were significantly increased in patients with LUAD compared with corresponding normal tissue samples. The results of IHC staining analysis were similar result to those of the above bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, ORC1 and ORC6 had significant prognostic values for LUAD patients. Furthermore, the ORC cooperatively promoted LUAD development by driving DNA replication, cellular senescence, and metabolic processes. CONCLUSION The ORC, especially ORC1/6, has important prognostic and expression significance for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Ye
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Nanchang City, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Su Y, Zeng Z, Rong D, Yang Y, Wu B, Cao Y. PSMC2, ORC5 and KRTDAP are specific biomarkers for HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:289. [PMID: 33732365 PMCID: PMC7905686 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is poorer than those with HPV-positive HNSCC. The present study aimed to identify novel and specific biomarkers of HPV-negative HNSCC using bioinformatics analysis and associated experiments. The gene expression profiles of HPV-negative HNSCC tissues and corresponding clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and used in a weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Genes in clinically significant co-expression modules were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The genes demonstrating a high degree score in the PPI network and a high correlation with tumor grade were considered hub genes. The diagnostic value of the hub genes associated with HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC was analyzed using differential expression gene (DEG) analysis, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Seven genes [Serrate RNA effector molecule (SRRT), checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide E (SNRPE), proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 2 (PSMC2), origin recognition complex subunit 5 (ORC5), S100 calcium binding protein A7 and keratinocyte differentiation associated protein (KRTDAP)] were demonstrated to be hub genes in clinically significant co-expression modules. DEG, IHC and ROC curve analyses revealed that SRRT, CHEK2 and SNRPE were significantly upregulated in HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC tissues compared with in adjacent tissues, and these genes demonstrated a high diagnostic value for distinguishing HNSCC tissues. However, PSMC2, ORC5 and KRTDAP were the only differentially expressed genes identified in HPV-negative HNSCC tissues, and these genes demonstrated a high diagnostic value for HPV-negative HNSCC. PSMC2, ORC5 and KRTDAP may therefore serve as novel and specific biomarkers for HPV-negative HNSCC, potentially improving the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HPV-negative HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Su
- Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Zhirui Zeng
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Rong
- Clinical Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Public Health School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yushi Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Bei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 925 Hospital of The Joint Logistics Support Force of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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4
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Chou HC, Bhalla K, Demerdesh OE, Klingbeil O, Hanington K, Aganezov S, Andrews P, Alsudani H, Chang K, Vakoc CR, Schatz MC, McCombie WR, Stillman B. The human origin recognition complex is essential for pre-RC assembly, mitosis, and maintenance of nuclear structure. eLife 2021; 10:61797. [PMID: 33522487 PMCID: PMC7877914 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin recognition complex (ORC) cooperates with CDC6, MCM2-7, and CDT1 to form pre-RC complexes at origins of DNA replication. Here, using tiling-sgRNA CRISPR screens, we report that each subunit of ORC and CDC6 is essential in human cells. Using an auxin-inducible degradation system, we created stable cell lines capable of ablating ORC2 rapidly, revealing multiple cell division cycle phenotypes. The primary defects in the absence of ORC2 were cells encountering difficulty in initiating DNA replication or progressing through the cell division cycle due to reduced MCM2-7 loading onto chromatin in G1 phase. The nuclei of ORC2-deficient cells were also large, with decompacted heterochromatin. Some ORC2-deficient cells that completed DNA replication entered into, but never exited mitosis. ORC1 knockout cells also demonstrated extremely slow cell proliferation and abnormal cell and nuclear morphology. Thus, ORC proteins and CDC6 are indispensable for normal cellular proliferation and contribute to nuclear organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chen Chou
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Kuhulika Bhalla
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | | | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | | | - Sergey Aganezov
- Department of Computer Science, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Peter Andrews
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Habeeb Alsudani
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Kenneth Chang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | | | - Michael C Schatz
- Department of Computer Science, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - Bruce Stillman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
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5
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Shibata E, Dutta A. A human cancer cell line initiates DNA replication normally in the absence of ORC5 and ORC2 proteins. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16949-16959. [PMID: 32989049 PMCID: PMC7863895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin recognition complex (ORC), composed of six subunits, ORC1-6, binds to origins of replication as a ring-shaped heterohexameric ATPase that is believed to be essential to recruit and load MCM2-7, the minichromosome maintenance protein complex, around DNA and initiate DNA replication. We previously reported the creation of viable cancer cell lines that lacked detectable ORC1 or ORC2 protein without a reduction in the number of origins firing. Here, using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutations, we report that human HCT116 colon cancer cells also survive when ORC5 protein expression is abolished via a mutation in the initiator ATG of the ORC5 gene. Even if an internal methionine is used to produce an undetectable, N terminally deleted ORC5, the protein would lack 80% of the AAA+ ATPase domain, including the Walker A motif. The ORC5-depleted cells show normal chromatin binding of MCM2-7 and initiate replication from a similar number of origins as WT cells. In addition, we introduced a second mutation in ORC2 in the ORC5 mutant cells, rendering both ORC5 and ORC2 proteins undetectable in the same cells and destabilizing the ORC1, ORC3, and ORC4 proteins. Yet the double mutant cells grow, recruit MCM2-7 normally to chromatin, and initiate DNA replication with normal number of origins. Thus, in these selected cancer cells, either a crippled ORC lacking ORC2 and ORC5 and present at minimal levels on the chromatin can recruit and load enough MCM2-7 to initiate DNA replication, or human cell lines can sometimes recruit MCM2-7 to origins independent of ORC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Shibata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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6
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Hsu RYC, Giri S, Wang Y, Lin YC, Liu D, Wopat S, Chakraborty A, Prasanth KV, Prasanth SG. The E3 ligase RFWD3 stabilizes ORC in a p53-dependent manner. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2927-2938. [PMID: 33044890 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1829823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RFWD3 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays important roles in DNA damage response and DNA replication. We have previously demonstrated that the stabilization of RFWD3 by PCNA at the replication fork enables ubiquitination of the single-stranded binding protein, RPA and its subsequent degradation for replication progression. Here, we report that RFWD3 associates with the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) and ORC-Associated (ORCA/LRWD1), components of the pre-replicative complex required for the initiation of DNA replication. Overexpression of ORC/ORCA leads to the stabilization of RFWD3. Interestingly, RFWD3 seems to stabilize ORC/ORCA in cells expressing wild type p53, as the depletion of RFWD3 reduces the levels of ORC/ORCA. Further, the catalytic activity of RFWD3 is required for the stabilization of ORC. Our results indicate that the RFWD3 promotes the stability of ORC, enabling efficient pre-RC assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaline Y C Hsu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sumanprava Giri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yo-Chuen Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dazhen Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Susan Wopat
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Arindam Chakraborty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kannanganattu V Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Supriya G Prasanth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
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7
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Wang XK, Wang QQ, Huang JL, Zhang LB, Zhou X, Liu JQ, Chen ZJ, Liao XW, Huang R, Yang CK, Zhu GZ, Han CY, Ye XP, Peng T. Novel candidate biomarkers of origin recognition complex 1, 5 and 6 for survival surveillance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:1869-1882. [PMID: 32194798 PMCID: PMC7052853 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high morbidity and mortality and lacks effective biomarkers for early diagnosis and survival surveillance. Origin recognition complex (ORC), consisting of ORC1-6 isoforms, was examined to assess the potential significance of ORC isoforms for HCC prognosis. Methods: Oncomine and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) databases were used to examine differential isoform expression, stage-specific expression, calculate Pearson correlations and perform survival analysis. A human protein atlas database was utilized to evaluate the protein expression of ORCs in liver tissue. The cBioPortal database was used to assess isoform mutations and the survival significance of ORCs in HCC. Cytoscape software was employed to construct gene ontologies, metabolic pathways and gene-gene interaction networks. Results: Differential expression analysis indicated that ORC1 and ORC3-6 were highly expressed in tumor tissues in the Oncomine and GEPIA databases, while ORC2 was not. All the ORCs were showed positive and statistically significant correlations with each other (all P<0.001). ORC1-2 and ORC4-6 expressions were associated with disease stages I-IV (all P<0.05), but ORC3 was not. Survival analysis found that ORC1 and ORC4-6 expressions were associated with overall survival (OS), and ORC1-3 and ORC5-6 expression were associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS; all P<0.05). In addition, low expression of these ORC genes consistently indicated better prognosis compared with high expression. Protein expression analysis revealed that ORC1 and ORC3-6 were expressed in normal liver tissues, whereas ORC2 was not. Enrichment analysis indicated that ORCs were associated with DNA metabolic process, sequence-specific DNA binding and were involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, E2F-enabled inhibition of pre-replication complex formation and G1/S transition. Conclusions: Differentially expressed ORC1, 5 and 6 are candidate biomarkers for survival prediction and recurrence surveillance in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jian-Lu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530031, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Lin-Bo Zhang
- Department of Health Management and Division of Physical Examination, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Qi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zi-Jun Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xi-Wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Chuang-Ye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
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Abstract
DNA replication starts with the opening of DNA at sites called DNA replication origins. From the single sequence-specific DNA replication origin of the small Escherichia coli genome, up to thousands of origins that are necessary to replicate the large human genome, strict sequence specificity has been lost. Nevertheless, genome-wide analyses performed in the recent years, using different mapping methods, demonstrated that there are precise locations along the metazoan genome from which replication initiates. These sites contain relaxed sequence consensus and epigenetic features. There is flexibility in the choice of origins to be used during a given cell cycle, probably imposed by evolution and developmental constraints. Here, we will briefly describe their main features.
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9
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Coulombe P, Nassar J, Peiffer I, Stanojcic S, Sterkers Y, Delamarre A, Bocquet S, Méchali M. The ORC ubiquitin ligase OBI1 promotes DNA replication origin firing. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2426. [PMID: 31160578 PMCID: PMC6547688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication initiation is a two-step process. During the G1-phase of the cell cycle, the ORC complex, CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7 assemble at replication origins, forming pre-replicative complexes (pre-RCs). In S-phase, kinase activities allow fork establishment through (CDC45/MCM2-7/GINS) CMG-complex formation. However, only a subset of all potential origins becomes activated, through a poorly understood selection mechanism. Here we analyse the pre-RC proteomic interactome in human cells and find C13ORF7/RNF219 (hereafter called OBI1, for ORC-ubiquitin-ligase-1) associated with the ORC complex. OBI1 silencing result in defective origin firing, as shown by reduced CMG formation, without affecting pre-RC establishment. OBI1 catalyses the multi-mono-ubiquitylation of a subset of chromatin-bound ORC3 and ORC5 during S-phase. Importantly, expression of non-ubiquitylable ORC3/5 mutants impairs origin firing, demonstrating their relevance as OBI1 substrates for origin firing. Our results identify a ubiquitin signalling pathway involved in origin activation and provide a candidate protein for selecting the origins to be fired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Coulombe
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France.
| | - Joelle Nassar
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Peiffer
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Slavica Stanojcic
- CNRS 5290 - IRD 224 - University of Montpellier (UMR "MiVEGEC"), 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- CNRS 5290 - IRD 224 - University of Montpellier (UMR "MiVEGEC"), 34090, Montpellier, France.,University Hospital Centre (CHU), Department of Parasitology-Mycology, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Axel Delamarre
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Bocquet
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Méchali
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-Université de Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396, Montpellier, France.
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